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Topic: Dendrobatid

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	Dendrobatid Frogs... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The dendrobatid frogs live near rivers, streams, and various small bodies of water, while hunting and living in the foliage and leaf litter of the evergreen forest floor.
		Dendrobatid frogs, unlike most frogs, are primarily diurnal and can be seen on the forest floor in broad daylight.
		The dendrobatid frogs secrete alkaloid poisons, which are complex and bitter-tasting.
	members.tripod.com /~Dendrobates/index.html (1395 words)

	Amazon.com: "dendrobatid alkaloids": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The identities of the ultimate source of the unique so-called "dendrobatid alkaloids," a term coined from the family name Dendrobatidae of the frogs from which they were discovered, remain a challenge...
		Nemoto and co-workers for the preparation of, which constitute the core structure of certain dendrobatid alkaloids.19 The installation of the C5 methyl group was achieved by 1,4-cuprate addition and the resulting enolate was trapped with TMSCI.
		The molecular structure of the large majority of dendrobatid alkaloids consists of a simple piperidine ring of one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms;...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/dendrobatid-alkaloids (497 words)

	INIBICO - Updates
		Dendrobatid frogs have generally few enemies because of their skin toxins, but there are still some snakes, birds, ants or spiders that can attack and kill even a highly toxic Phyllobates.
		All dendrobatid frog breeders or breeding farm operators should be able to recognize this disease in the future to avoid the contamination of their installations and here are the known facts of this new Chytrid fungi, together with two microphotos provided as a courtesy of Dr. David Green, USA, via Dr. Jack Frenkel, Sta.
		In dendrobatids, we have to stand up very early in the morning to be witnesses of this process in the terrarium, which takes place during sunrise and is perhaps the first activity the frogs are dedicated to in the morning.
	www.geocities.com /inibico/updates.html (14641 words)

	aha7js
		Although it is now illegal to export most dendrobatids from their native countries without difficult to obtain permits, a thriving illegal trade in wild-caught individuals persists.
		With a few notable exceptions, there is little overlap between the herpetoculturists who breed dendrobatids and the scientists who study dendrobatids, despite the potential for mutual cooperation between these groups leading to a better understanding of the frogs.
		Similarly, specimens and DNA samples from captive bred dendrobatids, particularly from hybrids, could be useful to systematists if the specimens were properly vouchered and preserved when they died, and if a dendrobatid studbook could be established.
	www.tracyhicks.com /aha7js.htm (323 words)

	The Ecological Significance of Lipophilic Alkaloids in the Dendrobatidae (Amphibia: Anura)
		"Dendrobatid" toxins may be used for research in several areas including taxonomy, phylogeny, pharmesuticals, and cell membrane receptor sites and ion channels.
		The classes thus far detected in Myrmicine ants and Dendrobatid frogs are 2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines, 2,6-dialkylpiperidines, 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidines, 3,5-dialkylindolizidines, 4,6-dialkylquinolizidines, and 2,5-dialkyldecahydroquinolines (Daly et al., 2000).
		The 4,6-disubstituted quinolizidine, 195C, occurs in Dendrobatids from Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and Ecuador and in the Madagascan Mantellas.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_2000/carr.html (3064 words)

	My Froggie Dendrobatid Photo Blogs and News
		The purpose of the American Dendrobatid Group (ADG) is to educate enthusiasts in all aspects of Dendrobatid husbandry and captive propagation as well...
		Salamandra; in frogs of the dendrobatid genera Phyllobates, Dendrobates, Epipedobates, and...
		American Dendrobatid Group'spurpose is to educate enthusiasts in all aspects of Dendrobatid husbandry and captive propagation as...
	www.myfroggie.com /frog/dendrobatid.html (523 words)

	Terrifically Toxic Dendrobatids
		The Dendrobatids are commonly called poison dart frogs, dart poison frogs, or arrow poison frogs.
		Dendrobatids obtain their toxins from myrmicine ants, coccinellid beetles, millipedes, termites, free-living mites, mosquitoes, and probably from currently unknown prey items.
		Dendrobatid frogs have the ability to selectively accumulate dietary alkaloids.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /courses/as625/2005term/Elaine/Dendrobates.htm (2055 words)

	BGDN 49
		Granular glands and their structure were discovered in a number of dendrobatid species and it was hypothesised that these glands could hold the enzymes to synthesise the toxins 2.
		Some of the lesser dendrobatid alkaloids such as pyrrolizidines, indolizidines, pyrrolidines, and piperidines had been isolated from ants and other lesser alkaloids were found in certain beetles and millipedes but none of the major classes had been detected in arthropod prey 12.
		Interestingly, as dendrobatid toxins have been found in frogs and toads from Madagascar, South and Central America, and Australia l4, 15, and 16 as well as the previously mentioned Pitohui bird from New Guinea, the arthropod source puzzle should shed some light on the broader puzzle of evolutionary theory.
	dendroworld.co.uk /BDGN/BDGN49.html (5694 words)

	ATLFROG.com
		Dendrobatids are small (20-40 mm snout-vent length, though the putative basal species, the nocturnal Aromobates, attains lengths of 62 mm).
		Dendrobatids are ant and mite specialists, and some researchers have argued that their skin toxins are derived from precursor molecules in the ants they eat (e.g.
		Dendrobatids are Neobatrachians, but relationships among the families of these "advanced" frogs are almost wholly unresolved.
	www.atlfrog.com /index.html (643 words)

	Peru
		It was necessary to instruct them in Dendrobatid biology and production methods, to provide free materials needed for the methods and to organize the legal aspects of this world’s first Campesino Dendrobatid Producer Association.
		This restriction is necessary to avoid the smuggling in of wild caught adult frogs from the forest, declaring them later as "farm produced offspring"- as it is the common strategy in such frog farm projects.
		INIBICO urgently needs contact to all governments, which have Dendrobatid frogs on their faunal listings and especially of those countries, which are affected by the Chytrid Holocaust.
	www.thebdg.org /library/Conservation/peru.htm (5031 words)

	Peter M. Narins - Research - UCLA
		We are using an electromechanical frog (left) in a field study in French Guiana to understand the cues that evoke aggressive behavior in a dendrobatid frog (right).
		We have shown that by separating auditory (call) from visual (vocal sac motion) cues with the electromechanical frog, aggression in this dendrobatid frog is attenuated or eliminated, suggesting that cross-modal binding underlies aggressive behavior in this species.
		We are using patch clamp electrodes to explore (1) the channel properties of auditory hair cells, and (2) the subcellular events that occur during transmitter release and uptake.
	www.physci.ucla.edu /Faculty/Narins/research/research.html (322 words)

	Frogs main
		In fact, of the 170 known species of Dendrobatids, only three extraordinarily toxic species of Phyllobates from rain forest on the Pacific drainage of western Colombia are known to be used for poisoning blowgun darts (not arrows) for hunting and protection from jaguars, the Panthera onca (not warfare).
		Therefore, the use of dendrobatid frog secretions to poison blowgun darts is not as widespread as reported (5).
		During the evolution of poison-dart frogs piperidine alkaloid synthesis, found in all groups of toxic dendrobatids, was suppressed in favor of batrachotoxins which are extraordinary toxic alkaloids (8).
	www.herpetologic.net /frogs/caresheets/terribilis.html (2620 words)

	Rh-Mediated C-H Insertion
		This cyclization is a key step in the enantioselective synthesis of the dendrobatid alkaloid 251F III.
		Introduction: In 1992 Daly and Spande reported [1] the isolation and structural elucidation, primarily by high field 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry, of alkaloid 251F (1) from the skin exudate of the dendrobatid poison frog Minyobates bombetes of Colombia.
		Unlike most of the dendrobatid alkaloids, which are apparently acetogenins, 1 is clearly terpene-derived.
	valhalla.chem.udel.edu /rhodium.html (1853 words)

	Amphibian Neurotoxins
		The poison arrow frog toxins of the Dendrobatid family are an extremely diverse set and vary considerably between species or even within different populations of the same species.
		The toxins found in poison arrow frog secretions are alkaloids and are, as a result, some of the most powerful cardiotoxins known, binding to nerve channels with the sodium channel being most affected.
		The major dendrobatid alkaloids are batrachotoxin, decahydroquinolines, histrionicotoxins, indolizidines, pumiliotoxins, pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines and tetrodotoxin.
	www.kingsnake.com /toxinology/amphibian_neurotoxin.html (1879 words)

	Natural History 2
		"Dendrobatid eggs are laid in leaf litter, in crevices under rocks, on shaded leaves aboveground or in such tropical growths as bromeliads and arums" (Myers and Daly 1983).
		After hatching the nurse frog carries the young tadpoles on their back to a suitable area of water where they are released and allowed to fend for themselves (Myers and Daly 1983).
		Neotropical Dendrobatid frogs are divided into eight genera within the family Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates, Phyllobates, Aromobates, Epidobates, Minyobates, Manophryne, Nephelobates, and Colosthethus.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/anphys/2000/Todd/nathist2.htm (242 words)

	LiveScience.com - Explorers Discover Huge Cave and New Poison Frogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		As a bonus, researchers also discovered a new dendrobatid frog species, Colostethus breweri, named for the frog’s identifier, Charles Brewer-Carías.
		Dendrobatid frogs make up the group of amphibians commonly known as "poison dart" frogs.
		This is the second report recently to describe a newfound paradise of sorts containing previously unknown animal species.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/060221_ghost_cave.html (400 words)

	Taran Grant: Research
		My NSF-funded doctoral research into their phylogeny brought together evidence from DNA sequences multiple mitochondrial and nuclear, morphology, alkaloid profiles, and behavior (174 characters) for a large sample of dendrobatid species (Grant et al., 2006).
		These alkaloids are not synthesized by the frogs but are instead accumulated from the diet, which leads to questions about the evolutionary ecology of this system.
		I have also analyzed the evolution of the complex behaviors of dendrobatids, including parental tadpole transportation and provision of nutritive oocytes.
	research.amnh.org /~grant/research.html (699 words)

	The Scientist : Biochemically intelligent frogs
		It had been assumed that the sequestered poisons were simply shuttled to the skin, but in the September 1 PNAS, John W. Daly and colleagues at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases show that these amphibians actively metabolize the alkaloids into more poisonous compounds (PNAS, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1834430100, September 1, 2003).
		This finding provides the first evidence that at least some dendrobatid frogs possess the enzymatic machinery needed to metabolize dietary alkaloids.
		J.W. Daly et al., "Evidence for an enantioselective pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase in dendrobatid poison frogs on the genus Dendrobates," PNAS, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1834430100, September 1, 2003.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/21560 (369 words)

	Toy Animal Amphibians Miniature Zoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The dendrobatid frogs are a relatively small family that share a number of common characteristics.
		Biologists have often observed a correlation between bright body coloring and toxicity and believe the animal's bright colors are used as a warning to potential preditors that the animal makes an unpleasant (or dangerously poisonous) meal.
		Although all dendrobatids are toxic to some degree, only a few are exceptionally so.
	www.mzoo.com /di_fp.htm (406 words)

	Structure of Alkaloid 275A, a Novel 1-Azabicyclo[5.3.0]decane from a Dendrobatid Frog, Dendrobates lehmanni: Synthesis ...
		Dendrobatid frogs of Central and South America have been a rich source of a wide variety of biologically active alkaloids, comprising over 20 structural classes; code names for the over 500 alkaloids found in frog skins are provided in a recent review.
		We presume that 1 originates in frogs from an alkaloid-containing small arthropod, on the basis of ongoing studies of dendrobatid frogs, where other izidines and decahydroquinolines have been shown to come from dietary ants (ref 7 and references therein).
		We propose that such "5-7-izidines" be named "lehmizidines" to emphasize their unique occurrence, as yet in nature only in skin extracts of dendrobatid frogs, chiefly from the Colombian dendrobatid frog D.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?jnprdf/asap/html/np0005098.html (5047 words)

	ASA Newsletter - Dart Poison Frogs and Toxins
		he secretions from all dendrobatid frogs are poisonous, but only a few are toxic enough to kill a person.
		The bulk syntheses of many of their toxins are not an overwhelmingly difficult problem; consequently, it is not impossible to imagine the misuse of these toxins as terrorist weapons.
		Captive born and raised dendrobatid frogs soon lose their toxins, indicating that their synthesis may be based on environmental or dietary precursors in their natural environment.
	www.asanltr.com /ASANews-99/995frogs.htm (1714 words)

	Bioactive alkaloids of frog skin: Combinatorial bioprospecting reveals that pumiliotoxins have an arthropod source -- ...
		dendrobatid alkaloids are of dietary origin (8, 9), which for
		of alkaloids in extracts from dendrobatid frogs (3), were of
		Evidence for an enantioselective pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase in dendrobatid poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/22/13996 (3138 words)

	From the Cover: Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Structures of alkaloids from dendrobatid poison frogs suspected to be of myrmicine ant origin.
		Dendrobatid frogs of the genera Dendrobates, Epipedobates, and
		in dendrobatids appears to support this claim (41).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/21/8045 (2635 words)

	Amphibians & other Reptiles - Venom ER - Animal Planet
		Dendrobatid frogs are found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America, and Hawaii.
		It is believed the Dendrobatid frogs’ toxicity comes from their diet – which consists of carpenter ants and plants.
		This is because poison arrow frogs kept in captivity lose their toxic properties.
	www.animalplanetasia.com /venom_er/amphibians/index.shtml (432 words)

	RE: poison dart frogs
		Because of this, and because they are not very well studied in the wild, I'm afraid I can't give very specific answers to some of your questions.
		Dendrobatids are easier to catch than many other frogs their size.
		If you want to explore more about poison dart frogs, a good place to start is http://206.1.0.131/index.html (the Dendrobatid frog page).
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec96/845853931.Zo.r.html (400 words)

	Operation Atelopus - About Us
		Eventually, he decided to shift gears and move into the science realm which led him into a profession as a tropical herpetologist with a keen interest in conservation.
		Tree Walkers works to conserve wild Dendrobatid, Atelopus, and other neotropical amphibian populations while promoting sustainable and ethical amphibian husbandry.
		As a coalition of conservationists, scientists, hobbyists, and breeders, we are an international community dedicated to the preservation and study of these animals.
	www.atelopus.org /content/view/3/2 (565 words)

	Toxin Introduction
		Simple answer...most assuredly no! While all toxins in dendrobatid frogs play a role in physical defense, the way they do so is varied.
		The toxins in Dendrobatid secretions have a variety of intensities ranging from hightly toxic to relatively mild in nature.
		The strength of the toxins have even been known to vary across different populations of the same species (Daly et al.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/anphys/2000/Todd/toxin.htm (323 words)

	Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma
		I have worked with small communities that occur in phytotelmata such as Brazil nut fruit capsules and larger assemblages of small frogs and lizards that occur in leaf litter habitats.
		Both species must interact with predaceous insect larvae that occur in the same microhabitat, including larvae of giant damselflies in the Family Pseudostigmatidae and mosquitoes in the genus Toxorhynchites.
		Lima, A. Caldwell, J., and Biavati, G. Territorial and reproductive behavior of an Amazonian dendrobatid frog, Colostethus caeruleodactylus.
	www.ou.edu /cas/zoology/Caldwell.htm (775 words)

	Info Links - Doyles Dendrobates Den
		American Dendrobatid Group's purpose is to educate enthusiasts in all aspects of Dendrobatid husbandry and captive propagation as well as to develop better communication between Dendrobatid breeders and hobbyists in the Western Hemisphere.
		The British Dendrobatid Group - http://www.thebdg.org/ The group is much like the American Dendrobatid Group but in UK.
		The Dendrobatid Frog Page -http://www.theramp.net/frognet/ Anthony's web page has great information and links to other great sites.
	www.doylesdartden.com /linkinfor.html (811 words)

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