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Topic: Descent (aircraft)

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	CFI Insights "The Descent"
		As with climb, the weight of the aircraft, the location of its centre of gravity, density altitude and humidity, use of carburetor heat, deployment of flaps and landing gear, turbulence and the pilot’s accuracy and skill in maintaining correct angle of attack and airspeed all affect an aircraft’s descent.
		Centre of gravity location affects descent in the sense that an aircraft with a more forward centre of gravity is, effectively, a heavier aircraft resulting from the increase in down-force developed by the tail-plane which acts on the aircraft as though it were weight.
		With the aircraft bouncing all about the sky, it may be a bit more challenging to maintain constant airspeed and angle of attack than when operating in still air.
	www.principalair.ca /article-the_descent.htm (1821 words)

	Common descent Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.
		A theory of universal common descent based on evolutionary principles was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species (1859), and later in The Descent of Man (1871).
		The views about common descent expressed therein vary between suggesting that there was a single "first creature" to allowing that there may have been more than one.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Common_descent.html (1509 words)

	Below glide slope advisory warning system for aircraft - Patent 3947809
		The aircraft warning instrument as defined in claim 13, wherein the scaling means includes a first scaling amplifier providing said second summing circuit with a first predefined ratio of scaled altitude signal and a second scaling amplifier providing said third summing circuit with a second predefined ratio of scaled altitude signal.
		The invention relates to aircraft ground proximity warning systems and in particular to warning systems utilizing a glide slope radio beam wherein a warning is generated when the aircraft's descent below glide slope exceeds a predetermined value for a particular altitude.
		Once the aircraft descends below a certain altitude, such as 150 feet, it is assumed that the aircraft is fairly close to the end of the runway and, hence, the source of the glide slope beam.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3947809.html (3699 words)

	Paged1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aircraft tend to be stable in the slip and easy to control as to airspeed.
		This sideslip is used in crosswind landings to align the aircraft with the runway.
		When an aircraft has a POH or a placard that says that slips with flaps should be avoided this means the same as prohibited to the FAA.
	www.whittsflying.com /page3.25Skids_or_Slips.htm (5421 words)

	INITIAL FIELD EVALUATION OF PILOT PROCEDURES FOR (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This initial field evaluation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Descent Advisor, to begin development of procedures for use in compliance with DA clearances, and to determine the magnitude of errors associated with DA usage.
		A controller may clear an aircraft for a DA descent as much as 30 or 40 miles before the top-of-descent, instead of issuing the descent clearance when the controller is ready for the aircraft to descend.
		CTAS descent procedures were developed for the Boeing 727 for an earlier, simulator-based evaluation of the Descent Advisor (Williams and Green, 1991).
	human-factors.arc.nasa.gov /IHpersonnel/ev/OSU95_1st_DA_Field_Eval/OSU95_1st_DA_Field_Eval.html (3703 words)

	Department for Transport - Noise from arriving aircraft - summary
		The aircraft is turned onto a base leg, in essence this a heading at 90° to the extended runway centreline.
		An aircraft has a lot of momentum and to descend and slow down is a complex task.
		The normal requirement is for the aircraft to be fully established and stabilized in the landing configuration by 1000 ft aal.
	www.dft.gov.uk /pgr/aviation/environmentalissues/noisefromarrivingaircraftsummary?page=4 (1393 words)

	Development and Initial Field Evaluation of FLIGHT DECK Procedures for Flying CTAS Descent Clearances
		This initial field evaluation was conductedto evaluate the performance of the Descent Advisor, to begin development ofprocedures for use in compliance with DA clearances, and to determine themagnitude of errors associated with DA usage.
		Acontroller may clear an aircraft for a DA descent as much as 30 or 40 milesbefore the top-of-descent, instead of issuing the descent clearance when thecontroller is ready for the aircraft to descend.
		Controllers were concernedthat once a descent clearance had been issued, aircraft might initiate theirdescent sooner than expected.
	ntl.bts.gov /DOCS/osu_asa.html (3407 words)

	TSB Reports - Air 1998 - A98W0011
		Crew coordination, checklists, and approach monitoring were normal prior to reaching the minimum descent altitude of 2 640 feet as evidenced by the PNF calling low airspeed, altitude, and a reminder at 2½ and 2 miles for the pilot flying (PF) to remain on the instruments as the airport environment was not visual.
		The ground speed put the aircraft closer to the runway, and a number of actions took place that de-stabilized the approach; power was reduced to flight idle, flaps were selected to 35 degrees despite the fact that 20 degrees of flap was briefed, and two turns were made to line up with the runway.
		After the captain took control of the aircraft for the landing, the first officer performed the duties of the PNF and, in accordance with the captain's requests, he lowered the flap, turned the landing lights on, and reported to the FSS that the flight was landing.
	www.tsb.gc.ca /en/reports/air/1998/a98w0011/a98w0011.asp (5208 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Descent (aircraft), the decrease of an aircraft in altitude during flight
		Descent (category theory), a very general idea in mathematics, extending the intuitive idea of 'gluing' in topology
		Descent (font), the distance that a typeface descends below the baseline in typography
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Descent (205 words)

	Aviation Facilities
		Because the combat aircraft generation cannot progress without their combined efforts, these flightline support functions and facilities may be considered “related” to each other, if they are considered “related” to the combat aircraft.
		The critical or design aircraft is used to establish the dimensional requirements for safety parameters such as approach protection zones, lateral clearance for runways, taxiways and parking positions, and obstacle clearance.
		Aircraft maintenance facilities are generally located on one side of the runway to allow simplified access among maintenance areas, aircraft, and support areas.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/aircraft/facilities.htm (4966 words)

	Adam Aircraft Industries - pireps700
		While not surprised that the jet aircraft behaved as anticipated to flap extension and retraction, the crew was pleased to find control forces lighter than those of the prototype A700.
		In pitch, the aircraft's phugoid (the tendency for an aircraft to follow an ever decreasing up and down roller coaster motion when disturbed from its trim airspeed by either a gust or control input) was sufficiently damped so that oscillations subsided quickly.
		The aircraft's immediate response to a pitch control input was moderately crisp and well damped, a characteristic that contributes to good handing during the flare for landing as well as precise maneuvering in pitch.
	www.adamaircraft.com /pireps700.asp (3818 words)

	Pageb12Planning Arrivals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The airspeed at which the minimum descent rate is obtained is the airspeed close to Vx using the least engine power.
		A landing clearance for the option will include all variations an aircraft is capable of making from a low approach or pass to a full stop.
		Then descent to TPA and turn to the forty-five degree entry line to the midpoint of the downwind and proceed with a forty-five degree entry to downwind AT TPA.
	www.whittsflying.com /page3.41Planning_Arrivals.htm (4512 words)

	Dodgen Aircraft
		Three-Point Landing: All three wheels of the aircraft touch the ground at the same time and backward stick pressure is continually as the aircraft settles to the ground and begins the rollout portion of the landing.
		The tailwheel aircraft is designed to land at the stalling speed angle of attack, so there must be enough elevator pressure at the minimum airspeed to still pitch the nose up at this point.
		One noticeable difference in a tailwheel aircraft is the position of the nose and the visibility that the pilot has over the nose.
	www.dodgenaircraft.com /trainingTailwheelLandings.htm (582 words)

	Aviat Aircraft: News & Events
		The aircraft has the new, extended flaps, and high performance ailerons which are dynamically balanced, eliminating the need for spades and which increases the roll rate by 50 percent.
		Horn, president of Aviat Aircraft, was doctoring up a sandwich with packets of mustard and mayo, and trying to drive at the same time.
		When subjected to the forces found in a crashing aircraft, the human body proves to be surprisingly elastic and capable of movements that would make an infant cringe.
	www.aviataircraft.com /news/whatsnew.htm (3917 words)

	VATUSA Training
		Centers control IFR aircraft from the time the aircraft departs an airport or leaves the terminal area's airspace or until the aircraft approaches the airspace controlled by a terminal area or if the airport does not have terminal area control, until the aircraft lands.
		Center controllers are responsible for climbing the aircraft to their requested altitude while, at the same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from all other aircraft in the immediate area.
		Once the aircraft is at its cruising altitude the next thing to determine is when to start its descent.
	www.vatusa.org /training/center.html (2257 words)

	Smooth aircraft approach cuts noise pollution - 24 November 2003 - New Scientist
		The noise during descent comes from two sources: the engines, particularly when they have to deliver high power as the plane manoeuvres near to the ground, and aerodynamic noise from the flaps on the trailing edge of the wing, which also gets worse during manoeuvres.
		In a continuous descent approach, an aircraft begins its final descent from a distance of about 17 kilometres and an altitude of 4000 feet.
		Instead of beginning the descent 17 kilometres away, the crew began their descents some 70 kilometres away and from a height of 11,000 feet, while maintaining an angle of descent of 3° and keeping engine power changes to a minimum.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4395 (713 words)

	Method of determining a comparison of an aircraft's performance capabilities with performance requirements patent ...
		The management of aircraft descent and deceleration, in the airport terminal airspace, to a point where a safe and stabilized approach to a landing, is most often the result of repetitive mental estimations.
		Manual estimations of aircraft energy state throughout the arrival phase and approach rely on mental calculations, based on descent and deceleration rules-of-thumb (e.g., 1000' of descent for every 3 nautical miles traveled and a deceleration rate of 10 knots of per nautical mile).
		As a result, it is not uncommon for aircraft to arrive at the 1000' and 500' final checkpoints in non-compliance with some or all of the specified criteria for a stabilized approach.
	www.freshpatents.com /Method-of-determining-a-comparison-of-an-aircraft-s-performance-capabilities-with-performance-requirements-dt20060907ptan20060200279.php (2038 words)

	Flying Lessons (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The weight of the aircraft is used during several phases of flight to determine items, such as takeoff and landing airspeeds as well as flap extension or retraction speeds.
		During your descent planning, allow for an additional 5 nautical miles to level off and slow to your target speed at idle (yes, we can pull the throttles all the way to idle in a jet without having to worry about shock-cooling the engines as we did in the Baron).
		Descent planning is usually done 100 miles to 120 miles and approximately 20 to 25 minutes from landing.
	www.borzov.net /Pilot/FSWeb/Lessons/ATP/ATPLessons01.htm (5263 words)

	System and method for determining aircraft hard landing events from inertial and aircraft reference frame data patent ...
		Although certification of the aircraft and landing gear typically requires analysis and testing to descent velocities of 12 ft/s, it is expected that material damage can occur in any landing with a descent rate beyond 10 ft/s.
		As can be seen, the amount of energy depends on both the mass of the aircraft and the aircraft descent velocity, with the energy varying with the square of velocity, hence its importance to determining landing behaviour.
		Thus, even if the vertical descent velocity was accurately measured, the regulatory authorities may hesitate to reduce the vertical descent velocity limit since it is really a proxy measurement of all the multi-dimensional landing conditions that are not being monitored.
	www.freshpatents.com /System-and-method-for-determining-aircraft-hard-landing-events-from-inertial-and-aircraft-reference-frame-data-dt20070111ptan20070008187.php (1799 words)

	The Vortex Ring State Fallacy
		This condition occurs when a rotary-wing aircraft inadvertently descends into its own vortices or "downwash." This situation disrupts the pressure differential that produces lift across the rotor blades.
		This induced velocity is the speed of the air being "pumped" downward and is a function of disk loading (gross weight/rotor disk area) and air density.
		Interestingly, as your descent rate increases through the shaded region of the VRS diagram, the "downwash" flows up through the rotor system to an autorotative (engine out) profile that can be just as catastrophic from a low altitude.
	www.safetycenter.navy.mil /media/approach/issues/jun03/vortex.htm (640 words)

	THE HELICOPTER PAGE
		The nose of the aircraft was designed as an anti-plowing structure and the panels on both sides of the cockpit are ballistically jettisonable for rapid egress of the cockpit crew.
		When the pilot tried to recover from the excessive descent, the aircraft impacted the ground and all aboard were killed.
		The aircraft flew for almost 30 years before they created a modification to the mast which included rubber covered springs to help reduce the severity of a mast bump, but they still do not eliminate the problem completely.
	www.helicopterpage.com /html/tiltrotor.html (5077 words)

	Dispelling the Myth of the MV-22
		It was concluded that during the descent, the aircraft entered an aerodynamic condition called vortex ring state.
		Each descent track was completed at the same target airspeed, with a package of data points at each 500-feet-per-minute descent increment, where we checked stability, handling qualities, ride quality, aural signatures, and descent arrest and recovery effectiveness.
		With this combination of airspeed and rate of descent, the pilot has exceeded the existing rate-of-descent limit and now hears “sink rate, sink rate” in his headset and sees the red “sink” warning in the display near the top and to the right of center.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,NI_Myth_0904,00.html (2706 words)

	Cardinal Operations: Preflight
		The detail that sets the Cardinal apart from most aircraft in descent is in the planning.
		The trick to managing descent is to make use of the energy and the low drag of the airframe to give you more distance for your fuel.
		At this point the descent is over, and it's time for a landing.
	www.cardinalflyers.com /pub/ops/descent.htm (896 words)

	Scotia Flight Centre - Rules and Regulations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All aircraft are to be flown within the guidelines of the Pilot Operating Handbook, with special attention being given to the weight and balance.
		All aircraft must be parked into the wind away from the fuel pumps unless fuel is required.
		If an aircraft is to be parked on the apron or designated parking area on a day when the wind velocity is 10 Knots or more, then it is the pilots responsibility who last flew the aircraft to insure that the aircraft is secured with control locks and wheel chocks.
	www.scotiaflight.ns.ca /rules.php (2404 words)

	Sport Pilot Test Questions
		b) the aircraft cockpit is clear of the hold line.
		c) the tail of the aircraft is clear of the runway edge.
		b) is caused to the aircraft in a hangar fire.
	www.light-sport-aircraft.org /sport-pilot-test-questions.htm (665 words)

	H. Thomas Hayden: MV-22 Osprey (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the subsequent investigation, it was discovered that the lead aircraft was almost 2,000 feet higher than planned at the initial point (the location where the conversion from airplane mode to VTOL [vertical take-off and landing] mode for landing begins).
		The lead aircraft entered a steep approach profile with a high rate of descent while it rapidly decreased speed for landing.
		With their test effort behind them, the Integrated Test Team at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Navy and Marine Corps test pilot facility, is confident they fully understand the location of the VRS boundary for the tilt-rotor, the aircraft roll-off characteristics during steady maneuvers within the boundary, and the immediate and effective recovery procedures.
	www.military.com /Opinions/0,,Hayden_101304,00.html (1045 words)

	TAWS (TTA-124) - Terrain Awareness and Warning System
		Mode 3A is designed for the generation of an alert in case of the aircraft descent after the take-off and until the absolute altitude of 210 m is reached.
		Mode 4 used by the TAWS, does not provide alerts about insufficient altitude margin unless the aircraft is not in landing configuration, i.e., after the lowering of the landing gear and flaps, in the absence of ILS, an aircraft with GPWS system installed, turns out to be completely unprotected.
		In this mode, the system checks if the aircraft is hazardously below the permissible approach path by comparing the current height above terrain and the aircraft elevation over the closest runway threshold, with the altitudes allowed at the current distance from the runway threshold.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/eduard/Product1.html (844 words)

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