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	Desalination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Desalination refers to any of several processes that remove the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation, and if almost all of the salt is removed, for human consumption, sometimes producing table salt as a by-product.
		Nuclear-powered desalination might be economical on a large scale.
		Most desalination plants produce hypersaline brine that must be disposed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Desalination_plant (750 words)

	5K: DESALINATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Desalination is often misunderstood to mean only the removal of sodium chloride (salt) from brackish or salt water, yet with today’s technology desalination can virtually remove any mineral and most biological or organic chemical compounds.
		Desalination of seawater can be an important technology for ensuring a reliable coastal water supply; however, the conditions under which desalination is appropriate must be carefully identified and considered.
		Desalination has produced a limited source of water for some communities along the California coast, but due to its high costs and potentially adverse impacts on marine waters, desalination should be considered only after all other water sources, conservation measures, and long-term economic ramifications have been evaluated.
	resources.ca.gov /ocean/97Agenda/Chap5Desal.html (2329 words)

	Seawater Desalination CHAPTER ONE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Desalination plants may use seawater (directly from the ocean through offshore intakes and pipelines, or from wells located on the beach or seafloor), brackish groundwater, or reclaimed water as feedwater.
		Desalination product water may be used in its pure form (e.g., for make-up water in power plant boilers) or it may be mixed with less pure water and used for drinking water, irrigation, or other uses.
		Desalination plants produce liquid wastes that may contain all or some of the following constituents: high salt concentrations, chemicals used during defouling of plant equipment and pretreatment, and toxic metals (which are most likely to be present if the discharge water was in contact with metallic materials used in construction of the plant facilities).
	www.coastal.ca.gov /desalrpt/dchap1.html (2343 words)

	Desalination
		Most of the world’s 1,500 or so desalination plants use distillation as the process, and there are also flash evaporation and electrodialysis methods.
		The process is even cheaper if the desalination plant can be located next to an electrical power plant that is already heating sea water to use for cooling the electrical generating units.
		The study estimated that a 50-50 mix of desalinated water and water treated by other conventional methods could be delivered to San Antonio users for about $2.80 per thousand gallons, compared to a current cost of $1.36 per thousand gallons.
	www.edwardsaquifer.net /desalination.html (977 words)

	CNN.com - Nature - Thirsty Tampa Bay ponders huge desalination plant - April 20, 2000
		To combat the problem, the region is working to build the largest desalination plant in the Western Hemisphere.
		Desalination plants in Key West, Florida, and Santa Barbara, California, were mothballed.
		The protesters' best chance to derail desalination is for the state Department of Environmental Protection to reject the permit.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/NATURE/04/20/desalination (603 words)

	Desalination plant could mean better water future
		The plant, set to open within the next two years, could reduce water shortages on the island by meeting up to a fourth of the current water demand.
		The plant is being built on 20 acres of land that previously belonged to the Barbers Point Naval Air Station and will reach its full capacity in 2020.
		The Ewa plant is the first of its size in the state and one of only a few in the nation that are capable of serving large communities.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcquality/3despla8.html (591 words)

	Maui studying desalination plant potential - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		WAILUKU, Maui — Maui County is studying the potential of building a desalination plant to bolster water supplies during times of drought.
		Using a reverse osmosis process that pumps seawater at high pressure through a series of membranes, the plant initially was designed to produce 5 million gallons a day for Leeward O'ahu and to have the ability to expand to 35 million gallons a day.
		He said a desalination plant would give Maui County the time and flexibility to resolve water rights issues connected to its goal of using more water.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2005/Feb/24/ln/ln13p.html (423 words)

	Asian Desalination Plant Market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The market for desalination plants in Asia is expected to grow over the forecast period from an estimated value of $452.6 million in 2001.
		Desalination plants are poised to become a more popular way to obtain potable water for cities and business.
		Meanwhile, plant developers face the relentless challenge of maximising water availability and optimising capacity, while competition between the individual technologies is increasing as technologies are developed to broaden their range of applications.
	www.frost.com /prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=B080-01-00-00-00 (355 words)

	2.1 Desalination by reverse osmosis
		Desalination is a separation process used to reduce the dissolved salt content of saline water to a usable level.
		For brackish water desalination the operating pressures range from 250 to 400 psi, and for seawater desalination from 800 to 1 000 psi.
		Both types are used for brackish water and seawater desalination, although the specific membrane and the construction of the pressure vessel vary according to the different operating pressures used for the two types of feedwater.
	www.oas.org /usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch20.htm (3023 words)

	UNEP/SOPAC -Water Quality Improvement Technologies - Desalination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Desalination is a water treatment process that separates salts from saline water to produce a water that is low in total dissolved solids (TDS).
		However, for this to be done economically in a desalination plant, the boiling point is altered by adjusting the atmo-spheric pressure on the water being boiled to produce the maximum amount of water vapour under controlled conditions.
		Desalination plants should only be installed after the capacity of the community to finance, operate and maintain the units is established.
	www.siwin.org /reviews/swr0004/swr0004b42.html (5110 words)

	Marin thirsty for desalination / Officials say tapping bay could solve water woes
		It would be the first seawater desalination plant in the Bay Area and the only one in the state to tap into an enclosed bay and estuary.
		Plants capable of producing at least 25 million gallons a day -- about the same size as in Tampa -- are in the works near three other Southern California cities.
		Desalination plants also produce a small amount of solid waste, or sludge, which must be trucked to landfills.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2002/12/30/MN41336.DTL (2117 words)

	Seawater Desalination CHAPTER TWO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1989, Monterey County wrote an ordinance that requires public ownership of desalination plants and requires that each plant have a dual system, where one side is held in reserve in case of a breakdown in the other side.
		The City also required that the applicant build a pilot desalination plant and provide testing and monitoring of the plant's discharges by a phytoplankton biologist to insure that adverse impacts to marine life are not created.
		In rural Mendocino County, a few property owners are considering building desalination plants to supply water for a single residence or for neighboring residences (the property owners have not been able to obtain water by other means and cannot build on their property without a water supply).
	www.coastal.ca.gov /desalrpt/dchap2.html (5770 words)

	Desalination blooms in North County North County Times - North San Diego and Southwest Riverside County columnists
		The San Diego County Water Authority, which imports 90 percent of the water used in the county, plans to use desalination for 8 percent to 15 percent of the county's total water supply by 2020, said Bernie Rhinerson, chairman of the authority and of the U.S. Desalination Coalition.
		The proposed Encina plant is expected to produce hundreds of jobs locally, according to Poseidon Resources Corp., the company negotiating with the Water Authority and the city of Carlsbad to build the plant.
		Once the plant is operational, about 400 permanent jobs will be created directly and indirectly in the county, at the plant and at local companies that supply it, MacLaggan said.
	www.nctimes.com /articles/2004/09/12/business/news/20_51_199_11_04.txt (1133 words)

	The Hindu : Mobile desalination plant under development
		A mobile desalination plant that will be mounted on a barge, moving some metres off the coastline, is under development at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay.
		A big desalination plant, that produces 18 lakh litres of potable water a day, is already functioning at Kalpakkam for more than 18 months now.
		When it becomes functional, the entire plant with a capacity of 63 lakh litres a day will be the world's largest seawater hybrid desalination plant to be coupled to a nuclear power station.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2004/01/25/stories/2004012501141100.htm (660 words)

	Water Technology - Ashkelon Desalination Plant, Israel
		This policy envisaged a number of seawater plants along the Mediterranean coast, producing an annual total of 400 million m³ of desalinated water by 2005, rising to 750 million m³ by 2020, mostly destined for urban consumption.
		The provision of a dedicated power plant is a major factor in both safeguarding operational reliability and reducing energy costs, as it is offers protection from daily or seasonal demand fluctuations.
		Desalination has great potential to offset the impact of Israel's forecasted 60% increase in water demand by 2020.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/israel (1326 words)

	Tampabay: Desalination plant wins in court
		TAMPA -- A proposed desalination plant in Hillsborough County cleared its last major legal hurdle Wednesday when a judge recommended state environmental officials issue a permit to operate the plant.
		SOBAC had argued in August that strict monitoring of the plant is needed to ensure the amount of oxygen and salt residue pumped into the bay remains within safe levels.
		It will be the largest seawater desalination plant in the United States, and the first such privately financed and privately owned plant.
	www.sptimes.com /News/101801/TampaBay/Desalination_plant_wi.shtml (507 words)

	Water Technology - Tampa Bay Desalination Plant, Florida
		Tampa Bay Desalination Plant, FL Tampa Bay Water is a regional agency responsible for supplying the needs of a population of approx.
		The raw water intake is beside the neighbouring power plant's four discharge tunnels, two of which were tapped to divert around 166,000m³/day of the cooling outflow into the intake structure.
		Super duplex stainless steel was specified throughout the plant for the pipes, valves, impellers and pump casings to cope with the high pressures required and the use of warm salt water.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/tampa (1336 words)

	Water plant blessed by technology - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		KALAELOA — City officials yesterday held a blessing for a desalination plant designed to produce 5 million gallons of potable water a day from seawater within three years, a plan that's grown more attractive this month with voluntary restrictions on water prompted by O'ahu's water shortage.
		The plant uses a reverse osmosis process that pumps seawater at high pressure through a series of mem-branes to separate the water from the salt, he said.
		Jamile said the plant is being built in such a way that it can be expanded to produce 35 million gallons a day of potable water.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2003/Aug/29/ln/ln02a.html (533 words)

	Desalination plant being set up at Keamari -DAWN - Business; 24 April, 2004
		KARACHI, April 23: The Karachi Port Trust (KPT) is setting up desalination plants at Keamari and other port areas to meet the growing requirement of potable water by visiting ships, port users and residents.
		Sources said already large number of foreign companies have approached KPT and also submitted their proposals for setting up desalination plants of 3 to 10 million gallons per day in different areas of the port.
		Once a network of desalination plants is established, it is estimated that the requirement of potable water of 300,000 gdp for Manora and other islands will also be met accordingly, sources said.
	www.dawn.com /2004/04/24/ebr3.htm (376 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Metro -- Desalination plant sites discussed
		A border-area seawater desalination plant could increase local water supplies for residents of the South Bay and provide much-needed water to Baja California, according to a feasibility study by the San Diego County Water Authority.
		Steve Simon, a seawater desalination program engineer with the water authority, said the study, completed in March, determined four possible locations for development of a plant in the border region.
		Others pointed out that the power plant is likely to be torn down in the near future and either moved or rebuilt at the same site with a less-polluting air-cooling system, which would eliminate the water intake pipes.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/metro/20050618-9999-6m18desal.html (634 words)

	Desalination -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Desalination for (Click link for more info and facts about brackish water) brackish water is already commonplace in the U.S., where it is used to meet treaty obligations for river water entering (A Republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810) Mexico.
		(An Arab kingdom in Asia on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf; a major source of petroleum) Kuwait built the world's first large-scale desalination plant in the 1960s.
		Regard of the method used, there is always a highly concentrated waste product consisting of everything that was removed from the created "fresh water".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/de/desalination.htm (530 words)

	KARACHI: Work on desalination plant in DHA begins -DAWN - Local; 23 August, 2004
		According to a document issued by the DHA detailing the salient features of the plant, the electricity produced by the plant would be sold to the power utility and desalinated water would be provided to the residents of DHA at affordable rates.
		They added that the KPT would also establish a desalination plant (four million gallons per day) at Keamari at an estimated cost of 20 million Euros.
		The desalinated water will be made available to the residents at a cost of Rs100 per 1,000 gallons, a price much less than currently charged by tankers," it says.
	www.dawn.com /2004/08/23/local6.htm (579 words)

	desal
		Both the federal and state governments have helped pay for the full-sized demonstration plant, which will treat up to 300,000 gallons of seawater a day, testing whether the new method is economically feasible, as has been shown in theory and with models.
		That plant started construction in November 2003 and will be ready to operate by the end of this month.
		Water for that test plant will come from the outflow of the Haynes (Electric) Generation Plant — a typical scenario for other desalination plants in the country.
	www.gazettes.com /desal09082005.html (602 words)

	Desalination (Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Over the last few decades desalination technologies have been used increasingly throughout the world to produce drinking water from brackish groundwater and seawater, to improve the quality of existing supplies of fresh water for drinking and industrial purposes, and to treat industrial and municipal wastewater prior to discharge or reuse.
		First United Nations desalination plant operation survey; a technical and economic analysis of the performance of desalination plants in operation.
		Second United Nations desalination plant operation survey: a technical and economic analysis of the performance of desalination plants in operation.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/desalinationtb.html (1306 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > North County -- Poseidon desalination plant begins EIR process
		CARLSBAD – Developers of a proposed $270 million desalination plant here began gathering public comments yesterday on what it should include in its environmental impact report.
		The desalination process, through reverse osmosis, would remove salt from the water used to cool the power plant's generators.
		Construction on the desalination plant would not begin until 2006 after Poseidon has secured permits from the state as well as a land-use permit from Carlsbad and an ocean-discharge permit from the Regional Water Quality Control Board.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/northcounty/20040429-9999-1mc29desal.html (553 words)

	SALTWATER DESALINATION
		Besides chemicals used in the plant, the wastewater from desalination plants is another concern because the effluent is a heavily concentrated brine solution.
		Because of this, it is suggested that reverse osmosis be used primarily with brackish waters as opposed to seawater, thus increasing the life of the membranes.
		Within the planning process of a desalination plant, there are three main federal acts with which one must comply.
	ewr.cee.vt.edu /environmental/teach/wtprimer/desalt/desalt.html (1311 words)

	Marina Coast Water District Desalination Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		MCWD's desalination plant can produce 13% of the District's water when running at full capacity (about 300,000 gallons per day).
		With the start-up of the desalination facility, additional water quality parameters have been added to the tests performed by Technical Services Manager Evelina Adlawan and her staff.
		"For desalination, we are required to conduct a one-year study to determine the influence of ocean water on the seawater intake well," Evelina states.
	www.mcwd.org /html/desalination.html (239 words)

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