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Topic: Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda

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	Rwanda's Secret War U. S. -backed destabilization of Central Africa by keith harmon snow
		Rwanda's latest bid to annex the DRC's Kivu provinces was called the "Third War of Occupation of Eastern Congo" by Congolese students who took to the streets of Kisangani in protest on December 4.
		The "genocidiares" fled Rwanda in 1994 and established themselves in Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire (as DRC was then known) with the help of the French intervention force Operation Tourquoise and support from Zaire's 32-year dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko.
		Rwanda has often justified its presence in DRC in part as an effort to protect the Banyamulenge people, though this was challenged in 2002 when they attacked the Banya-.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Africa/Rwanda_Secret_War.html (3536 words)

	Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda was the primary anti-Rwanda rebel group during the latter part of the Second Congo War.
		The FDLR was formed in 2000 after the Kinshasa-based Hutu command and the Kivu-based Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALiR) agreed to merge.
		Even after the official end of the Second Congo War in 2002, FDLR units continued to attack Tutsi forces both in eastern DRC and across the border into Rwanda, vastly increasing tensions in the region and raising the possibility of another Rwandan offensive into the DRC - what would be their third since 1996.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda (489 words)

	Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR) (Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)
		Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR) (Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)
		The FDLR (Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda) was based in eastern Congo following the flight of Hutu extremists to eastern Congo after their involvement in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
		By late Jnuary 2004 thousands of Rwandan Hutu rebels belonging to the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) were being blocked by Hutu hard-liners from returning home to Rwanda.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/para/fdlr.htm (606 words)

	Rwanda on the Internet - Stanford University
		On Rwanda (and the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
		The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
		News on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/rwanda.html (7178 words)

	Rwanda
		During the year, the main opposition party, the Democratic Republican Movement, remained inactive as a result of the cabinet's May 2003 recommendation to ban it; although the Supreme Court never acted upon the recommendation, the MDR was dissolved shortly thereafter when all existing political parties were required to reregister under a new political party law.
		The Constitution prohibits forced exile, and the Government did not use forced exile; however, some individuals secretly left the country to live in self-imposed exile because they believed their lives were in danger.
		Between February and April, government officials from both Rwanda and the DRC were pressuring refugees to return to the DRC, according to DRC refugees in the Gihembe and Kiziba camps, in Rwanda's Byumba and Kibuye provinces (respectively).
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41621.htm (12348 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Raison d’État Unleashed: Understanding Rwanda’s Foreign Policy in the ...
		While Rwanda and its foreign and rebel allies were able to conquer and consolidate control over one-third of the DRC within two years of war, the intervention of Kabila’s regional backers stemmed any further advance and helped produce the military stalemate that would eventually force Kabila’s adversaries to the negotiating table.
		Rwanda’s willingness to sign the Pretoria Agreement on July 31, 2002 and withdraw nearly all of its troops from the DRC three months later was not based solely on general wartime exhaustion.
		Rwanda helped organize the “revolt,” likely in response to DRC President Joseph Kabila’s attempts to reduce RCD-Goma’s political and military predominance in South Kivu, not as a means of directly countering FDLR aggression or confronting the Hutu insurgent threat.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Jul/curtisJul05.asp (5650 words)

	Uganda Dictator warns Rwanda on DRC : IMC-SA
		Rwanda denied its troops had crossed into DR Congo, but residents of the Congolese border town of Bukavu, in South Kivu, have reportedly been gathering stones to use to fight off a Rwandan incursion.
		Rwanda and Uganda have twice invaded their much larger neighbour - in 1996 and 1998 but their forces clashed amid sharp disagreements.
		Rwanda responded by dismissing Uganda’s First Secretary in Kigali Mr Joseph Cliff Birungi, a move Uganda says was surprising.
	southafrica.indymedia.org /print.php?id=7141 (1070 words)

	US backs Rwanda’s stance on ex-FAR - The New Times - - News in rwanda
		Rwanda has legitimacy to defend itself against any threat from the ex-FAR and Interahamwe militias, (now jointly called the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda), the US Deputy Secretary of State, Robert Zoellick has said.
		Rwanda went through the (1994) Genocide and nobody helped, and so the people of Rwanda are understandably sensitive to their security, and I understand why they are sensitive to their security.
		The problem eased early this year when the African Union agreed to dispatch a force to enforce the disarmament and return of the militias, but the move was arguably distracted when the FDLR announced in March that it would lay down arms and repatriate voluntarily.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=569 (161 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Rwandans 'making DR Congo raids'
		Rwanda has consistently warned that it is prepared to take military action because of the threat it says is posed by the group which include fighters who took part in the 1994 genocide of Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
		The rebel Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) says that a brigade of Rwandan soldiers has crossed the border into North Kivu province, reports the AFP news agency.
		Rwanda says that the rebels are now attacking its territory under the noses of the international community.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/4052487.stm (527 words)

	Africast Global Africa Network- News
		BUJUMBURA, November 30 -- The leaders of Rwanda and Burundi are working with their counterparts in Africa's volatile Great Lakes to form a regional military unit to fight rebel groups in the region, Burundi's president said on Tuesday.
		He said the new force would initially focus on Burundi's last active rebel group, the National Liberation Forces (FNL), and the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which operate in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
		Rwanda complains frequently about the presence of the FDLR in the eastern DR from where it says the group, made of up of Hutu extremists believed to have participated in the country's 1994 genocide, launches attacks and attempts to destabilize the government in Kigali.
	news.africast.com /africastv/article.php?newsID=57150 (366 words)

	Rwanda Rejects Calls to Help Repatriate Hutu Rebels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Rwanda is flatly rejecting calls by an international conflict resolution group to provide benefits to returning Hutu rebels who fled into the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo after the 1994 massacre of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
		The Rwandan government says members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, the FDLR, rebel group will have to integrate themselves back into Rwandan society as many others have done, and should not expect special treatment or concessions from the government.
		Rwanda had sent troops across the border twice within the past decade to hunt down the Hutu rebels, raising protests from Congo.
	quickstart.clari.net /voa/art/fd/2005-05-12-voa59.html (423 words)

	Rwanda
		Rwanda is a constitutional republic dominated by a strong presidency.
		The country was affected by continuing instability in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where armed rebel groups continued to operate with impunity despite the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission in the DRC.
		The law prohibits forced exile, and the government did not use forced exile; however, some individuals secretly left the country to live in self-imposed exile because they believed their lives were in danger.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61587.htm (14237 words)

	RWANDA’S SECRET WAR \| World War 4 Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		According to the DRC government, troops of the Armed Forces for the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC) have clashed with the RDF at numerous locations.
		RPA joined with Ugandan People’s Defense Forces (UPDF) and the guerilla army of Laurent Kabila’s Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL) in the "War of Liberation" that subsequently ended the decades long reign of President Mobutu Sese Seko in Congo (Zaire).
		Rwanda armed, trained, and advised militias in Ituri, as it has in North and South Kivu provinces, the report found.
	www.ww3report.com /105/africa/rwandawar (3376 words)

	Rwanda - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		The Hutu force fled across the border into the Democratic Republic of Congo following the 1994 genocide, providing Rwanda with a dangerous pretext to invade its neighbor and hunt down the militia, which is responsible for the killing of 800,000 Rwandan Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
		Rwanda uses the UN's and the DRC's failure to implement disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of rebel forces as well as continued impunity for rebel and army leaders involved in the 1994 genocide, as reason to interfere militarily in the DRC.
		Rwanda has deployed thousands of troops along its border with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), claiming that Hutu militias are mobilizing to attack.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/rwanindx.htm (1655 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2002: Africa: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
		Rwanda and Uganda originally claimed their troops were in Congo to fight armed groups hostile to their governments and based in the DRC.
		In addition Rwandan army and RCD forces supported the militia of the Banyamulenge, a people generally associated with the Tutsi of Rwanda, and Ugandan forces frequently backed the Hema in their two-year-long conflict with neighboring Lendu over control of land.
		International leaders denounced human rights abuses and supported the peacekeeping force to help assure an end to the war that was thought to be the source of many of these abuses.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k2/africa3.html (3035 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Rwandan rebels in Congo can join national forces: official
		The Rwandan authorities are considering the integration of a main rebel group, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), into the national forces, a senior official said here Wednesday.
		He was reacting to information that the FDLR troops had asked to be incorporated into the national army, the Rwandan Defense Forces (RDF), after the insurgents based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) announced a cessation of the brutal acts carried out during the last decade.
		Rwanda's traditional justice system Gacaca began operating across Rwanda in March, as part of the government's efforts to clear a backlog of genocide cases that were pending before the regular national courts.
	english.people.com.cn /200504/21/eng20050421_182093.html (302 words)

	Security Council, in Presidential Statement, Condemns Massacre of Women, Children in Democratic Republic of Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Further, the Council called on the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda to abide by the commitment given in Rome on 31 March, to put an end to the armed conflict and to settle without further delay the issue of repatriation of their combatants.
		The Council calls upon the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda to abide by the commitment given in Rome, on 31 March 2005, to put an end to the armed conflict and to settle without further delay the issue of the repatriation of their combatants.
		It welcomes the robust actions MONUC is undertaking in pursuit of its mandate, and the assistance it provides to the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to improve security conditions for the population.”
	www.unis.unvienna.org /unis/pressrels/2005/sc8447.html (495 words)

	Rwanda seeks prosecution of rebel leader detained in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Rwandan Hutu rebel Ignace Murwanashyaka of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLRR) pictured in March 2005.
		Rwanda is seeking the prosecution of the detained Hutu rebel chief accused of atrocities in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and leading a force implicated in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
		They conceded that Ignace Murwanashyaka, who was detained in Germany last week, is not directly implicated in the genocide but said members of his Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) are and have also committed war crimes in the DRC.
	archive.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=118130 (599 words)

	allAfrica.com: Congo-Kinshasa: DRC to 'Handle' Negative Forces, Says Nyamwisi (Page 1 of 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Democratic Republic of Congo has promised to do everything within their means to effectively address the problem of negative forces within the region.
		Rwanda's rebel group, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDRL) and the Interahamwe militias who are accused of having killed more than a million Rwandans continue to pitch camp in the vast forests of Eastern DRC.
		There were even reports that when the issue of negative forces came to the table during the two day meeting, members of the DRC delegation were, together with MONUC, tasked to explain why they have failed to rid their territory of notorious negative forces.
	allafrica.com /stories/200703190549.html (595 words)

	RaceandHistory.com - Rwanda's Secret War: U.S-Backed Destabilization of Central Africa
		Rwanda's latest bid to annex DRC's Kivu provinces was called the "Third War of Occupation of Eastern Congo" by Congolese students who took to the streets of Kisangani in protest on Dec. 4.
		Terror continued in Rwanda under the new RPA government of Paul Kagame, with Amnesty International documenting a pattern of assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and "disappearances." Nearly all political opponents—Tutsi or Hutu—have been labeled "genocidiares", and Amnesty has protested that some trials and executions of accused genocidiare collaborators have been tainted and politically motivated.
		RPA joined with Ugandan People's Defense Forces (UPDF) and the guerrilla army of Laurent Kabila's Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL) in the "War of Liberation" that subsequently ended the decades long reign of President Mobutu Sese Seko in Congo (Zaire).
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/2005/2803.html (3920 words)

	Vanguard - World : DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda agree to end rebel presence in DRC
		Their presence has soured relations between the DRC and Rwanda for a decade, with Kigali charging that the rebels took an active part in the genocide of an estimated 800,000 minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus in 1994.
		Rwanda’s deputy foreign minister, Protais Mitali, agreed that there was a commitment “to work in close collaboration.
		We have a scheme to welcome back the ex-Interhamwe (militia) who will soon retun to Rwanda.” The statement made no mention of the presence in the DRC of Ugandan rebels belonging to the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), although Kampala has recently attacked their presence in eastern DRC.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/world/w325042005.html (464 words)

	Rwandan Hutu Rebel Group Vows to Stop Fighting Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Rwanda's Permanent Secretary for the Ministry of the Interior, Joseph Mutaboba, told VOA that Thursday's announcement was "a good thing, if they mean it."
		Mutaboba cautioned that the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda would have to integrate itself back into Rwandan society as others have done and should not expect any kind of negotiations with the government.
		The Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda has been accused of playing a prominent role in the genocide.
	quickstart.clari.net /voa/art/eu/2005-03-31-voa50.html (338 words)

	World Campaign - Message of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Rwanda's main Hutu rebel group said it was ending its war against Rwanda, and for the first time it denounced the 1994 genocide of Tutsis for which many of its members have been blamed.
		A delegation representing the rebel organization, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, made the announcement after secret negotiations at the Sant'Egidio religious community in Rome.
		It is committed to fight against all ideologies of ethnic hate and renews its commitment to co-operate with international justice," FDLR President Ignace Murwanashyaka said, reading from a statement.
	www.worldcampaign.net /mesarch.cgi?v=1112393618 (117 words)

	The Citizen 27 a rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Seraphin Bizimungu said members of his breakaway faction of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), had turned in their weapons and begun educational courses to ready themselves for re-integration into Rwandan society.
		Bizimungu, who split from the FDLR after accusing the group’s leadership of failing to abide by a March agreement to disarm and return to Rwanda, said about 50 fighters and their families were now enrolled in the re-training scheme.
		In late August, officials from Rwanda, the DRC and Uganda gave the FLDR one-month to disarm and begin returning home in line with the March declaration or face “serious consequences.” – Sapa-AFP.
	www.citizen.co.za /index/article.aspx?pDesc=8419,1,22 (509 words)

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