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Topic: Deontic logic

Related Topics

Norm (philosophy)

Georg Henrik von Wright

Regress argument

Aretaic turn

Theory of conduct

Moral philosophy

Categorical imperative

Immanuel Kant

Epistemology

Philosophy of law

Deontology as consequentialism

Utilitarianism

Legal positivism

John Rawls

Ronald Dworkin

	Deontic logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Deontic logic is the field of logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts.
		Typically, a deontic logic uses OA to mean it is obligatory that A, (or it ought to be (the case) that A), and PA to mean it is permitted (or permissible) that A.
		The central intuition behind deontic logic, first articulated by the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century, is that what is obligatory is what is necessary for a good person to do, and what is permitted is what is possible for a good person to do.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deontic_logic (634 words)

	Modal Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Modal logic is, strictly speaking, the study of the deductive behavior of the expressions ‘it is necessary that’ and ‘it is possible that’.
		Deontic logics introduce the primitive symbol O for ‘it is obligatory that’, from which symbols P for ‘it is permitted that’ and F for ‘it is forbidden that’ are defined: PA = ~O~A and FA = O~A. The deontic analog of the modal axiom (M): OA→A is clearly not appropriate for deontic logic.
		In deontic logic, temporal logic, and others, the analog of the truth condition (5) is clearly not appropriate; furthermore there are even conceptions of necessity where (5) should be rejected as well.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-modal (7297 words)

	[No title]
		Deontic logic needs little introduction: it is mandatory formalism for anyone who studies modal logic, which has been mandatory formalism for any computer scientist who works with more than one logic.
		Hilpinen's contribution is a straightforward philosophical response to Castaneda's use of deontic logic in the analysis of sentences that describe actions.
		Their resulting logics are deontic mainly in spirit; the use of O-, P-, and F-modalities is usually not the centerpiece of their work.
	www.cs.wustl.edu /~loui/revcience.text (2751 words)

	Deontic Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		“Deontic Logic.” In Gabbay and Guenthner 2002, 8: pp.147-264.
		“Stig Kanger on Deontic Logic.” In Holmstrom-Hintikka, Lindstrom and Sliwinski 2001, pp.
		“What Is Input/Output Logic?” In Löwe, Malzkorn and Räsch 2003, pp.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-deontic (12759 words)

	Deontic logic and Normative Reasoning
		This logic characterises a particular type of interpreted systems used to represent and reason about states of correct and incorrect functioning behaviour of the agents in a system, and of the system as a whole.
		The logical machinery to formalize this idea is taken from substructural logics and it is based on the definition of a new non-classical connective capturing the notion of reparational obligation.
		Defeasible logic, a logic with proven successes at representing legal knowledge, seems to overcome many of these deficiencies and is a promising approach to representing legal knowledge.
	www.itee.uq.edu.au /~guido/Papers/deontic.html (2987 words)

	John F. Horty - Agency and Deontic Logic - Reviewed by Paul Bartha, University of British Columbia - Philosophical ...
		Deontic logic is the logic of ethical concepts such as obligation and permission.
		Most deontic logics after von Wright attempted to assimilate the ought-to-do to the ought-to-be, partly because there was a clear âpossible-worldâ semantics for ought-to-be statements and partly because âArthur ought to visit his motherâ and âIt ought to be that Arthur visits his motherâ appeared to be equivalent.
		On the one hand, this reflects a reasonable choice on Hortyâs part, since he is able to âclose the gapâ between deontic logic and this particular type of ethical theory in a compact fashion.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1246 (1582 words)

	Modal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Logics for handling a number of other ideas, such as eventually, formerly, can, could, might, may, must are by extension also called modal logics, since it turns out that these can be treated in similar ways.
		Logical possibility is a form of alethic possibility; (4) makes a claim about whether it is possible for a mathematical truth to have been false, but (3) only makes a claim about whether it is possible that the mathematical claim turns out false, for all Jones knows, and so again Jones does not contradict himself.
		Significantly, modal logics can be developed to accommodate most of these idioms; it is the fact of their common logical structure (the use of "intensional" or non-truth-functional sentential operators) that make them all varieties of the same thing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modal_logic (2878 words)

	Logic & Formal Reasoning
		Logic has been developed over the centuries as a formal (that is, precise not obtuse) way of representing assumptions about a world and the process of deriving the consequences of those assumptions.
		Logic lecture slides and accompanying transcripts from Professors Tomás Lozano-Pérez and Leslie Kaelbling's Spring 2003 course, Artificial Intelligence.
		The Isaac Newton of logic - It was 150 years ago that George Boole published his classic The Laws of Thought, in which he outlined concepts that form the underpinnings of the modern high-speed computer.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/logic.html (1291 words)

	Modal Logic
		Deontic logics introduce the primitive symbol O for ‘it is obligatory that’, from which symbols P for ‘it is permitted that’ and F for ‘it is forbidden that’ are defined: PA = ~O~A and FA = O~A. The deontic analog of the modal axiom (M): OA A is clearly not appropriate for deontic logic.
		(Unfortunately, what ought to be is not always the case.) However, a basic system D of deontic logic can be constructed by adding the weaker axiom (D) to K. Axiom (D) guarantees the consistency of the system of obligations by insisting that when A is obligatory, A is permissible.
		The analysis of the properties desired for R makes it clear that a basic deontic logic can be formulated by adding the axiom (D) and to K. Even in modal logic, one may wish to restrict the range of possible worlds which are relevant in determining whether
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/win2003/entries/logic-modal (6951 words)

	Mally's Deontic Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		In modern deontic logic, the notions of prohibition F, permission P and waiver W are usually defined in terms of obligation O: FA = O¬A, PA = ¬FA, WA = ¬OA.
		Mally's deontic logic is unacceptable for the reasons stated by Menger (1939).
		Goble, Lou, 2001, "The Andersonian reduction and relevant deontic logic," in Brown Byson and John Woods, eds., New Studies in Exact Philosophy: Logic, Mathematics and Science--Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of the Society of Exact Philosophy, pp.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/mally-deontic (4300 words)

	Deontic Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		"Deontic logic is a branch of modal logic to reason about normative versus non-normative behaviour by means of modal operators such as ought, permitted and forbidden.
		Originating from philosophy where it is used to formalize (reasoning about) notions in ehtics and philosophy of laws, it has become apparent recently that a more profane application of deontic logic can also be found in certain areas of computer science and artificial intelligence.
		Deontic logic provides a means to do just this by using special modal operators that indicate the status of behaviour: that is whether it is legal (normative) or not."
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?DeonticLogic (324 words)

	DIODE: Deontic Logic Founded on (SMEALSearch) - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In this paper we show a remarkable resemblance between deontic reasoning and the formal analysis of diagnostic reasoning from first principles as it was introduced by Reiter.
		Moreover, we show that notorious `paradoxes' of deontic logic such as the Chisholm `Paradox' and the Forrester `Paradox' can more appropriately be represented in a diagnostic framework for deontic reasoning (DIODE) that we developed.
		These `paradoxes' are the result of the fact that in the possible world semantics of modal deontic logics only two types of states are distinguished; actual and ideal ones.
	smealsearch2.psu.edu /1539.html (571 words)

	Amazon.com: Agency and Deontic Logic: Books: John F. Horty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A New Introduction to Modal Logic by G.e.
		John Horty effectively develops deontic logic (the logic of ethical concepts like obligation and permission) against the background of a formal theory of agency.
		The purpose of this study is to explore a new deontic logic for representing and reasoning about what agents ought to do, a notion that must be distinguished from that of what ought to be the case.
	www.amazon.com /Agency-Deontic-Logic-John-Horty/dp/0195134613 (770 words)

	[No title]
		The usual response among classically trained thinkers is that logic should be about commitment, not computation, and that one who uses the rule that birds fly without explicit commitment to whether the bird is a penguin, implicitly asserts that it is not a penguin.
		Alchourron's claim in the paper, that there is no need for a logic of defeasible norms, is more the consequence of his fancy for revision than his fixation upon deontic modalities.
		A set of conditional general norms entails (in the logic of norms) a non-tautological sentence (has a factual or contradictory consequence) iff it follows in the logic for normative propositions that the authority has inconsistently normed some action for some circumstance.
	www.cs.wustl.edu /~loui/deontic (2421 words)

	Deontic Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		My interest in legal reasoning has also led me to study deontic logic, the logic of such modalities as 'obligatory', 'permitted' and 'forbidden'.
		Deontic logic also has applications in computer science, since computer systems, and their interaction with other systems and with humans can be regarded as norm-governed.
		Marek Sergot I have studied the logic of `contrary-to-duty obligations' (e.g.
	www.cs.uu.nl /people/henry/research/deontics.html (210 words)

	The Logical Fallacies: Logic Resources: Branches of Logic
		Epistemic logic is the study of the relations between propositions describing states of knowledge and belief.
		Fuzzy Logic Laboratorium at the Johannes Kepler University Linz.
		Intensional (or indexical) logic is the study of assertions and other expressions whose meaning depends on an implicit context or index, such as time or spatial position.
	onegoodmove.org /fallacy/branches.htm (796 words)

	Conceptanalysis, Language and Logic/Georg Henrik von Wright
		His views to those problems varies between the empirical logic, the ethics, the (an anti-positivist analytical) hermeneutics and the phenomenology.
		He defends a manipulation view of causality, where the concept of action is basic for that of cause: an human action cannot be explained causally by laws, but must be understood intentionally.
		Deontic Logic ("it's compulsory that...", "it's allowed that..."), the logic of norms, the logic of imperatives
	www.jkerkkonen.com /wright.htm (1017 words)

	Paul McNamara, Associate Professor
		Together with H. Prakken, McNamara edited Norms, Logics and Information Systems: New Studies in Deontic Logic and Computer Science (Washington, DC: IOS Press, 1999), which includes a paper of his own, and a joint editorial overview of the field.
		His most recent publications are a review in Mind of John Horty’s Agency and Deontic Logic, and a paper in the new Journal of Applied Logic on logics that reduce conflict-allowing obligations to do things to more general conflict-allowing obligations to be a certain way.
		He has recently completed the forthcoming entry, "deontic logic", in the on-line Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, as well as the chapter, "deontic logic", in the forthcoming Handbook of the History of Logic, vol.
	www.unh.edu /philosophy/Faculty_Pages_info/mcnamara_page.htm (309 words)

	Deontic Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Deontic logic is the study of the logical relationships among propositions that assert that certain actions or states of affairs are morally obligatory, morally permissible, morally right or morally wrong.
		In his monograph, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens (Graz: Leuschner and Lubensky, 1926), he presented axioms for the notion ‘p ought to be the case’, using the formal notation ‘!
		For a more complete description of Mally's deontic logic, and some suggestions for how to repair it, see Gert-Jan Lokhorst's entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
	mally.stanford.edu /deontic.html (192 words)

	LC05 - Seminar on Logic and Computation
		The talk gives a couple of examples of the application of logics to the theory of XML query languages and concludes with some recent results on two-variable logics with data comparisons.
		Since the beginning of the 90's deontic logic has also been used in computer science in order to reason about incorrect behaviour of programs and about normative aspects of programs that are not under the direct control of the designer and/or user.
		The learning from entailment setting is natural when learning stochastic context free grammars and their upgrade, stochastic logic programs, the learning from interpretations settings is the method of choice when learning bayesian networks or bayesian logic programs, and learning from proofs or traces correspond to learning (hidden) markov models and their first order upgrades.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /cwis/research/dtai/events/lc05/print.html (1254 words)

	Manuel Bremer, Logic
		Another related philosophical application of logic I am interested in is the relation between metalogical results established for formal systems and the question of the limits of the human mind.
		Continuing work deals with the problem of new paradoxes within paraconsistent logic (see the papers on asserting contradictions and on hypercontradictions) and the recent developments of paraconsistent logic and its applications.
		Topics I am especially interested in are: the case for higher order logic; the metaphysics of sets, classes and heaps; the Church-Turing-Thesis; the methodology of so called 'transcendental arguments'; a residue of transcendental phenomenology and the metaphysics of time.
	www.mbph.homepage.t-online.de /Logic.htm (582 words)

	Defeasible logic
		An algorithm for the induction of defeasible logic theories from databases.
		To ease the development and improve the accuracy of expert systems based on defeasible logic, it is desirable to automatically induce a theory of the logic from a training set of precedent data.
		Abstract:We investigate defeasible logics using a technique which decomposes the semantics of such logics into two parts: a specification of the structure of defeasible reasoning and a semantics for the meta-language in which the specification is written.
	www.itee.uq.edu.au /~guido/Papers/defeasible.html (3782 words)

	How to Combine Ordering and Minimizing (SMEALSearch) - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In this paper we propose a semantics for dyadic deontic logic with an explicit preference ordering between worlds, representing different degrees of ideality.
		3 Philosophical foundations of deontic logic and the logic of..
		1 A logic of deliberation (context) - Belzer - 1986
	gunther.smeal.psu.edu /2300.html (587 words)

	Violated obligations in a defeasible deontic logic
		Deontic logic is characterized by the distinction between the actual and the ideal.
		Nonmonotonic logics can be very helpful for the formalization of deontic reasoning, in particular to infer moral cues.
		We extend his definition of deontic consequence in such a way that it covers violated obligations and we give a solution to deal with conflicts between violability and defeasibility.
	ideas.repec.org /p/dgr/euridi/199793.html (539 words)

	Deontic logic books, find the lowest prices
		Deontic Logic In Computer Science : 7th International Workshop On Deontic Logic In Computer Science, Deon 2004, Madeira, Portugal, May 26-28, 2004.
		Deontic Logic, Agency and Normative Systems : Eon '96, Third International Workshop on Deontic Logic in Computer Science, Sesimbra, Portugal, 11-13 January 1996
		The Logics of Preference : A Study of Prohairetic Logics in Twentieth Century Philosophy
	www.allbookstores.com /Deontic_Logic.html (244 words)

	Citations: A new system of deontic logic - von Wright (SMEALSearch) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		....argument to represent the second sentence by a O(t) is that it seems that the second and third sentence should be represented by logical formulas with the same structure.
		5.3 Dyadic modal logics In the early seventies, several dyadic and conditional deontic logics were proposed to solve the CTD paradoxes, see [21] for a survey.
		The first distinction between these logics and the semantics of Diode is that Diode has a unique preference ordering on the models, whereas a dyadic logic has many distinct models, in which different worlds can occur.
	smealsearch2.psu.edu /context/1788/0 (395 words)

	von Wright's 1964 Dyadic Deontic Logic System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		[Hilpinen, 1981, pages 105-119] These pages are a reprint of von Wright's "A new System of Deontic Logic", Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 1 (1964) p173-182, and combines it with his "A Correction to a New System of Deontic Logic", Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 2 (1965) p 103-107.
		This system was published by Georg Henrik von Wright in 1964 in a paper called "A New System of Deontic Logic" that appeared in the "Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 1".
		He also had corrections to this that he published in an article titled (oddly enough): "A Correction to to a New System of Deontic Logic" that appeared in the "Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 2".
	www.cc.utah.edu /~nahaj/logic/structures/systems/vonwright1964.html (272 words)

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