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Topic: Dependent-marking language

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DeLancey (1986), Relativization as Nominalization in Tibetan and Newari Dependent and appositive relatives An obvious problem in the Lhasa data, with clear relevance to the general problem we are interested in here, is the difference in gen- itive marking between sa and pa, which require genitive marking, mkhan, which cannot have it, and yag which is apparently something of a transitional case. Thus it is encouraging to return to Lahu and discover that there is an apparently very similar distinction between ve -ful and ve -less genitive constructions in Lahu (Matisoff 1973:148-9), so that it may well be possible to identify a more specific function for ve than pure dependent marking. Additional data from other TB languages, such as those discussed here, add to Matisoff's evidence that the syncretic marking of these three functions (2) is not accidental, but reflects a structural and/or functional relationship among these functions, at least in languages of this type. darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/papers/relnom.html

Marking Components as Language Dependent If you do not select a language, the release is language independent, and both language-dependent and language-independent components are built into it. However, if you select one or more languages in the wizard's Release Filtering panel, then only components for the selected languages and language-independent components are built into the setup package. Mark a component as specific to a language if you want the component and its data built into a setup package targeting that language. helpnet.installshield.com /robo/projects/installshieldxhelplib/IHelpCompLangs.htm

John Benjamins: Book details for Dependent-Head Synthesis in Nivkh [TSL 57] They are formed productively from ad hoc concatenation of lexical roots in dependent — head relations without further morphological marking: primary object — predicate, attribute - noun, noun — relational morpheme ("adposition"). After an in-depth examination of the wordhood of such complexes the morphological type of Nivkh is explored against the background of polysynthesis, noun incorporation, verb root serialization, noun complexes and head/dependent marking. She thereby demonstrates that Nivkh represents a new type of dependent-head synthesis, one that leads the language to make a number of other unusual choices, for instance in the syntax of relative clauses. www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=TSL_57

Morphology (linguistics) In contrast to fusional languages, agglutinative language s such as Turkish use multiple morphemes in the one word but they are all phonetically separable. The Semitic languages show an extreme of fusion, in that word roots are often represented by fixed consonants, usually three, and their inflection and derivation is done with internal vowel patterns as well as affixes. In some languages, of which Latin forms a prime example, several inflections are often fused into one phonetic form. www.worldhistory.com /wiki/m/morphology-(linguistics).htm

Irish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia However, initial mutations are found in other Celtic languages (as well as in some Italian and Sardinian dialects, as an independent development). While the language will continue to exist among English speakers who have learned fluency and are bilingual (though mainly English-speaking in their everyday lives) Gaeltachtaí embody more than just a language, but the cultural context in which it is spoken, through song, stories, social traditions folklore and dance. Much of publicly displayed Irish is ungrammatical, thus irritating both language activists and enemies of the language and contributing to the public image of the revival as phony and bogus. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_language

CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. Administered by Jamaica since 1863, they remained a British dependency after 1962 when the former became independent. The economy remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the 20th century. www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html

Marking our Difference conference program Depending on the level of demand, classes in any given language could be offered on both campuses, with teachers taking on the responsibility of moving between institutions—an arrangement that remains in operation today. It will also discuss ways in which language learning goals can be achieved or enhanced through the use of online materials based on the experience of the Indonesian language program at Deakin University, which offers four years of language study online for both on and off campus students. The cooperative arrangement for the provision of language study that was established between the University of Adelaide and Flinders University, and that became known as the Outreach Programme, was originally designed to rationalise the teaching of languages across the two campuses by avoiding as far as possible the duplication of course offerings. www.languages.unimelb.edu.au /conference/program.html

Petri Nets with Marking-Dependent Arc Cardinality: Properties and Analysis - Ciardo (ResearchIndex) We discuss P/T-nets where the arc cardinalities are allowed to be marking-dependent expressions of various types, resulting in a hierarchy of subclasses. We show how the p-semiflows of a P/T-net with marking-dependent arc cardinality can be... Some of the language and decidability properties of these classes have been studied before, but we focus on the practical implications in systems modeling, adding some new insight to the known results about the relative expressive power of the subclasses. citeseer.ist.psu.edu /363148.html

Scientific Interest Obviation has so far been attested only in head-marking languages (Aissen 1997:743), where strictly grammatical constraints such as obviation are functionally valuable because they can narrow down the assignment of reference and syntactic relations to formally unmarked nominals. Languages differ in whether and how they require that obviation ranking be aligned with syntactic relations and animacy ranking. Several languages of the Daghestanian branch of Nakh-Daghestanian have been described as having tone (Kodzasov 1990), but tones have not been reported in the descriptions of Daghestanian languages available in English and their presence in Daghestan is not well known outside of Russia. socrates.berkeley.edu:7012 /scientific.html

Linguistics Research Specialities: Introduction to Role and Reference Grammar Traditionally, only two basic nexus relations are recognized, coordination and subordination, but RRG, following Olson's (1981) analysis of clause linkage in Barai (a Papuan language), posits three nexus types: coordination, subordination, and COSUBORDINATION, which is essentially dependent coordination. Language is a system, and grammar is a system in the traditional structuralist sense; what distinguishes the RRG conception of language is the conviction that grammatical structure can only be understood and explained with reference t o its semantic and communicative functions. Languages vary in terms of how the PF D is restricted, both in simple sentences and in complex sentences, and this variation underlies important grammatical differences across languages (cf. wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/research/rrg/rrg_paper.html

Faculty - Grazyna Rowicka - What's in a Verb First, since verbal morphology is often the first challenge that a researcher of an undescribed language encounters, we would like to provide a synopsis of the morphological categories and the complexity that verbal forms in Native American languages can exhibit. I will then compare the Lillooet system with at least one other language from a different (i.e., non-Salish) family that essentially uses the same system, and with at least one language that uses a direct/inverse system (for example, Cree, as described in Ahenakew 1987). I will also argue that the major split between these various systems is between constituent marking on the one hand, and case marking, direct/inverse marking and feature nesting on the other. www.ulcl.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=38

The Structure of Australian Languages - Outline & Bibliography Nominal suffixes have a range of functions in Australian languages; from the marking of adnominal predications (like nominal possession), through the marking of grammatical relations and theta-roles, to the coding of clause-level complementation. We will look at all of these aspects within the course, concentrating on the languages of the north west of Western Australia since these languages have particularly rich case-marking systems. We will begin with a brief overview of the language situation on the Australian continent: how many languages?, how are they related?, broad typology, state of our knowledge. www.arts.uwa.edu.au /LingWWW/Alan/AL-Outline.html

Anna It is also argued that even if the pronominal argument analysis is maintained for some languages, those of the radically head-marking type, there are no convincing grounds for extending it to dependent-marking languages such as Latin. In Dik (1989) such an analysis is advocated not only for the cross-referencing forms found in the typical head-marking languages of North America or Australia but also for the bound person forms of what are generally considered to be dependent-marking languages such as Latin, Spanish or Polish. The independent pronouns or nominals which may co-occur with the cross-referencing forms are in turn considered to be in a sort of appositional relationship to the cross-referencing forms. www.mis.coventry.ac.uk /FGIS/Sierw.html

UH Press Journals: Oceanic Linguistics 37 (1998): 363-366 E makes much of Tawala as a "prototypical" head-marking language (in the sense of Nichols 1986), but in this respect, too, Tawala is not at all untypical of Oceanic languages. One result of such long familiarity with the language and its speakers is a reference grammar that pays greater attention to such areas as semantics and dialectology than is usual for such narrowly known languages. Among this volume’s many contributions are a thorough sorting out of the earlier linguistic references and a definitive set of maps that locate the major villages, dialects, and external language influences within the Tawala area. www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ol/OL372p363.html

JN_fullpubs.html Some preconditions and typical traits of the stative-active language type (with reference to Proto-Indo-European). The spread of language around the Pacific Rim. Durie and M. Ross, eds., The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change, 39-71. violet.berkeley.edu /~jbn/JN_fullpubs.html

Tariana Texts -- Alexandra Aikhenvald Typologically, it is a predominantly head-marking language with a few elements of dependent marking. Tariana is the only Arawak language spoken in the multilingual context of the Vaupes linguistic area, and it has suffered a heavy areal impact from Tucanoan languages. Though about 1.500 people of the region identify as 'ethnic' Tariana, the language was virtually lost one or two generations ago. home.t-online.de /home/LINCOM.EUROPA/0786.htm

Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, UC Berkeley Recent seminars on: Russian morphosyntax, linguistic writing, case and related issues in the morphological marking of NP's, language change in geographical perspective, verbal lexicon and derivational history, typology, Ingush language, Chechen language. Language pedagogy of heritage and less commonly taught languages. Coordinator of Russian undergraduate language program (Slavic 1 through Slavic 4). ls.berkeley.edu /dept/slavic/faculty.html

tone.revised.htm Language nest programs (schools that involve total immersion in an ancestral language) have produced thousands of new speakers of Hawaiian (Donaghy 1998) and Maori (Fishman 2001). Marking tone contributes nothing directly to a reader=s ability to say a sentence correctly. Languages that develop a literary tradition are less likely to succumb. nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu /~ufruss/tone.revised.htm

Three new stemmers for Slovenian language The quality of automatic procedures involved in text processing phases of document database construction and natural language searching is determined to the great extent by the quality of their language-dependent part. The core of the language-dependent part is stemming especially when statistical approach to text processing is used. All stems that belong to particular language (medical sublanguage in our case) and only those stems are being gathered in LEGAL_STEMS leaving the OTHER_STEMS list to collect all other stems which are legal indexing terms but are not the main point of interest in building document database. www.mf.uni-lj.si /ds/new-stemmers.html

What is Chiasmus Figurative language is language that is deliberately different from the way people normally speak or write. "To Mark With an X" One of the most fascinating features of chiasmus is this "marking with an X" notion. In his book, The New Language of Politics, political speech writer and language maven William Safire included an entry on "contrapuntal phrases," which he defined this way: www.chiasmus.com /whatischiasmus.shtml

GK Student Workshop 29/05/2003, Berlin This talk will check out the common criteria for clitics, developed by Zwicky an others, on above mentioned formatives and give some outlook on how SA could be described as a predominantly head marking language. The puzzles concerning ambiguity of English copula sentences come out more clearly when comparing them with a language which appears to use radically different morpho-syntactic means for expressing predication and equation in copular sentences. English is a language in which, at least superficially, predicational, equative and specificational copula sentences resemble in surface morpho-syntax. www.sprachgeschichte.de /graduiertenkolleg/Workshop2003.html

sylplank.htm Language typology around the Baltic Sea: A problem inventory. Language Sciences 20-3; special issue on Areal Typology. Plank, F. 'Typology by the end of the 18th century.' In: History of the language sciences: An international handbook on the evolution of the study of language, ed. www.lancs.ac.uk /fss/organisations/alt/sylplank.htm

12 modifier + modified vs. modified + modifier; head-marking vs. dependent-marking type; morphological type a language belongs to, etc. a) how relevant data are chosen for the typology of a language L (e.g. Typology of classical languages (Ancient Greek and Latin) www.summerschoolaltconference.it /Courses/D.htm

ALS99 Abstracts Languages commonly have more than one paradigm of free prefix+base pronouns, marking different domains of topicality. Because it is a very ancient language, Pundits and traditional users of Tamil in general have some notions of what this language is. This often runs counter to the growing nature of contemporary Tamil. In providing alternative conceptual frames for dealing with experiential data, different languages are thus compared with the different coordinate systems of Einsteinís observers in space, a linguistic relativity principle analogous to Einsteinís relativity principle being taken to operate at the core of that domain of human understanding which is linguistically mediated. www.arts.uwa.edu.au /LingWWW/als99/elabs.html

LIN 591 - Historical Linguistics - Seminar - Spring 1998 The final paper could focus on either a particular school, a method for examining change or on an issue in a particular language family. After that, we will examine a number of issues in different language families (e.g.              The typology of languages that use animate/inanimate. www.public.asu.edu /~gelderen/591.htm

Ethnologue report for language code: LPE Ethnologue data from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th Edition www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=LPE

Language TOC Vol.62 No.1 Cook and Gerdts (eds.): The syntax of Native American languages Langendoen and Postal: the vastness of natural languages Has there been a 'Chomskyan revolution' in linguistics? www.lsadc.org /language/621.html

DCL.lse defines the DCL language attributes, templates and placeholders. X1.1-2 WWC 30-Mar-87 new DEFINE LANGUAGE /COMMENT qualifier ! All of the original history has been left in for reference purposes. mywebpages.comcast.net /dharter46/DCL.lse

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York School of Linguistics and Language, University of Durham www.dur.ac.uk /Linguistics/talks2003.html

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