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Topic: Denatonium

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	Denatonium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, nail biting preventions, animal repellents, liquid soaps, and shampoos.
		The structure of denatonium is related to the local anesthetic lidocaine, differing only by the addition of a benzyl group to the amino nitrogen.
		Denatonium is used to denature ethanol so that it is not taxed as an alcoholic beverage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Denatonium (455 words)

	Denatonium benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Denatonium benzoate is a white, odourless solid that is used as an aversive agent, i.e.
		Denatonium benzoate, a white crystalline powder like many organic compounds, is not known to pose any long-term health risks although exposure may be irritating.
		Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol so that it's not taxed as an alcoholic beverage.
	grupos.xasa.us /wiki/en/wikipedia/d/de/denatonium_benzoate.html (475 words)

	Denatonium benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Denatonium benzoate, also called Benzenemethanaminium and Benzyl diethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl) ammonium benzoate, is the bitterest compound known.
		Denatonium benzoate, a white crystaline powder like many organiccompounds, is not known to pose any long-term health risks although exposure may be irritating.
		Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol so that it'snot taxed as an alcoholic beverage.
	www.therfcc.org /denatonium-benzoate-153907.html (449 words)

	Denatonium - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		under the tradename BITREX) and as denatonium saccharide, is the bitterest compound known to man. It was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by Macfarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland.
		It has been used to safeguard rat poisons, so presumably rats are not deterred by it, although there is evidence that a small percentage of rodents do avoid it.
		Denatonium, Structure and physical properties, Applications, External links, Amides, Amines, Aromatic compounds and Carboxylic acids.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Denatonium (460 words)

	Ingredients -- Denatonium benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Denatonium benzoate gets its name from "denatured alcohol", and that is where it is often used.
		Denatonium benzoate is an ester of PABA, and is related to lidocaine, benzocaine, novocaine, and cocaine.
		It is used in deer repellant, nail polish (to discourage nail-biting), paints, antifreeze and windshield washing fluid (to prevent accidental ingestions), and to coat electrical cables to prevent rats from eating the insulation.
	sci-toys.com /ingredients/denatonium_benzoate.html (106 words)

	Denatonium Benzoate : CRMO Pharmatech Pvt. Ltd.
		Denatonium benzoate is a white, odorless crystalline powder and is not known to pose any long-term health risks although exposure may be irritating.
		Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol so that it's not taxed as an alcoholic beverages.
		Denatonium benzoate is credited with saving children and animals who might otherwise drink sweet-smelling antifreeze or wiper fluid and get ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning respectively.
	www.crmopharma.com /Denatonium_Benzoate.html (412 words)

	Denatonium Benzoate: Bitterest chemical - Denatonium benzoate, Denatonium Benzoate 25% Solution in Monoethylene Glycol ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Denatonium Benzoate is the world’s bitterest known substance.
		Chemically, Denatonium Benzoate is a close relative of the local anesthetic lidocaine –; its structure differs from lidocaine by the addition of a single benzyl group.
		The negative response to Denatonium's nasty taste (although the pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, appears to be an exception) makes this bittering agent ideal for discouraging browsing by deer and crib biting by horses.
	members.rediff.com /loocrepus/benzoate.htm (748 words)

	Methylated spirit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typical additives are methanol, isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, denatonium, and even (uncommonly) aviation gasoline.
		It is also common to add a vomiting (emetic) agent, which serves a similar purpose without the fatal side-effects.
		Likewise, denatonium adds a bitter taste but will not kill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Denatured_alcohol (724 words)

	Stimulation of Insulin Secretion by Denatonium, One of the Most Bitter-Tasting Substances Known -- Straub et al. 52 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		H]glybenclamide bound (at concentrations from 0.3 to 11 nmol/l) in the absence and presence of 1 mmol/l denatonium.
		The lack of effect of denatonium to stimulate insulin release in the absence of extracellular Ca or in the presence of 10 µmol/l nitrendipine.
		to denatonium at glucose concentrations of 0.2 and 4 mmol/l.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/2/356 (5247 words)

	Abstract: 193 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The response to denatonium was blocked by 1 microM norepinephrine (n=4; P<0.01), implying a physiological release mechanism, and by 1 microM nitrendipine (n=4; P<0.02), suggesting an action via L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
		The depolarization was due to closure of the KATP channel and activation of a DIDS-sensitive chloride conductance.
		Conclusions: Denatonium acts on the KATP channel and a chloride channel in its action to depolarize the beta-cell and stimulate insulin release.
	www.easd.org /customfiles/easd/37th/Abs01/193.html (279 words)

	Basic Chemicals: Organic: Denatonium Benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A brand of denatonium benzoate, discovered in 1958 by macfarlan smith ltd. includes history, technical data, applications, and the campaign for safety.
		Manufacturer of denatonium benzoate, bitterants, and aversive and pharmaceutical intermediates.
		Belgian company providing denatonium benzoate and saccharide in various forms, for use as bittering agents.
	www.basic-chemicals.info /index.php/Organic/Denatonium_Benzoate (78 words)

	Macfarlan Smith - BitrexÂ® - Branded Denatonium Benzoate.
		Thatâs why denatonium benzoate is such a powerful deterrent to help prevent accidental poisonings in young children and household pets.
		The BitrexÂ® Logo, which is a registered trademark of Macfarlan Smith, is used under license by the leading manufacturers and retailers already committed to the BitrexÂ® partnership programme.
		BitrexÂ® is not just denatonium benzoate: itâs a powerful branding tool that combines product differentiation and added value.
	www.macsmith.com /default.aspx?pageId=73 (205 words)

	Don't eat the pepper-flavored paint - industrial uses of denatonium capsaicinate - Brief Article Science News - Find ...
		Adding denatonium capsaicinate to the paint used on boats prevents barnacles from sticking to the hull.
		Despite its formidable flavor, denatonium capsaicinate is nontoxic and environmentally benign, according to Blum.
		The Burlington scientists synthesized denatonium capsaicinate from the anesthetic lidocaine and capsaicin.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_8_157/ai_60115133 (312 words)

	American Humane: Federal-Animal Issues, Companion Animals
		According to the American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 713 children under the age of six were exposed to ethylene glycol (the poisoning ingredient) in 2001, and by some estimates, nearly 10,000 dogs and cats are poisoned each year by this deadly chemical, in amounts as small as a quarter of an ounce.
		Under HR 1563, those who manufacturer antifreeze containing more than 10% ethylene glycol would be required to add denatonium benzoate, or an equivalent substance, to make antifreeze taste bitter and thus prevent children and animals from ingesting it.
		Denatonium benzoate has been used safely for many years in household products and personal care products.
	www.americanhumane.org /site/PageServer?pagename=ta_federal_animals_wrap_companion_antifreeze (295 words)

	Denatonium Insect Repellent Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		bitter substances such as ro-pel (denatonium saccharide) are sprayed on wood...
		bitter substances such as ro-pel (denatonium saccharide) are sprayed on wood siding and...
		denatonium benzoate, when sprayed on surfaces to be protected,...
	repellent.mmlocate.co.uk /denatonium+insect+repellent.htm (226 words)

	Taste Receptor Cell Responses to the Bitter Stimulus Denatonium Involve Ca2+ Influx Via Store-Operated Channels -- ...
		denatonium, suggesting that the SOCs were the source of the Ca influx.
		the bitter stimulus denatonium in the presence of extracellular
		Concentration of denatonium was 2.5 mM for (a) and (b), and 1 mM for (c).
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/6/3152 (2113 words)

	Denatonium benzoate - Homedistiller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Denatonium benzoate, also called Benzenemethanaminium and Benzyl diethyl ((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl) ammonium benzoate, is the bitterest compound known.
		Some cats have been known to disturb such baits - it may not be as effective a deterrent for them as it is for humans, or perhaps some cats are not deterred due to a genetic factor similar to that affecting human perceptions of the taste of phenylthiocarbamide.
		RC Pharmachem - Specialists in Denatonium Benzoate and Bittering Agents
	homedistiller.org /wiki/index.php/Denatonium_benzoate (471 words)

	US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, three states and several other countries have chosen to add another tool, which is requiring the addition of denatonium benzoate to antifreeze available in the consumer market.
		Denatonium benzoate (DB) is one of the bitterest substances known and available to us.
		The required addition of denatonium benzoate to consumer-packaged antifreeze will save thousands of animal lives and prevent hundreds of children from being sent to emergency rooms each year.
	commerce.senate.gov /hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1577&wit_id=4464 (1362 words)

	G Protein {beta}{gamma} Complexes in Circumvallate Taste Cells Involved in Bitter Transduction -- Rössler et al. ...
		The basal level of IP in circumvallate homogenates was 207.4 ± 110.5 pmol/mg of protein; denatonium benzoate stimulation increased the IP concentration to 331.6 ± 88.4 pmol/mg of protein.
		Data, calculated as the percentage of denatonium benzoate-induced IP formation, are the mean values of three independent experiments with triplicate determinations ± SD.
		After stimulation with 100 µM denatonium benzoate an inhibition of 47% was obtained at an antibody dilution of 1:5000, 63% at a 1:2500 dilution and 79% at a 1:1000 dilution.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/25/4/413 (4452 words)

	Antifoulant compositions and methods of treating wood - Patent 6207290
		The antifoulant composition of claim 2, wherein said denatonium capsaicinate is present in an amount of about 0.5 to about 5 wt.
		The antifoulant composition of claim 1, wherein said quaternary ammonium salt is selected from the group consisting of denatonium saccharide, denatonium chloride, denatonium benzoate, denatonium oleate, palmitate, lidocaine, lidocaine HCl, benzylalkonium salts and combinations thereof.
		Perchlorovinyl resin 3.3 Rosin 6.6 Cuprous oxide 34.1 Zinc oxide 5 PZO and Denatonium salts (0.1%) 3 Solvents (acetone, solvent-naphtha, IDA, 32 Butyl acetate, cyclohexanone) Dibutyl phthalate 2 Saponite 14
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6207290.html (2915 words)

	Patents: Secret of bad taste revealed - 29 April 1989 - New Scientist
		The new material, which is five times as bitter as denatonium benzoate and, the inventors claim, tastes appalling even when diluted to one part in 100 million, is called denatonium saccharide.
		To make it, the scientists dissolve denatonium chloride and sodium saccharide in water and heat the solution to 60 Degree C. They isolate the denatonium saccharide from the mixture after adding chloroform to it.
		Anyone in the US wanting to make denatonium saccharide, by any means, to use its bitter taste in any way, will have to seek a licence from Atomergic.
	www.newscientist.com /backpage.ns?id=mg12216624.000 (263 words)

	Bitter taste transduced by PLC-{beta}2-dependent rise in IP3 and {alpha}-gustducin-dependent fall in cyclic nucleotides ...
		Denatonium benzoate, strychnine HCl, and caffeine were purchased from Sigma.
		On the other hand, the effect of strychnine and/or denatonium on cyclic nucleotide levels demonstrated the opposite effect.
		4 and 5 demonstrate that the denatonium- and strychnine-induced decreases in cyclic nucleotides are dependent
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/4/C742 (6012 words)

	Aversive Agent
		The role of aversive agents such as denatonium benzoate in preventing unintentional poisonings in children or morbidity from such poisonings remains poorly defined.
		Very limited human volunteer study data indicate that aversive agents such as denatonium benzoate decrease the amount of orange juice or the amount of a very dilute soap solution a child will voluntarily ingest in a controlled, nonpoisoning situation.
		Even though denatonium benzoate has already been utilized as an alcohol denaturant, hypersensitivity reactions may well have gone undetected.
	www.aapcc.org /aversive.htm (1895 words)

	Rats Fail to Discriminate Quinine from Denatonium: Implications for the Neural Coding of Bitter-Tasting Compounds -- ...
		Behavioral-suppression scores for each stimulus concentration were derived by taking the ratio of licks during stimulus trials relative to licks during water trials (only the last 3 sec of the 5 sec trials were used to eliminate the initial sampling response).
		Isoresponse concentrations of denatonium that suppressed licking to the same degree as the array of quinine concentrations were then derived (dashed lines and arrows).
		Note that the substitution of denatonium for quinine had no effect on performance, whereas substitution of NaCl for denatonium substantially disrupted performance initially, but the animals eventually learned the discrimination.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/5/1937 (3641 words)

	Bitter Taste Transduction of Denatonium in the Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus -- Ogura et al. 17 (10): 3580 -- Journal of ...
		In some experiments, denatonium was applied focally to taste cells with a picospritzer during whole-cell recording.
		The involvement of cAMP in the denatonium response was examined by increasing intracellular cyclic nucleotides (using IBMX,
		The identity of the G-protein involved in denatonium transduction in the mudpuppy is moot.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/10/3580 (4794 words)

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