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Topic: The Destructors

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	The Destructors Summary and Study Guide - Graham Greene
		Graham Greene’s ‘‘The Destructors’’ was first published in two parts in Picture Post on July 24 and 31, 1954.
		Because Greene arranged the stories in reverse chronological order, ‘‘The Destructors’’ was the first story in the collection.
		The boys in ‘‘The Destructors’’ are still young enough to be innocent, yet they make cruel and selfish choices.
	www.enotes.com /destructors (318 words)

	PHP: Constructors and Destructors - Manual
		The destructor method will be called as soon as all references to a particular object are removed or when the object is explicitly destroyed or in any order in shutdown sequence.
		When chaining object constructors and destructors, always remember to call the superclass __construct() method in the subclass __construct() so that all superclass members are properly initialized before you start initializing the ones belonging to your subclass.
		As it stands, the destructor of class 'Noisy' will be called on '$noisy' when it goes out of scope in function 'foo', but uncommenting the second line in function 'foo' will prevent this, and cause a memory leak.
	www.php.net /manual/en/language.oop5.decon.php (4006 words)

	A Comparative Overview of C# (Page 11)
		Destructors are specified with the C++ naming convention using the ~ symbol.
		A destructor can not be explicitly called, since it doesn't make much sense to do so when an object's lifetime is managed by the garbage collector.
		Each destructor in an object's hierarchy (from the most derived to the least derived) is called before the memory for the object is reclaimed.
	www.genamics.com /developer/csharp_comparative_part11.htm (695 words)

	HP Labs : Tech Report: HPL-2002-335: Destructors, Finalizers, and Synchronization
		Destructors, such as we find in C++, are invoked synchronously when an object goes out of scope.
		Languages like Java, Modula-3, and C# provide a different kind of "finalization" facility: Cleanup methods may be run when the garbage collector discovers a heap object to be otherwise inaccessible.
		Unlike C++ destructors, such methods run in a separate thread at some much less well-defined time.
	www.hpl.hp.com /techreports/2002/HPL-2002-335.html (238 words)

	Windows for Shockwave: Destructors of Dynamic Sprites
		Though WFS does garbage collection of dynamic sprites at the end of the movie, you may want to destroy elements and/or multi-sprites and/or families of multi-sprites when you are done with them, before the end of the movie.
		When dynamic sprites are destroyed by the destructors, their channels are returned to the WFS Dynamic Channel Manager and they can be reused by the Dynamic Channel Manager.
		Whereas dynamic sprites are instantiated in every frame of the Score until they are destroyed by a destructor or the movie ends and WFS does garbage collection on dynamic sprites in the stopMovie handler.
	vispo.com /wfs4/documentation/dynamismdestructors.htm (2117 words)

	Dynamic Memory Allocation and Deallocation
		Destructors are member functions that may be thought of as the opposite of constructors
		Destructor functions are identified by a tilde (~) symbol preceding the destructor function name, which is the same as the class name
		After this the destructors of the component objects are invoked in the opposite order in which they were constructed.
	www.umsl.edu /~lawtonb/224/dynamic0.html (700 words)

	Destructors (C# Programmer's Reference)
		Destructors are used to destruct instances of classes.
		The programmer has no control on when the destructor is called because this is determined by the garbage collector.
		When the program runs, notice that the destructors for the three classes are called automatically, and in order, from the most derived to the least derived.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/csref/html/vclrfClassDestructors.asp?frame=true (533 words)

	ZeusCMD - Design and Development Tutorials : C++ Programming Tutorials - Destructors
		They work in the same way as constructors except that the destructor is called when an object is destroyed or moves out of scope.
		A destructor is very useful when memory needs to be freed up or if some action needs to be taken when an object is destroyed.
		With the knowledge of both constructors and destructors, you are now able to efficiently initialize and destroy objects that you create.
	www.zeuscmd.com /tutorials/cplusplus/48-Destructors.php (267 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Note it isn't just that the destructors may or may not be called, but the exception handling mechanism itself might be corrupted by use of longjmp.
		The objection to this is that a lot of C++ code already exists that uses longjmp/setjmp and doesn't expect the destructors to be called.
		The objection to this is that the standard shouldn't contain a mechanism for subverting the usual guarantee that destructors are called when stack variables are deallocated.
	cpptips.hyperformix.com /cpptips/setjmp.txt (375 words)

	Understanding object destructors (Aug 03)
		The destructor can be triggered when the last variable holding the object is assigned a different value, when that variable goes out of scope, or when the program ends.
		The destructor method for a shelf is very brief: merely announcing that the shelf is going away.
		Destructors can be handy, but remember that they are invoked only when the last reference has been eliminated.
	www.stonehenge.com /merlyn/PerlJournal/col04.html (1845 words)

	Destructors and Finalizers in Visual C++
		Unlike Visual C++ destructors, calling a derived class finalizer does not cause the compiler to invoke call the finalizer in all base classes.
		If a type authored in C++ with a destructor is consumed from another language, calling IDisposable::Dispose on that type will cause the type's destructor to be called.
		If a type has a base class that conforms to the design pattern, the destructors for all base classes will be called when the destructor for the derived class is called.
	msdn2.microsoft.com /en-us/library/ms177197.aspx (1079 words)

	Destructors (C#) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the destructor is called, the garbage collector is invoked to process the queue.
		The programmer has no control over when the destructor is called because this is determined by the garbage collector.
		It is possible to force garbage collection by calling Collect, but in most cases, this should be avoided because it may result in performance issues.
	msdn2.microsoft.com /en-us/library/66x5fx1b.aspx (497 words)

	Zend Technologies - Zend Engine II - Changes in PHP 5/Zend Engine II
		Destructors can log messages for debugging, close database connections and do other clean-up work.
		No mechanism for object destructors existed in PHP 4, although PHP had already support for registering functions which should be run on request shutdown.
		PHP 5 introduces a destructor concept similar to that of other object-oriented languages, such as Java: When the last reference to an object is destroyed the object's destructor, which is a class method named __destruct() that receives no parameters, is called before the object is freed from memory.
	www.zend.com /php5/articles/engine2-php5-changes.php (1706 words)

	The Destructors vs. Paul's Case
		In, “The Destructors,” by Graham Greene, the theme of impersonality is embedded in the story in complex, perhaps hesitant, ways, reflected by Trevor’s own ambivalence towards the house.
		Trevor persuades the gang to destroy the house he oddly enough admires: he finds the interior of the house 'beautiful', and by is particularly impressed the old staircase and 'the opposite forces' which prevent it collapsing.
		The author, Willa Cather, renders this main theme by her insinuations of the character, by the point of view she chooses to illuminate Paul’s characteristics, and by key symbols that contribute to the overall work.
	www.angelfire.com /ri2/tdvspc (404 words)

	Rubriken placeras här
		Destructors was a band which really have an own style and they have split up some times but in some years now have they been called Destructors 666 and here we begin this interview which was done in january 2007 with Allen Adams who sings in the group.
		Destructors 666 are the latest incarnation of The Destructors and have been described as Scuzz Garage Punk Rock band.
		Other bands that Destructors 666 have been compared to is such different names as Blitz, Stooges, Damned, Vixen, Virus, Wratchchild, Tygers of Pan Tang, NOFX and Raven.
	hem.bredband.net /sanna96/destructorseng666.htm (1661 words)

	Constructors and destructors - C# Tutorial
		Since C# is garbage collected, meaing that the framework will free the objects that you no longer use, there may be times where you need to do some manual cleanup.
		A destructor, a method called once an object is disposed, can be used to cleanup resources used by the object.
		Destructors doesn't look very much like other methods in C#.
	csharp.net-tutorials.com /classes/constructors-and-destructors (309 words)

	The Destructors Summary
		As he himself points out, almost half of Ways of Escape (1980), the second volume of his autobiography, is made up of his introductions to the collected edition...
		The Destructors is a short story by Graham Greene.
		The title is linguistically incorrect, as one who causes destruction is a Destroyer, not a Destructor.
	www.bookrags.com /The_Destructors (514 words)

	MySpace.com - Destructors - Peterborough, UK - Punk - www.myspace.com/thedestructorsuk
		Destructors 666: Allen Adams (vocals) Dave Colton (lead guitar) Steve Crosby (Bass) Steve Rolls (Rhythm guitar) and Rob Bayliss (Drums) Lee 925s (drums) up to and including Many Were Killed Few Were Chosen Release *
		Destructors V: Allen Adams (vocals) Dave Colton (Guitar) Faz & someone else we can't remember (bass) and Joe McColl (drums)
		Many happy memories of Destructors gigs in Stevenage, Cambridge and other places round SE eNland.
	www.myspace.com /thedestructorsuk (840 words)

	Destructors in C++- MYCPLUS
		As opposed to a constructor, a destructor is called when a program has finished using an instance of an object.
		Like the default constructor, a destructor also has the same name as its object.
		To create your own destructor, in the header file, type ~ followed by the name of the object.
	www.mycplus.com /cplus.asp?CID=31 (278 words)

	It's All About C++ - Destructors - Allindiansite.com
		Destructors are used to release any resources allocated by the object.
		Destructors are a "prepare to die" member function.
		A derived class's destructor (whether or not you explicitly define one) automagically invokes the destructors for base class subobjects.
	www.allindiansite.com /home/cfaq/dtors.html (1006 words)

	Trash Destructors :: Haat Incinerators ::
		Secondary air is drawn into the destructor passing through the isolating space between the outer casing and the inner combustion chamber, to ensure effective destruction of smoke, gases and particular matter.
		If a destructor is loaded within its rated capacity and waste is burnt in accordance with recommendations, it will last a lifetime.
		The destructors are made in accordance with proven technology recognized throughout the world.
	www.haat-india.com /trashdest.htm (676 words)

	Mike Taylor - Why C++ Is Not My Favourite Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Destructors for nonstatic member objects are executed before the destructors for base classes.
		Destructors for nonvirtual base classes are executed in reverse order of their declaration in the derived class.
		Destructors for virtual base classes are executed in the reverse order of their appearance in a depth-first left-to-right traversal of the directed acyclic graph of base classes; ``left-to-right'' is the order of appearance of the base class names in the declaration of the derived class.
	www.miketaylor.org.uk /tech/wxinmfpl/cplusplus.html (120 words)

	D Programming Language - Garbage Collection
		Destructors are used to deallocate resources acquired by an object.
		All those destructors freeing memory can become significant when objects are allocated on the stack.
		For each one, some mechanism must be established so that if an exception happens, the destructors all get called in each frame to release any memory they hold.
	www.digitalmars.com /d/garbage.html (1461 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| The Boehm Collector for C and C++ \| June 2, 2003
		Java has destructors (called finalizers), true, but they are discouraged, and it is explicit that the programmer cannot predict when or whether Java's garbage collector will call an object's destructor.
		It's an apparent dilemma, reconciling C++'s use of destructors with garbage collection's inability to guarantee when or whether a given destructor is called, but in practice, it isn't a problem.
		In programs without garbage collection, a common activity in destructors is to free memory, but once a program uses the Boehm collector, the destructor doesn't have this responsibility, so all the memory-management code in destructors disappears.
	www.ddj.com /184401632;jsessionid=DUSHVJDSHMDDYQSNDLQCKH0CJUNN2JVN?_requestid=84977 (2306 words)

	10.11 Destructors
		A destructor is a class routine that cleans up an object once a program finishes using that object.
		A typical destructor will close any files opened by the object, free the memory allocated during the use of the object, and, finally, free the object itself if it was created dynamically.
		About the only code that most destructors have in common is the code to free the storage associated with the object.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AoA/Windows/HTML/ClassesAndObjectsa4.html (3494 words)

	Re: destructor of global objects not called (CRT without managed code) - MSDN Forums
		After porting it from Visual Studio 2003 to VS2005 the destructors of the executable's global objects are not called anymore.
		That function runs through an array of function pointers (which are destructors of the global objects) from __onexitbegin to __onexitend and calls each of it.
		There are lots of global objects in our application and all of their destructors are inserted into the array.
	forums.microsoft.com /MSDN/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=1095982&SiteID=1 (1149 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| The Column that Needs a Name \| April 15, 2003
		In fact, it's the destructors that flush and close the stream objects.
		A trivial destructor is one that does nothing, and therefore a compiler's optimizer can eliminate it.
		Although skipping the calls to these destructors causes memory leaks, these leaks are a problem only if the program continues running.
	www.ddj.com /dept/cpp/184403164?pgno=6 (2949 words)

	Constructor / Destructor order - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums
		Posted - 2/9/2000 3:09:27 PM Yup your absolutly right in C++ destructors are called in the reverse order that the constructers were called every time.
		destructors are called in the opposite order the contructors were called.
		Posted - 2/9/2000 3:22:53 PM I'll second that, destructors are called in the opposite order that the constructors were called in.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/topic.asp?topic_id=7769 (411 words)

	On the Thought: Destructors in GCed languages II
		The problem with calling destructors for shared objects is exactly this: you need to know whether there are any other references to an object before calling its destructor.
		By separating the two (reference counting for destructors vs. garbage collection for memory release), I believe this would not only allow a completely automatic destructor to be created -- one that would properly clean up member objects -- but I think it would also eliminate the need to explicitly call destructors in finally clauses.
		It doesn't automatically resolve the issue of running destructors on members deterministically, but if you write your class putting such members as 'private' members, and don't create other references to them, you can use the 'delete' operator on them to deterministically clean them up.
	onthethought.blogspot.com /2005/03/destructors-in-gced-languages-ii.html (771 words)

	PHP: Constructors and Destructors - Manual
		The destructor method will be called as soon as all references to a particular object are removed or when the object is explicitly destroyed.
		When chaining object constructors and destructors, always remember to call the superclass __construct() method in the subclass __construct() so that all superclass members are properly initialized before you start initializing the ones belonging to your subclass.
		As it stands, the destructor of class 'Noisy' will be called on '$noisy' when it goes out of scope in function 'foo', but uncommenting the second line in function 'foo' will prevent this, and cause a memory leak.
	us3.php.net /manual/en/language.oop5.decon.php (2756 words)

	Destructors (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A destructor is a special member function used to finalize an object.
		The destructor for an object is automatically invoked at the end of the lifetime of that object.
		The compiler-generated destructor simply invokes the destructors for the member variables of the class.
	www.brpreiss.com /books/opus4/html/page602.html (198 words)

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