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Topic: Deontology

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Deontology as consequentialism

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	Notes on Deontology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Deontology is one type or kind of non-consequentialist duty ethics.
		While utilitarianism focuses upon the consequences and only the consequences to make this calculation, and is not concerned with the intention of the actor; deontology focuses upon the demand of reason -- it is not at all concerned with consequences -- and is also concerned with the intention of the actor.
		Deontology is not subjectivist, saying of an action it is our duty when we think it is, or that it is okay to do because our intentions are good.
	www.calbaptist.edu /dskubik/deon.htm (679 words)

	Deontology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Deontology is based in the notion that it is not the outcome of an action that is important but its motive, that is, did we intend to do right or wrong by our action, regardless of what occurred.
		Deontology is concerned with the motivations and bias evident in an action, why it was performed rather than the actual outcome of the action.
		Deontology is strongly rooted in the idea of moral obligation and duty, if we have laws and structures to our society we must follow them and if our motive is to conduct ourselves as lawful human beings then we are acting correctly.
	www.cit.gu.edu.au /teaching/2166CIT/Normative_Theories/5a57d22.htm (144 words)

	CHAPTER II - THE ANARCHIST CHALLENGE
		We could not claim that deontology contradicts rationality if it were the case that deontology does not establish the desirability of those state of affairs that we are forbidden to bring about.
		Deontology might then be understood as requiring what its critics have been insistently demanding: that each agent in all cases act in such a way as to produce the highest-ranked state of affairs that he is in a position to produce.
		Thus, deontology might not need to express a commitment to a conception of rationality that is different from the one embraced by consequentialism.
	www.wku.edu /~jan.garrett/kpa/malobert.htm (3090 words)

	Deontology- a theory based purely on obligation or duty. - Coursework.Info
		Andria J. Williams Phil 022 10-28-03 Exam #2 Deontology- a theory based purely on obligation or duty It cannot be agreed upon that actions considered right are deemed as such solely because the corollary of that action is determined to be good.
		It is for this reason that deontology proves to be not necessarily right, yet one of the most compelling and interesting theories.
		Deontology is a theory of the right, which suggests that people have an obligation to behave in a specific way towards others.
	www.coursework.info /_L46972.html (327 words)

	Deontology - WiccanWeb.ca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In contrast to consequentialism, deontology insists that how people accomplish their goals is usually (or always) more important than what people accomplish.
		Jeremy Bentham, an early utilitarian philosopher, criticized deontology on the grounds that it was essentially a dressed-up version of popular morality, and that the unchanging principles that deontologists attribute to natural law or universal reason are really a matter of subjective opinion.
		His line of attack on deontology is first to show that constraints are invariably immoral, and then to show that options are immoral without constraints.
	www.wiccanweb.ca /wiki/index.php/Deontology (808 words)

	An Examination of Moral Theory and Personal Relationships
		Stocker believes that mainstream ethical theories, like consequentialism and deontology, make it impossible for people to reconcile their reasons and motives because these theories demand that people perform acts for the sake of duty or for the good, as opposed to because they care about the people who are affected by their actions.
		In his article "Autonomy and Deontology" Thomas Nagel states that an important issue in ethics is the way in which the lives, interests and welfare of others make claims on us, and how those claims can be reconciled with living a moral life.
		In the article "War and Massacre" Nagel argues that absolutism or deontology recognises the importance of other people because it imposes limits on what may be done to others even when both the end in question is a worthy one and adhering to restrictions may be costly.
	www.philosophy.ubc.ca /prolegom/backissues/papers/Brownlee.htm (3871 words)

	Virtue Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Where deontology and consequentialism concern themselves with the right action, virtue ethics is concerned with the good life and what kinds of persons we should be.
		Whereas deontology and consequentialism are based on rules that try to give us the right action, virtue ethics makes central use of the concept of character.
		Written by three authors adopting three perspectives, deontology, consequentialism and virtue ethics, this is an excellent account of how the three normative theories relate to each other.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/v/virtue.htm (6448 words)

	17 Some Deontology
		Deontology is a vast topic, which we can only touch upon in the present volume.
		The term ‘deontology’ may be taken to refer to the theoretical study and foundation of ethics, without initial preference for any particular ethical system; another term for this is ‘meta-ethics’.
		Deontology will, for instance, emphasize that the concepts of life, consciousness and volition are central to any ethical claim or system.
	www.thelogician.net /4b_volition/4b_chapter_17.htm (5250 words)

	Ethics Text page
		Deontology (Greek: "deon" means "duty") is a theory in ethics, where one has an unchanging duty to abide by some set of moral principles, and nothing else.
		While deontological moral theories typically hold that certain actions are either forbidden or wrong per se, consequentialist theories usually maintain that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the act, and hence on the circumstances in which it is performed.
		Another way of distinguishing consequentialism and deontology, as done by Shelly Kagan, is to note that, under deontology, individuals are bound by constraints (such as the requirement, not to kill), but are also given options (such as the right not to give money to charity, if they do not wish to).
	pirate.shu.edu /~mckenndo/ethics-deontology-consequentialism.htm (1330 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Deontological ethics
		In ethics, deontological ethics or deontology (Greek: Deon meaning obligation or duty) is a theory holding that decisions should be made solely or primarily by considering one's duties and the rights of others.
		Jeremy Bentham, an early utilitarian philosopher, criticized deontology on the grounds that it was essentially a dressed-up version of popular morality, and that the unchanging principles that deontologists attribute to natural law or universal reason are really a matter of subjective opinion.
		His line of attack on deontology is first to show that constraints are invariably immoral, and then to show that options are immoral without constraints.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Deontology (815 words)

	Legal Theory Blog: Legal Theory Lexicon: Deontology
		Thus, the distinctive thesis of deontology in general might be formulated as the claim that the rightness of action is a function of whether the action is required, prohibited, or permitted by a moral duty.
		In criminal law, deontology is reflected in the notions that an action cannot be a crime unless it is the violation of a moral duty and in retributive theories of punishment.
		So I am going to give two very simple objections to deontology, with the warning that the current state of play on these objections is now so complex and ramified that you really must be a specialist to give even a rough summary.
	lsolum.typepad.com /legaltheory/2006/10/legal_theory_le_5.html (2358 words)

	Biomedical Ethics:A Guided Tour
		Deontology is best represented by Immanuel Kant for whom an action is moral only if it can be willed to be a universal law for everyone and the action is done out of respect for duty regardless of the consequences and what one happens to desire.
		Utilitarianism is usually associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who argue that a moral action is the action that results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people, everyone given equal consideration.
		Despite their differences -- deontology focuses on rules and is rooted in reason while utilitarianism focuses on results and is rooted in psychology -- They have several things in common.
	www.nvcc.edu /home/aaoudjit/theories.htm (278 words)

	CODE OF DEONTOLOGY OF THE PSYCHOLOGISTS
		The present Code of Deontology is destined to act as professional rule to the men and to the women who have psychologist's title, whatever is their fashion of exercise and their professional setting, including their activities of teaching and research.
		Article 8 - The fact for a psychologist to be bound in sound professional exercise by a contract or a statute to all private corporation or all state agency, don't modify his/her/its professional duties, and some particular his/her/its obligations concerning the professional secrecy and the independence of the choice of his/her/its methods and his/her/its decisions.
		He/it notes the Code of Deontology in the establishment of his/her/its contracts and refers itself of it in his/her/its ties professional.
	www.psychologue-clinicien.com /anglais/code.htm (2528 words)

	Wikinfo \| Deontology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In moral philosophy, deontology is the view that morality either forbids or permits actions.
		Another way of distinguishing consequentialism and deontology is due to Shelley Kagan, who notes that, under deontology, individuals are bound by constraints (such as the requirement not to kill) but are also given options (such as the right not to give money to charity, if they do not wish to).
		One expression of the categorical imperative is: "Act so that the maxim [determining motive of the will] may be capable of becoming a universal law for all rational beings." One example of a contemporary deontological moral theory is the contractualism developed by the American philosopher Thomas Scanlon.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Deontology (384 words)

	Legal Theory Lexicon
		Some Objections to Deontology All of the main approaches to moral theory are controversial, and because the debates have been raging for centuries, the arguments are now enormously complex.
		The second objection begins with the assumption that deontology does produce determinate answers to particular questions of morality, but argues that the answers are implausible, because they are too demanding or inflexible.
		Consequentialist critics of deontology argue that absolute rights, duties, and permissions can lead to consequences that would not be morally acceptable.
	legaltheorylexicon.blogspot.com /2003/11/legal-theory-lexicon-010.html (2105 words)

	philosophy: all oppose, same sign
		I think the strongest objection to deontology is not the objection of consequentialists, but the objection of existentialists.
		That is, that the project of trying to live your life in accordance with an objective moral code that tells you what you should do and what you should not do is a way of denying your own individual freedom and creativity.
		Put in a rather less silly way, deontology doesn't seem to offer a way to distinguish between conflicting duties (here to tell the truth and to avoid upsetting people) without resort to some other system, like consequentialism.
	community.livejournal.com /philosophy/1643128.html (3231 words)

	[No title]
		Third, we could assess the ethical status of an action according to the extent to which it conforms to or violates what we perceive to be the moral law.
		The connection between doing the right thing and making people happy makes intuitive sense, and once we accept it, we should be able to determine the ethical worth of an action by assessing the extent to which it maximizes happiness.
		Deontology, on the other hand, can appear cold, rigid, and arbitrary.
	www.uwsp.edu /philosophy/dwarren/IntroBook/ValueTheory/Deontology/deontology.htm (389 words)

	Virtue Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Deontology and virtue ethics share the conflict problem (and are happy to take it on board rather than follow some of the utilitarians in their consequentialist resolutions of such dilemmas) and in fact their strategies for responding to it are parallel.
		Another problem for virtue ethics, which is shared by both utilitarianism and deontology, is (iv) "the justification problem." Abstractly conceived, this is the problem of how we justify or ground our ethical beliefs, an issue that is hotly debated at the level of metaethics.
		In its particular versions, for deontology there is the question of how to justify its claims that certain moral rules are the correct ones, and for utilitarianism of how to justify its claim that the only thing that really matters morally is consequences for happiness or well-being.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/ethics-virtue (5323 words)

	SSRN-No, Capital Punishment is Not Morally Required: Deterrence, Deontology, and the Death Penalty by Carol Steiker
		While there is ample reason to reject this argument on the ground that the empirical studies are deeply flawed (as economists John Donohue and Justin Wolfers elaborate in a separate essay), this response directly addresses Sunstein and Vermeule's moral argument.
		Sunstein and Vermeule contend that recognition of the distinctive moral agency of the government and acceptance of "threshold" deontology (by which categorical prohibitions may be overridden to avoid catastrophic harm) should lead both consequentialists and deontologists to accept the necessity of capital punishment.
		Moreover, acceptance of "threshold" deontology in no way requires a commitment to capital punishment even if substantial deterrence is proven; rather, arguments about catastrophic "thresholds" face special challenges in the context of criminal punishment.
	www.ssrn.com /abstract=859384 (407 words)

	Ethical Schizophrenia
		Thus, Kantian deontology should be exempt from Stocker's critique of modern ethical theories.
		Because deontology does not demand schizophrenia of its agents in these situations, it does not deserve the criticisms that Stocker rightly brings to bear against egoism and utilitarianism.
		Because deontology does not insist that one central value be religiously promoted-which is to say, because it is not optimific-its agents are not morally schizophrenic.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~ston0235/projects/schizophrenia.htm (3539 words)

	financial imp: Ethics and finance in nineteenth-century fiction, The Novel: A Forum on Fiction - Find Articles
		"Deontology" was invented from the Greek root meaning "duty" by Jeremy Bentham in his 1834 Deontology: Or Morality Made Easy.
		In fact, in its original sense, "deontology" was used by Bentham to mean more or less what modern ethical theorists call "consequentialism"-the cost/benefit analysis of the consequences of an action.
		Explaining how "deontology" became severed from its original "consequentialist" meaning, and indeed opposed to it, in British moral philosophy would require a more detailed account than is appropriate here of Anglo-American analytical ethics in the twentieth century.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3643/is_199601/ai_n8737402/pg_1 (671 words)

	TRINPsite: Book of Instruments: Rule-Deontology
		It should have become clear that deontological theories, like all ethical theories, need at least an implicit moral decision-theory, an implicit principle of truth and an implicit principle of relevance.
		It should have become clear, too, that deontology is doomed to remain a very pluralistic form of ethics with all the ensuing difficulties (or conveniences?) of conflicting ultimate duties.
		Conflicting duties or values are inherent in every normative doctrine with truth as a principle besides other ones, but when they can be reduced to the smallest number of ultimate duties or values, they can, at least in principle, be solved or avoided.
	www.xs4all.nl /~ftptr025/MNI/BoI/7/5/2.HTM (681 words)

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