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Topic: Dereivka

	Domestication of the horse - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Sites include Dereivka, a Ukrainian settlement site (circa 4500–3500 BC), and sites identified as the Botai culture, dated 3500–3000 BC in the northern steppes of Kazakhstan, east of the Ishim River.
		Not all molars at the sites showed bit wear: one theory argues that the horses with bit wear were cult animals and were kept as objects of veneration.
		The bit wear at Dereivka is the earliest evidence for the use of horses as transport animals anywhere in the world.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Domestication_of_the_horse (2648 words)

	Book Reivew
		Indicating that the Dereivka horse domestication is flawed because of the same methodological inadequacies of "false-direct," Levine reconsiders the "Dereivka Myth," and concludes that the hypothesis that horse domestication spread from west to east, i.e., from Dereivka to Botai, is erroneous.
		She concludes that the Dereivka horses, because of the small settlement size, the faunal assemblage, and the age and sex of the animals when killed, belong to her Stalking Model.
		The rise of the archaic Kvityana (south of the Dereivka culture along the Dnieper), according to Rassamakin, was influenced by Sredny Stog II as noted in pottery compositional and technical parallels.
	www.csen.org /Articles_Reivews/Levine_Review.html (3173 words)

	Domestication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Recent archaeological evidence from Cyprus indicates domestication of a type of cat by perhaps 7500 BC.
		The earliest secure evidence of horse domestication, bit wear on horse molars at Dereivka in Ukraine, dates ca 4000BC.
		The unequivocal date of domestication and use as a means of transport is at the Sintashta chariot burials in the southern Urals, ca 2000 BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Domestication (2220 words)

	Levine - Domestication, Breed Diversification and Early History of the Horse
		Dereivka, a Ukrainian settlement site (circa 4500-3500 BC), has been central to the problem of the origins of horse domestication, because for the past three decades it has been regarded as the site with the earliest evidence of horse husbandry (e.g.
		Careful consideration of the data from both Botai and Dereivka strongly suggests that the vast majority, if not the totality, of the horses from both of those sites were wild (Levine, 1999a; Levine, 1999b).
		Dereivka, a settlement and cemetery of Copper Age horse keepers on the Middle Dnieper.
	www2.vet.upenn.edu /labs/equinebehavior/hvnwkshp/hv02/levine.htm (2227 words)

	Dereivka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dereivka is a site associated with the Sredny Stog culture dating ca.
		This site is known primarily for its status as a site (and perhaps as the site) of early horse domestication.
		Mallory, "Dereivka", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dereivka (198 words)

	Joseph Needham and David Anthony - Central Asia as a bridge
		T he Dereivka cult stallion, however, exhibited beveled anterior premolars, with a beveling measurement of 3.5 millimeters, almost exactly the average for our bit-worn control sample and far from the 0.82 average for feral horses.
		When the casts of the Dereivka cult stallion premolars were examined under the scanning electron microscope, all the microscopic traits of bit wear were found to be present.
		Moreover, because the Dereivka cult stallion was deposited in a head and hoof ritual, the matching upper jaw was preserved and could be fitted against the lower.
	users.cyberone.com.au /myers/needham-anthony.html (12059 words)

	Domestication of the horse
		Sites incluke Dereivka, a Ukrainian settlement site (circa 4500-3500 BCE), and the Botai culture, dated 3500-3000 BCE in the northern steppes of Kazkhstan, east of the Ishim River.
		One idea is that the horses with bit wear were part of the religion, and were kept as objects of veneration; this is clearly the beginning of domestication.
		Ancient or early-domesticated horses were relatively small by modern standards, perhaps 12.2 to 14.2 hands high (see horse for explanation of hands) or 1.27 to 1.47 meters, measured at the shoulder.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/do/Domestication_of_the_horse.html (1208 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Horses were not ridden in the fifth millennium BC
		Nevertheless, the entire bit wear thesis collapsed once the skull of the "cult stallion" was subjected to radiocarbon dating and was found to have died before 700 and 200BC.
		The bit-worn horse teeth at Dereivka were re-dated to 700-200 BCE by me, the same person who identified the bit wear, but the article in which I announced the re-dating of the Dereivka teeth also described the evidence from Botai and Khvalynsk.
		Dereivka was not the only site with early bit wear in the steppes.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005/09/horses-were-not-ridden-in-fifth.html (682 words)

	www.troyallenalbers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sites include Dereivka, a Ukrainian settlement site (circa 4500 — 3500 BC), and sites identified as the Botai culture, dated 3500 — 3000 BC in the northern steppes of Kazakhstan, east of the Ishim river.
		The bit wear at Dereivka is the earliest evidence for the use of horses as transport animals anywhere in the world.
		However, there is dissent in regard to this answer, as a bit could be used to lead a horse, being seen as far less stressful than leading it by binding its neck.
	www.troyallenalbers.com /article_1.php (1382 words)

	Domestication of the horse Summary
		One claim is that evidence at several sites shows equine tooth wear that only could result from the friction of a bit against the molars, indicating captive animals (but not necessarily domesticated).
		Not all molars at the sites showed bit wear: one idea is that the horses with bit wear were cult animals and were kept as objects of veneration.
		However, there is room to debate this issue, as a bit could also be used to lead a horse, being less stressful than leading it by binding its neck.
	www.bookrags.com /Domestication_of_the_horse (3055 words)

	Dereivka at AllExperts
		Dereivka is a site associated with the Sredny Stog culture dating ca.
		This site is known primarily for its status as a site (and perhaps as the site) of early horse domestication.
		Mallory, "Dereivka", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/de/dereivka.htm (240 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the case of one horse, however, they made an exception: its hide, with its head and the bones of one foreleg attached, was ritually buried at the edge of the settlement along with the heads and pelts of two dogs.
		The horse at the Dereivka site, a stallion between seven and eight years old, was bitted with a hard bit, probably bone, for at least 300 hours.
		B.C. Their cemeteries, made up of between four and twenty-five kurgans, or low burial mounds, are scattered across the vast steppes north of the Caspian and Black seas, between the middle Ural River (around Orenburg) in the east and the lower Prut River in the west.
	www.dushkin.com /text-data/articles/17550/17550.mhtml (3865 words)

	Dental exam corrals early equestrians - archaeological evidence on domestication of the horse Science News - Find ...
		Of particular interest to Anthony and Brown was the "Dereivka stallion," consisting of the skull, lower jaw and forelimb bones of a mature horse found buried with two dogs and several ceramic human figurines.
		The Hartwick researchers obtained casts of both lower second premolar teeth -- located in the cheek -- and studied them under a scanning electron microscope at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. The Dereivka stallion clearly was ridden, Anthony says.
		Both premolar teeth are beveled in front, and tiny enamel fractures appear within smooth, polished areas on the sides and front of the teeth.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n22_v137/ai_9072603 (379 words)

	Forum editor lectures on "mystery" of ancient Scythians (02/24/02) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He offered a brief comment on the discovery of Amazon graves, which proves that the ancient Amazons actually existed on present-day Ukrainian territory and are more than a Greek myth.
		He also noted that the world's first horse ridden by a man was in Dereivka, Ukraine, in about 4,350 B.C., in the center of the future Scythia.
		It was thought for over 2,000 years that the Scythians were a short, yellow, Mongol people who had come from Central Asia, Mr.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2002/080220.shtml (596 words)

	The world's top domestication of the horse websites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sites incluke Dereivka, a Ukrainian settlement site (circa 4500-3500 BCE), and the Botai culture, dated 3500-3000 BCE in the northern steppes of Kazkhstan, east of the Ishim River.
		One idea is that the horses with bit wear were part of the religion, and were kept as objects of veneration; this is clearly the beginning of domestication.
		Ancient or early-domesticated horses were relatively small by modern standards, perhaps 12.2 to 14.2 hands high (see horse for explanation of hands) or 1.27 to 1.47 meters, measured at the shoulder.
	www.websbiggest.com /wiki-article-tab.cfm/domestication_of_the_horse (1217 words)

	Domestication at AllExperts
		Recent archaeological evidence from Cyprus indicates domestication of a type of cat by perhaps 7500 BC.
		The earliest secure evidence of horse domestication, bit wear on horse molars at Dereivka in Ukraine, dates ca 4000BC.
		The unequivocal date of domestication and use as a means of transport is at the Sintashta chariot burials in the southern Urals, ca 2000 BC.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/do/domestication.htm (2313 words)

	First to Ride \| Living World \| DISCOVER Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Most of the tackle we now associate with horses, from saddles to stirrups, are sophistications that were invented well into the history of riding.
		Because of the Dereivka bit-wear fiasco, Olsen has had little interest in pursuing direct evidence for riding gear.
		Nonetheless, there is indirect evidence so plentiful among the Botai horse bones that she can't ignore it.
	discovermagazine.com /2002/mar/featride (3542 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: 09/05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Now that Dereivka has been redated as belonging to the Scythian Iron Age, the Botai (east of the Urals) represents the earliest evidence of possible horse riding.
		The redating of the Dereivka stallion casts doubt on the idea that horse domestication spread from west to east.
		The results of the analyses carried out on the data from Dereivka and Botai suggest that the vast majority of the horses from those sites were killed in the hunt.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005_09_01_dienekes_archive.html (12668 words)

	LISTSERV 14.4
		Apart from the fact that radiocarbon data from the Dereivka horse (the skull, specifically) dates to around 3000 BCE,...
		>> As I pointed out, it appears the famous Dereivka skull (originally dated as early as 3300BC) is now being dated to the first century BC.
		I gave you a citation that was sent to me which you have chosen to ignore: "Actually you gotta throw the Derevika horse [bit evidence] out.
	listserv.linguistlist.org /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0104&L=indo-european&D=1&F=&S=&P=16269 (508 words)

	sciforums.com - >>Proto-Indo-European Religion<<
		Archaeologists have found the presence of 17 horses in late Neolithic settlements in the Lubâna lake lowlands of the middle region of the Eastern Baltic.
		The role of the horse in the Fatjanovo Corded Ware culture territory was probably assistance in herding livestock, which suggests that the people from this culture had methods for livestock herding that were typical of forest eco-systems and that were not nomadic or pastoral in nature.31 The role of the livestock herder was particularly important.
		The horse, as a means for moving quickly and suddenly during livestock herding and at other times, nevertheless was not always used in the Corded Ware culture territory as a tamed animal.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=8883 (5190 words)

	From the first a well
		At the village of Dereivka, near Kremenchug in Ukraine, more than 2,000 horse bones have been found.
		Not so horses; the only way we can tell whether a horse skeleton found in a Copper Age settlement was domesticated or not, is by reference to accompanying archaeological evidence.
		The exception is tooth wear: evidence of bitting have been found on the teeth of a stallion found at Dereivka, suggesting that even at this early date, well before wheeled vehicles were in use, horses were already being ridden.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /zareeba/breeds.htm (3972 words)

	First to Ride - - science news articles online technology magazine articles First to Ride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Most of the tackle we now associate with horses, from saddles to stirrups, are sophistications that were invented well into the history of riding.
		Because of the Dereivka bit-wear fiasco, Olsen has had little interest in pursuing direct evidence for riding gear.
		Nonetheless, there is indirect evidence so plentiful among the Botai horse bones that she can't ignore it.
	www.discover.com /issues/mar-02/features/featride (3377 words)

	Indo-Europeans in the Eastern Baltic in the View of an Archaeologist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Archaeologists have found the presence of 17 horses in late Neolithic settlements in the Lubāna lake lowlands of the middle region of the Eastern Baltic.
		The role of the horse in the Fatjanovo Corded Ware culture territory was probably assistance in herding livestock, which suggests that the people from this culture had methods for livestock herding that were typical of forest eco-systems and that were not nomadic or pastoral in nature.31 The role of the livestock herder was particularly important.
		The horse, as a means for moving quickly and suddenly during livestock herding and at other times, nevertheless was not always used in the Corded Ware culture territory as a tamed animal.
	vip.latnet.lv /hss/loze.htm (2561 words)

	Let Them Eat Horses
		The horses obviously were part of a funerary offering, the oldest of its kind yet found.
		At Dereivka on the Dnieper River in Ukraine, the now-famous horse with bit wear on its premolar teeth was part of a head-and-hoof deposit at the edge of a settlement dated about 42003700 B.C. It was found with the remains of two dogs, which probably were part of the same ritual offering.
		In a grave in the Elista steppes, south of the lower Volga in Russia, excavators found the skulls of 40 horses deposited in a Catacomb-culture grave dated about 2500 B.C. But the most fascinating discovery of this kind was a find that could have been the grave of Dadhyanc himself.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/horsemyth.shtml (1252 words)

	Equestrian Travel Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The horse was a form of escape, a way to break free from the immediate bounds of self-locomotion.
		”Equine teeth found in Dereivka, Ukraine, show signs of wear from a bit, indicating that horses were being ridden about 6,000 years ago.
		It was thought that horses were driven before they were ridden, but the Dereivka discovery predates the first evidence of any form of wheel by about 2,200 years.
	www.equineramblersuk.co.uk /articles/equestrian_travel.htm (2782 words)

	InfoUkes: Ukrainian History -- Ancient Inventions of Ukraine
		James and Thorpe explain it this way: "...the earliest hard evidence for the domestication of the horse dates back only to 4000 B.C. -- teeth of horses from the Copper age site of Dereivka, in southern Ukraine, examined under the microscope show traces of wear caused by having bits in their mouths.
		The world's first known horseman rode in Dereivka, central Ukraine, 6,000 years ago.
		This Scythian on a galloping horse is a 4th century B.C. gold plaque found in Kul Oba (Kerch), Ukraine.
	www.infoukes.com /history/inventions (1343 words)

	EUROPEAN HISTORY 4000 - 3101 B.C.
		The Denmark farmers of Northern Germany are using slash and burn farming methods.
		The horse is domesticated in Dereivka, Ukraine and would not reach the middle east until 2,300 B.C. to replace the ass.
		It is estimated that some 86.5 million people occupy the world.
	www3.telus.net /public/dgarneau/euro6.htm (3148 words)

	UKRANIA - The Ladies' Vocal Quintet
		It was found at Mezhirich near Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.
		The oldest known primitive, but identifiable, ovens were found in Ukraine and dated from 20000 B.C. The first horseman rode a horse in Ukraine about 6000 years ago according to evidence that was found near Dereivka in southern Ukraine.
		The earliest map in the world was found on a beautifully engraved silver vase from Maikop in Ukraine.
	www.ukrania.kiev.ua /middle.php?menu=ukraine_menu.php&body=ukraine_facts.php&choiceKey=4&name=ukraine (372 words)

	Horse Domestication? - History Forum
		First domesticated horses were probably used for carrying things (probably, with a kind of travois).
		Excavations from Dereivka in the Ukrainian steppes have unearthed horse teeth from this period which show possible signs of bit wear.")
		There was a popular theory in archaeology a couple of decades ago that the Indo-Europeans success was caused by their wide usage of chariots in warfare.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=61273 (2537 words)

	THE HORSE MAGAZINE
		We know from archaeological evidence at Dereivka in the Ukraine that man first rode horses some 6,000 years ago.
		Since the rise of these horse-taming tribesmen have undoubtedly trained horses (see my earlier paper Ancient Origins of Horsemanship: Equine Vet.
		In the final episode of this five-part series we will show how to apply a knowledge of horse psychology to the practical training of your own horses.
	www.horsemagazine.com /CLINIC/M/MCMIKEN_DONALD/mcmiken_part4.htm (2283 words)

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