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Topic: Desegregation busing

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	Desegregation/Busing: Encyclopedia of Everyday Law
		Desegregation is one of the most complex issues educators and parents face.
		A busing program was implemented, but the way the system was initially set up many elementary school students spent half a day in a de facto segregated school and half a day in an integrated school.
		While some see desegregation efforts such as busing as a positive move, others argue that the money spent on busing programs would be better spent in revitalizing poor neighborhoods and schools so that children could get a good education in their own neighborhood.
	law.enotes.com /everyday-law-encyclopedia/desegregation-busing (2409 words)

	Desegregation busing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Desegregation busing, referred to as forced busing in some areas, is the practice of pursuing racial or economic integration in American public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence.
		Busing continues in the Boston area under the rubric of Controlled Choice, allowing any student to go to a school outside his or her own neighborhood as long as the move is conducive to achieving racial balance.
		Ironically, today school buses are still used in most of these districts, but this is much more due to reduced walking zone distances, concern for pupil safety, and a wider choice of programs and locations for many students than requiring a pupil to ride to a school when a closer one was within walking distance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Desegregation_busing (2695 words)

	Civil Rights 101
		Busing was criticized as undermining the sanctity of neighborhood schools, as social engineering, as impractical and unworkable, and as intrusive and inappropriate judicial meddling.
		WHILE BUSING DREW A GREAT DEAL of public attention, critics largely overlooked the facts that few students were bused for the purpose of desegregation and, indeed, that busing worked -- especially in the South where school districts are often countywide and include both central cities and suburbs.
		Desegregation has always been a fundamental aim of the civil rights movement in this country and was given special impetus by the Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v.
	www.civilrights.org /research_center/civilrights101/desegregation.html (2085 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Forced busing
		As many forced busing programs only required integration of schools within a particular city, forced busing led to a decline in the population of many large cities (especially those with large African-American populations) and helped fuel the rise of suburbs, which were largely immune to forced busing due to their smaller size and ethnic homogeneity.
		Desegregation busing, also known as forced busing, is the concept of achieving racial or economic integration in United States public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence.
		Busing and (The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community) desegregation orders have in some cases led to a form of (additional info and facts about white flight) white flight out of public school systems and into private schooling.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Forced-busing (2510 words)

	Desegregation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States.
		Desegregation was long a focus of the American Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v.
		As a result, efforts to impose court-ordered desegregation often led to school districts in which there were too few white students for effective desegregation as white students increasingly left for majority white suburban districts or for private schools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Desegregation (1817 words)

	Springfield to revisit school busing - The Boston Globe
		Those who favor reducing busing say that neighborhood schools would strengthen ties between families and teachers, make schools the hubs of their communities, and save the near-bankrupt city as much as $3 million a year on busing costs.
		One of the main reasons busing is an issue is cost: Springfield is facing a deficit, and reducing busing would slash 20 percent from a busing budget that surpassed $15 million last year, Burke said.
		Busing in Boston, with its highly segregated neighborhoods, was marked by stone-throwing and more violent clashes.
	www.boston.com /news/local/articles/2005/03/23/springfield_to_revisit_school_busing (1079 words)

	Definition of Forced busing
		Forced busing is a term used by critics of a remedy prescribed by Massachusetts state Supreme Court Judge Arthur Garrity for perceived racial inequities in Boston public schools in a 1973 ruling.
		Busing continues in the Boston area under the rubric of Controlled Choice, allowing any student to go to a school outside his or her own neighborhood so long as the move is conducive to achieving racial balance.
		Busing and desegregation orders have in some cases led to a form of white flight out of public school systems and into private schooling.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Forced_busing (782 words)

	School Integration in Boston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Buses were drawn up in the adjacent alley, ready to receive the minority students.
		Northerners who had called for desegregation in Southern schools for decades soon discovered that their own schools were just as segregated and that integrating them was just as difficult.
		The number of students bused under the Masters' Plan was reduced from 17,000 to 14,900, and the busing between South Boston and Roxbury was eliminated completely.
	www.4littlegirls.com /boston.htm (2094 words)

	Article \| Beyond Busing
		Race-based busing is now extinct in Boston, and dead or dying in many of the other school districts where it once stirred intense controversy.
		But the tragic irony is that busing turns out to have been largely irrelevant, a monumental distraction from the real progress we've made on race and from the task, as daunting as ever, of improving the school performance of impoverished fl children.
		But busing to achieve desegregation was an earnest and, it seemed at the time, even ingenious idea for speeding up fl inclusion in the mainstream.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/_wsj-beyond_busing.htm (1323 words)

	Lectures - History of Busing in Richmond, Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Busing was clearly one of the most divisive social issues of the 1970s, and would remain steeped in controversy for the rest of the twentieth century.
		For many whites, especially those who were opposed to desegregation in the first place, busing became an easy scapegoat, and they could often couch their prejudiced views in anti-busing rhetoric.
		But most fls came to embrace desegregation when it became obvious that "separate" would never be "equal." While fls tended to support busing more than whites, fls began to have second thoughts when it became apparent that they were shouldering the burdens of busing.
	www.richmondhistorycenter.com /busing/busingIntro.html (420 words)

	Enstrom Foundation
		Mandatory busing of innocent students, on a racial basis, is generally considered "reverse discrimination" as evidenced by recent state legislative steps against such forms of affirmative action.
		But a quicker means of ending busing occurring in desegregation actions may be by constitutionally objecting to it in those cases.
		Along with a brief history of court-ordered desegregation of schools, the precedents and reasoning used by busing proponents, Enstrom recounts his clients' success in intervening and posing constitutional objections to prevent forced busing in the Carlin case.
	www.enstrom-foundation.org (228 words)

	The End of Busing
		They saw busing as a way for white students to interact with fl students, and a way for fl children to receive educational opportunity in an integrated and fully funded public school.
		Many white parents saw busing as a threat to their children's education and local control of education, so they pulled their children out of the cities public schools.
		While civil rights activist talk about busing failures and point to this example of nativism from whites who pulled their children out of the city public schools, they rarely discuss the other side of the busing debate.
	www.exodusnews.com /education/education020.htm (884 words)

	Busing Summary
		Since the 1970s, the term busing has come to mean the transporting of students to schools outside their immediate neighborhoods, usually in an attempt to achieve desegregation.
		The federal courts have mandated busing to reflect the goal of racial balance in all schools within a district.
		Busing is part of a program of involuntary desegregation; voluntary desegregation is characterized by strategies such as magnet schools and district-wide open enrollment, where families are offered incentives of unique curricula or other programs to encourage them to enroll in other-than-neighborhood schools.
	www.bookrags.com /Busing (204 words)

	NewStandard: 6/30/96
		Since the ruling, desegregation efforts have been abandoned in Houston and movements against busing have grown strong in Tampa, Fla.; Indianapolis; Cleveland; St. Louis; Kansas City; Minneapolis; and Prince George's County, Md., a suburb of Washington.
		In Denver, court-ordered busing for public schools was dismantled in September 1995 after 21 years.
		Willie has studied desegregation for decades and acted as a special master to Boston public schools during that city's tumultuous initiation to busing.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/06-96/06-30-96/m02wn188.htm (1291 words)

	CNN.com - Controversial Boston busing activist dies at 87 - Oct. 22, 2003
		When the city's busing crisis made national headlines, Hicks was already well-known locally for her racially tinged stances during a single term in Congress, several years on the City Council, two bids for mayor and service on the Boston School Committee.
		Yet while she opposed court-ordered busing as a member of the School Committee in the 1960s and later on the City Council, Hicks maintained she was not racist.
		When the controversy over busing died, Hicks faded from the public eye, and she lost a bid for re-election to the City Council in 1980.
	www.cnn.com /2003/US/Northeast/10/22/hicks.obit.ap/index.html (667 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Is Busing Necessary? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		...While busing schemes vary, in some, children from a number of different areas are sent to a single school and children from one area are sent to a number of schools...
		Use of non-discriminatory busing if, as appears now to be clear, at least some busing will be necessary for compliance with the law...
		...Much busing for desegregation is engaged in by school boards independently of court decisions, because the board feels this is good for education...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V53I3P41-1.htm (10947 words)

	The scars of busing - desegregation in Boston Washington Monthly - Find Articles
		Common Ground is a very long, dense, richly detailed account of the first two years of busing in Boston in the mid-seventies, told by interweaving the public events with the stories of three families, one poor fl, one poor white, and one upper-middle-class white liberal.
		By constantly setting the realities of busing against the intellectual and spiritual highmindedness for which Boston is famous (this culminates in a horrifying set-piece about a fl-white rumble on July 4, 1976), he paints a much darker picture than we're accustomed to of America's relationship with its stated basic principles.
		The rationale for busing was compelling, on the terms of the national culture, and nonexistent, on the terms of the Boston Irish.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v17/ai_3916865 (899 words)

	End to forced busing creates new problems for Seattle's schools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To those who believe busing was an important tool for addressing social inequities, the trend toward neighborhood schools in Seattle and many other districts across the country looks like de facto segregation.
		During busing, a Seattle school was considered to be desegregated if it was within 10 percent of the district's minority-white ratio, which is now 59 percent minority and 41 percent white.
		Busing was not popular among the city's residents, who made their positions known at the ballot box and in surveys.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/race03.shtml (1622 words)

	NPR : The Legacy of School Busing
		A fl and a white student from Charlestown High School in Boston, Mass., hold hands through the window of a school bus, Sept. 15, 1975, during the second stage of the city's school integration efforts.
		During the early days of busing in the city, some fl students were pelted with stones and racial abuse.
		Morning Edition, April 28, 2004 ·; Fifty years ago, school desegregation became the law of the land in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=1853532 (439 words)

	Discussions - Boston, race, and busing (due Tuesday, October 26)
		I think that this desegregation was important and things may not be the way they are today had this not happened, but had I been in their shoes, I don't know if I could have handled it.
		And busing also still exists, even though it would have been and still is the best idea to just fix the schools that needed fixing, rather than “solving” these problems by sending kids halfway across the city to attend a school that is probably no better than the one in their neighborhood.
		Busing to them was an attack of their way of life, on their society.
	www.learntoquestion.com /class/discussion/printthread.php?t=1348&pp=40 (6869 words)

	School busing 25 years later.
		Attempting to justify continued busing of children away from their own neighborhood schooks, Yancy was also quoted as saying: "Children should not be restricted geographically to where they go to school.'' You know what, Mr.
		Busing put public schools like Southie High under a sort of martial law, with hundreds of state troopers patrolling the corridors, snipers posted on the roof, and metal detectors at the doors.
		This note had reminded them that their children were faced with "some sort of mandatory busing assignment," arising from a "desegregation" class action filed in 1967 known as the Carlin case.
	www.adversity.net /special/busing.htm (5858 words)

	Tampabay: Sun sets on busing and rises on choice
		The school year beginning today for Hillsborough County children will be a historic one, marking a record number of students and the beginning of the end to busing for desegregation.
		This is the last year that 12,600 children who are bused to integrate suburban schools must continue their cross-county commutes.
		Bused children, most of whom are fl, will be able to attend neighborhood schools for the first time since busing began in 1971.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/08/06/Tampabay/Sun_sets_on_busing_an.shtml (591 words)

	CNN - Charlotte schools ordered to stop busing - September 10, 1999
		After 30 years of mandatory busing and other race-based strategies to undo the effects of segregation, schools in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County must stop using those remedies, U.S. District Court Judge Robert Potter said Friday.
		Ruling in a lawsuit brought by parents of seven white students, Potter said the schools, "to the extent reasonably practicable," have overcome the effects of the era when the district operated separate schools for fl and white students.
		The district was ordered in 1969 to use forced busing to integrate its schools.
	www.cnn.com /US/9909/10/charlotte.schools.02/index.html (576 words)

	Case Study _ Boston School Desegregation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		School busing has always been a contentious issue, but it is regaining steam in recent years as many school districts are considering eliminating busing for desegregation purposes.
		Similar to a transportation connection, the extent of a connection between school desegregation policies and land use is widely debated.
		School desegregation is only indirectly connected to land use and transportation; the topic is mainly social and political.
	www.ce.umn.edu /~levinson/pa8202/Case02.html (1371 words)

	Issues & Views: Busing Updates
		He informs us that, because of rules established in the 1970s, when the city's racial composition was different, Cleveland's bureaucratic machinery (which, apparently, can't be turned off) is now busing fl children away from schools in their neighborhoods, to fl schools in other parts of the city.
		"Children are now bused from a predominantly fl school on the east side of town to a predominantly fl school on the west side of town.
		When the president of the Yonkers, New York chapter of the NAACP dared publicly to declare his opposition to continued forced busing, he was summarily suspended by the organization's national headquarters.
	www.issues-views.com /index.php/sect/1003/article/1049 (659 words)

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