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Topic: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan

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	Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Born in Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, and raised as an orphan, Niyazov was educated at the Polytechnic Institute in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
		In December 1991 Niyazov arranged for the name of the Turkmen Communist Party to be changed to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, and he became its chairman.
		The Communist Party of Turkmenistan was renamed the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) in December 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /turkmenbashi.htm (608 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, republic in the southwestern portion of Central Asia, bordered on the north by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, on the east by Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, on the south by Afghanistan and Iran, and on the west by the Caspian Sea.
		Turkmenistan was formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		Turkmenistan is also involved in a regional effort to address the problem of the Aral Sea.
	www.members.tripod.com /sdapts/WAF/Countries/turkmenistan.htm (1735 words)

	Turkmenistan Political Parties
		At the twenty-fifth congress of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan held in December 1991, the party was renamed the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, and Niyazov was confirmed as its chairman.
		The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan essentially retains the apparatus of the former communist party.
		Party publications boast that its primary organizations operate in every enterprise, organization, and institution, and that its membership includes over 165,000, whereas critics claim that most citizens hardly are aware of the party's existence.
	www.country-studies.com /turkmenistan/political-parties.html (500 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Russians in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Communist Party of Turkmenistan (CPT) and its approved organizations were permitted to participate in elections to the republican Supreme Soviet and local councils.
		The Communist Party of Turkmenia (CPT) was suspended after the failed coup attempt in Moscow against Gorbachev, and it changed its name to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, criticizing the mistakes made by the CPT in the past.
		Turkmenistan formally became a full member of the CIS on December 24, at a summit meeting of CIS leaders held in its capital, Ashkabad on December 23-24.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=70101 (1928 words)

	Asia Times: Turkmenistan's presidency-for-life slated as destabilizing
		Turkmenistan has been struggling to cope after the Soviet transition, and its recent deal to sell gas to Russia is good news for the Turkmen regime.
		Russian pipelines are the main outlet for Turkmenistan, which is believed to hold the fourth largest natural gas reserves in the world and heavily depends on revenues from gas exports.
		Not surprisingly, Turkmenistan, keen to reduce its heavy reliance on pipelines belonging to Russia, is considering the construction of new gas export pipelines to or through a number of countries, including neighbouring Iran and Afghanistan.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/BA06Ag02.html (968 words)

	Democratic Party of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only political party in Turkmenistan.
		It is led by Saparmurat Niyazov, who in 1999 was proclaimed President for Life.
		Before 1991 the party was called the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Turkmenistan (84 words)

	Turkmenistan (01/01)
		Russia sent forces to Turkmenistan, and in 1881 fighting climaxed with the massacre of 7,000 Turkmen at the desert fortress of Geok Depe, near modern Ashgabat; another 8,000 were killed trying to flee across the desert.
		Turkmenistan was an important supplier of raw materials, especially cotton, oil, and natural gas, during the Soviet era.
		Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/t/14925.htm (1705 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Turkmenistan is a personalist dictatorship in which the dominant party - the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT, former Communist Party) - serves at the behest of President Niyazov.
		The President's Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (consisting largely of members of the pre-independence Soviet nomenklatura) maintains control over the political system through fraud, intimidation and the distribution of oil-funded state largesse.
		The regime bans all political parties except the President's Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (renamed from Communist Party in 1992).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Tkm1.htm (666 words)

	A short history of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Present-day Turkmenistan is ruled by Persia, Macedon and Parthia.
		Turkmenistan becomes a separate member of the USSR in 1924.
		Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned, and the citizens of Turkmenistan do not have the means to change their government democratically.
	www.electionworld.org /history/turkmenistan.htm (218 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by President Saparmurat Niyazov who exercised power in an authoritarian style by retaining his monopoly on political power and on the Democratic Party, which remained the sole legally recognized political party in the country.
		The sole candidate in the 1992 presidential election was Saparmurat Niyazov, the incumbent and nominee of the Democratic Party.
		The policy of the Democratic Party, according to its leadership, was to implement the policy of the President.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27870.htm (11590 words)

	The EU's relations with Turkmenistan - Overview
		Turkmenistan now finds that Russia's gas firm, Gazprom, is preventing it from exporting gas to Europe and is restricting its ability to sell gas even to Ukraine.
		Turkmenistan has been forced to restrict even the limited currency convertibility it previously allowed (there is a discrepancy of one to three between the official exchange rate and the fl market one).
		There is increasing interest in Turkmenistan among investors in the energy sector, both in the construction of pipelines - the proposed pipeline through Afghanistan to Karachi is to be built by a US/Saudi Arabian joint venture - and in the exploration and extraction sectors.
	europa.eu.int /comm/external_relations/turkmenistan/intro/index.htm (2520 words)

	INOGATE - Republic of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Turkmenistan's hydrocarbon resources are concentrated mainly in the Southern Caspian oil and gas-bearing province and the Amu-Darya gas and oil-bearing province.
		Saparmurat Niyazov is the Chairman of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan.
		Turkmenistan's oil and gas sector is being retooled with the extensive involvement of international field service companies that introduce modern technologies and oversee their application, train local personnel, etc. On the other hand, in an attempt lo mitigate dependence on foreign companies; Turkmenistan is setting up its own field services sector.
	www.inogate.org /html/countries/turkmenistan.htm (15373 words)

	Contemporary Review: Turkmenbashi and his Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan has also been a source of bemusement to the outside world because of the eccentric exploits of its president, Saparmurat Niazov, officially known as Turkmenbashi (literally, 'Chief of the Turkmen'), whose personality cult rivals that of Saddam Hussein.
		Political life in the country is based on the activity of only one party, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, headed by Niazov, which for all intents and purposes is nothing more than the former Communist Party of Turkmenistan.
		He also takes a creative approach in retelling Turkmenistan's recent history, altering events that many Turkmen lived through and still remember, including the fact that he opposed the collapse of the Soviet Union and was among the last of the former Soviet leaders finally, grudgingly, to declare independence.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1653_283/ai_110266765 (1237 words)

	Commercial Overview of Turkmenistan: Part 1 - Basic Facts
		The 1992 Constitution declares Turkmenistan to be a secular democracy in the form of a presidential republic.
		Turkmenistan's relationship with its neighbors is one of strained interdependence.
		Turkmenistan currently relies on the Russian pipeline grid for access to export markets for its natural gas; however, in November 1993, Moscow cut Turkmenistan's access to Europe and redirected its gas to Ukraine and the Transcaucasian countries.
	www.bisnis.doc.gov /bisnis/country/9806trk1.htm (544 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| Country profiles \| Country profile: Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is made up mainly of desert and has the smallest population of the five former Soviet republics in Central Asia.
		Turkmenistan is the most ethnically homogeneous of the Central Asian republics, the vast majority of its population consisting of Turkmens.
		Turkmenistan has been unable to benefit fully from its oil and gas deposits due to the absence of export routes and because of a dispute between the Caspian Sea littoral states over the legal status of the sea where oil wells are to be found.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298497.stm (739 words)

	Turkmenistan - Government
		In 1994 members of the former Communist Party of Turkmenistan continued to fill the majority of government and civic leadership posts, and much of the ideologically justified Soviet-era political structure remained intact.
		Besides serving as head of the Democratic Party (as the reconstituted Communist Party of Turkmenistan is called) and chairman of the advisory People's Council and the Cabinet of Ministers, Niyazov also appoints the procurator general and other officers of the courts.
		According to the constitution and to literature printed by the government, Turkmenistan is a democratic, secular, constitutional republic based on law and headed by a president.
	www.countrystudies.us /turkmenistan/27.htm (772 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Country Profiles
		Turkmenistan is bordered by Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and the Caspian.
		There is no bilateral development assistance programme with Turkmenistan, though the UK does maintain links with multilateral aid agencies in the broader trade policy dialogue and will consider providing support for trade-related capacity building, for civil society strengthening, and democratic reform.
		Further country resolutions on Turkmenistan were passed at UNCHR in 2004 and at the UN General Assembly in 2003 and 2004.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019745009850 (1294 words)

	Freedom in the World 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The southernmost republic of the former Soviet Union, Turkmenistan was conquered by the Mongols in the thirteenth century and seized by Russia in the late 1800s.
		After the adoption of a new constitution in 1992, Niyazov was reelected as the sole candidate for a five-year term with a reported 99.5 percent of the vote.
		Shikhmuradov, who had returned to Turkmenistan from exile in Russia, was arrested on December 25; he made a televised confession on December 29 that critics maintain had been coerced.
	www.freedomhouse.org /research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/turkmenistan.htm (1710 words)

	Turkmenistan: Human Rights Update (Human Rights Watch, 14-5-2004)
		Turkmenistan is one of the most repressive countries in the world.
		For example, on August 6, 2003 Avdy Kuliev, the leader of the United Democratic Opposition of Turkmenistan and a staunch critic of the Niazov government, was severely beaten in Moscow in what appeared to be a politically motivated attack.
		The government of Turkmenistan uses the Soviet practice of internal exile as a means of extrajudicial punishment of dissidents and their family members.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2004/05/14/turkme8964.htm (2321 words)

	Government & Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In 1985 he was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Turkmenistan and was subsequently elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan, the highest state and party post.
		Niyazov is also Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers and Chairman of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan.
		Following his election, one of the first resolutions to be adopted was a decree on the free use of water, gas and electricity by the people of Turkmenistan.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/gov/presbio.html (316 words)

	Elections in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Turkmenistan (Turkmenian: Türkmenistan) is a country in Central Asia.
		Turkmenistan has a population of around 4,8 million on 488,100 km².
		All candidates at the elections of 19 december 2004 (turnout 76.9%) belonged to the country's single legal party Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT).
	www.electionworld.org /turkmenistan.htm (239 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Turkmenistan's opposition-in-exile took a long-awaited step when representatives from four major groups announced in Prague this week that they are joining forces.
		Prague, 1 October 2003 (RFE/RL) -- The Turkmen government long ago crushed opposition movements and parties in the country, leaving the ruling Democratic Party of Turkmenistan -- once called the successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party of Turkmenistan -- as the only legally registered party in the country.
		Turkmenistan's Renaissance movement is also participating in the opposition grouping.
	www.rferl.org /nca/features/2003/10/01102003160541.asp (742 words)

	Europe: Country Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		On December 29, the rubber-stamp legislature appointed Niyazov, the head of the country's only political party (inaptly named the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan), Turkmenistan's president for life.
		Western countries have sought to help Turkmenistan exploit its energy resources and develop pipelines under the Caspian Sea, with the aim of limiting Russian and Iranian influence in the region.
		Annakurban fled Turkmenistan in 1998 after receiving threats about his work as a correspondent for the Turkmen-language service of Radio Liberty, one of the only sources of independent news in the country.
	www.cpj.org /attacks99/europe99/Turkmenistan.html (523 words)

	[No title]
		3, 1992 --Democratic Party of Turkmenistan registered, DPT political council told IFX that the party has nearly 52,000 members, 48,000 of whom are former Communist Party members Mar.
		21, 1998 -- Niyazov unanimously re-elected chairman of Democratic Party of Turkmenistan Dec.
		Turkmenistan has a rich history, and we have to use this in TV programs.
	eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/files/TurkmenChronology1-05.doc (14616 words)

	NewsCentralAsia - 200 Observers to Monitor Parliamentary Elections in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		According to a press release of the foreign office of Turkmenistan, keeping in view the demand and offer of various public and private bodies and organizations, the central election commission decided to allow the observers to monitor the forthcoming elections.
		Observers from the democratic party of Turkmenistan, the youth movement of Turkmenistan, the women’s association, the professionals’ union and other entities would be afforded the opportunity to watch the elections process.
		The press release also says that although special invitations have not been issued to the foreign observers, the foreign parties interested in observing the elections can send their applications to the central election commission of Turkmenistan.
	www.newscentralasia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=1083 (196 words)

	EurasiaNet Human Rights - A Watershed Event for Turkmenistan’s Political Opposition
		Inside Turkmenistan many people thought that the special services had organized a fake coup to discredit the opposition and arrest its leaders, in other words that there had been no real coup attempt at all.
		By the beginning of 2003, Turkmenistan became to a large degree isolated from the outside world, and that significantly complicated the work of the opposition groups whose leaders were abroad.
		According to the Communiqué, the goal of the Union is to provide "assistance to parties, movements and groups with democratic platforms in opposition to President Niyazov’s regime." A follow-up Founders Conference is taking place in late November 2003 in a European country.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/rights/articles/eav112503.shtml (1822 words)

	People's Daily Online -- China willing to deepen ties with Turkmenistan: Li Changchun
		A senior official of the Communist Party of China (CPC) said in Beijing on September 6 that China attaches great importance to developing its relations with Turkmenistan and will, as always, uphold the policy of "treating its neighbors as friends and partners", so as to work for deepening bilateral friendly and cooperative relationship.
		Li Changchun, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, made the remarks when meeting with a delegation of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan led by its First Secretary Ondjik Musaev.
		The Turkmenistan Democratic Party values very much the friendly relationship with the CPC and is willing to further consolidate and enhance exchanges and cooperation between the two parties, so as to boost the relationship of mutual benefit and cooperation between the two countries, he said.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200409/07/eng20040907_156117.html (290 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system.
		President Saparmurat Niyazov, head of the Turkmen Communist Party since 1985 (renamed the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan in 1992) and President of the country since its independence in 1991, legally may remain in office until his death, although he publicly announced his intention to hold elections between 2008 and 2010.
		Niyazov retained his monopoly on political power and on the Democratic Party, which remained the sole political party in the country.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18397.htm (10024 words)

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