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Topic: Deterrence theory

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	The IR Theory Knowledge Base
		Constructivist theory rejects the basic assumption of neo-realist theory that the state of anarchy (lack of a higher authority or government) is a structural condition inherent in the system of states.
		There are further nuances to the theory: for instance, the sources of power transition vary in their volitility, population change being the least volatile and political capacity (defined as the ability of the government to control resources internal to the country) the most volatile.
		Prospect theory is a psychological theory of decision-making under conditions of risk and derives its name from the tenet that the notion of risk involves some prospect of loss.
	www.irtheory.com /know.htm (7473 words)

	Survey of Criminal Justice \| Chapter 3
		Deterrence theory has fallen out of favor with most behavioral scientists because it is not supported by empirical studies.
		This theory holds that the values and interests of different groups conflict to such a degree that behavior that is acceptable to one group is seen as deviant by the other.
		Theory integration refers the combination and reformulation of two or more existing theories that are selected based on their commonalities.
	www.iejs.com /Survey_of_CJ/CH03.htm (5184 words)

	Nuclear Deterrence, Missile Defenses and Global Instability, by David Krieger, April 2001
		The theory is that country B will be deterred from doing X by fear of nuclear attack by country A. For deterrence to work, the leaders of country B must also believe that country A has nuclear weapons and will use them.
		Nuclear deterrence theory holds that even if country A might not have nuclear weapons, so long as the leaders of country B believed that it did they would be deterred.
		The theory goes on to hold that country A can generally rely upon nuclear deterrence with any country except one that also has nuclear weapons or one that is protected by another country with nuclear weapons.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2001/04/00_krieger_nuclear-deterrence.htm (2209 words)

	Sample Chapter for Sartori, A.E.: Deterrence by Diplomacy.
		Deterrence is the use of a particular subset of language--deterrent threats--to attempt to convey the information that a state is willing to fight over a disputed issue or issues.
		While some theories of deterrence suggest that states must fight to gain credibility for their threats, this book suggests that the honest use of diplomacy is an alternative road to credibility.
		Deterrent threats may be threats to impose pain on the challenging state if it proceeds to attack, or they may be threats to deny the challenger its goals by fighting.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s8092.html (4781 words)

	Deterrence and other myths
		The theory of deterrence is not concerned with the threat of nuclear annihilation; living in its shadow is the name of the game.
		The awful, essential, truth of deterrence theory is that the possessor stands committed to using, and threatening to use, nuclear weapons.
		It is this discredited theory of deterrence, an immoral and dangerous justification for the possession of weapons of mass annihilation and genocide, that the Vajpayee Government and assorted nuclear hawks have embraced in their pursuit of a "minimum credible nuclear deterrence" doctrine for India's nuclear weapons.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1610/16101150.htm (1699 words)

	Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory
		Research on deterrence seems to indicate that for some crimes, instrumental acts designed to produce economic gain and certain predatory "street crimes", there is a significant correlation between these preventive strategies and the reduction or deflection of criminal/deviant activities.
		Although specific individuals become the object of enforcement activities, general deterrence theory focuses on reducing the probability of deviance in the general population.
		That is, rather than increasing the deterrent effect with each incremental increase in the certainty of apprehension, a certain, consistent level of certainty must be reached in order to produce any desired consequences.
	www.umsl.edu /~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html (1371 words)

	Crime and Justice - Volume 2 (1980)
		Deterrence theory has been developed primarily by economists, who have viewed potential criminals as rational decision-makers faced with an array of illicit opportunities characterized by costs (time, possible adverse legal consequences, and so forth) and payoffs.
		Herbert Simon and others have questioned the descriptive accuracy of this theory, and are beginning to uncover systematic patterns in decision-making that violate the predictions of the economic theory: this work could usefully be incorporated into the crime choice framework.
		Much of the recent empirical work on deterrence has used a fundamentally flawed approach to estimating the responsiveness of crime rates to sanction probability and severity.
	www.journals.uchicago.edu /CJ/abstracts/CJv2p211abstract.html (266 words)

	Deterrence Summary
		Deterrence is a theory from behavioural psychology about preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or retribution.
		This theory of criminology is shaping the criminal justice system of the United States and various other countries.
		The desire for vengeance theory is that the punishment satisfies the victim's desire for vengeance, and the state is exacting vengeance on their behalf to prevent private retaliation.
	www.bookrags.com /Deterrence (1436 words)

	McNair Paper 45 Introduction
		If a challenger is compelled by domestic or international weakness to challenge deterrence despite the credibility of the defender's threat, or to stand firm and not back down during a crisis for fear of losing face, then deterrence policies are indeed irrelevant and even counter-productive; instead of preventing war they lead to war.
		Lebow and Stein's conclusion is based to a large extent on their investigation of cases of deterrence failure in the Middle East--the 1969 War of Attrition and the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel.
		The phenomenon of deterrence, which is temporal, dynamic, and causal, has to be tested by a longitudinal research design and not by research designs that focus on "snapshots" of single deterrence episodes.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair45/m45i.html (625 words)

	taiwan
		Deterrence theory has been at the center of US foreign policy since the end of World War II, but has been used by nations for centuries before becoming a formal theory studied by political scientists.
		Deterrence theory can be defined as "a policy that seeks to persuade an adversary, through the threat of military retaliation, that the costs of using military force will outweigh the benefits".
		Extended deterrence theory refers to a situation in which one state (a defender of the status quo) attempts to protect an ally from a military attack by a third party (a challenger to the status quo) through the threatened use of military retaliation.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~rlavere/taiwan.html (7337 words)

	Professionalism in Transition- the officer corps in the age of deterrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The third and final variable, the professional ethic, appears to be of crucial importance, for it reflects the values and norms that regulate the internal relationships of the officer corps as a group and govern the relationship of the professional officer corps toward its clients, the institutionalized state and the society within the state.
		Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction to an enemy’s hostile actions.
		Deterrence can be accepted in a total intellectual sense, since the demands of the profession will not require practical applications of theoretical constructs to ascertain their validity.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1978/sep-oct/fabyanic.html (3412 words)

	Deterrence, Nuclear Force and Quantitative Method
		This paper will focus first on the relevance of this classical approach to deterrence theory in the modern world, then on the problems with the attempts by both articles' authors to deal with qualitativity and quantitativity in deterrence and international relations theory.
		The relevance of deterrence theory as examined by these articles is slightly questionable when one considers the advent of nuclear weaponry and, in particular, its rapid proliferation around the world.
		Deterrence is primarily a matter of perception and interpretation.
	www.hfienberg.com /irtheory/deterrence.html (1359 words)

	THE DETERRENCE OF OPERATION
		These measures should be applied with the knowledge that deterrence is based on the perceptions and values of the target decision-maker(s) and that deterrence in crisis situations is related to the general conditions of deterrence before crises erupt.
		Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counter action." The joint definition addresses only one part of the deterrence issue—the fear of consequences (punishment).
		Immediate Deterrence: Deterrence applied to specific cases where aggressors are actively considering military operations, the deterring state is aware of the threat, and the deterring military forces are preparing a response to the potential attack.
	www.fas.org /man/eprint/herr.htm (15370 words)

	Choice Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Other theories which sometimes pass for choice theories are "drift" and/or neutralization theories (Matza 1964), but that is usually because such theories make much of a "soft determinism" approach and allow for some exercise of free will.
		Deterrence theory was born historically in 1764 as part of classical criminology's quest for a more humane alternative to torture and hanging.
		Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) provided the closest thing to a good theory of specific deterrence, and the theory holds that punishment works if a connection can be established (in the mind of a punished offender) between a planned criminal action and memories of the consequence for a previous criminal action.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /TOConnor/301/301lect02a.htm (3486 words)

	Goffman's Gabaret: Preventive/active controls for crime - relevant theories?
		Because it is so closely related with non-technical crime, research in information security has drawn from social crime theories such as general deterrence theory.
		General deterrence theory has been borrowed an applied in infosec literature, but I am not convinced that it is the best theory.
		Deterrence theory in the real world appears to work better when applied to rich/educated people.
	www.crimetheory.com /goffman/messages/2/424.html?1111700778 (721 words)

	Nuclear Deterrence Theory - Cambridge University Press
		Game-theoretic analysis allows the author to explore some of the most complex and problematic issues in deterrence theory, including the effects of first-strike advantages, limited retaliation, and the number of nuclear powers in the international system on the dynamics of escalation.
		With the formalizations he develops, the author is able to demonstrate the fundamental similarity of the two seemingly disparate deterrrent strategies that have evolved in response to the nuclear revolution and the condition of mutually assured destruction: the strategy of limited retaliation.
		By providing an analytic framework in which questions about nuclear deterrence may be asked more precisely and the consequences of different strategies explored more extensively, the book provides a foundation for further advances in deterrence theory.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521375274 (230 words)

	Crime and Incarceration Rates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The theory of deterrence is central to any investigation of the possible relationship between crime rates and incarceration rates.
		General deterrence theory suggests that a perception of certain and severe punishment for committing a crime will deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.
		Deterrence, if it works at all, is a much more complex process than a direct-line relationship between sanctions and conformity.
	www.fcc.state.fl.us /fcc/reports/rates/rate.html (8070 words)

	criminological theory
		Theories are never discrete entities: combine a range of concepts current in a particular historical period.
		Symbolic interactionism is the theory that social interaction is mainly the exchange of meaning and symbols; individuals have the cognitive capacity to imagine themselves in the role of others and incorporate this into their conceptions of themselves.
		Cultural deviance theories are criticized because they rest on the assumption that everyone completely internalizes social norms and obeys them; belief in the norms of the group to which one belongs is sufficient alone to behavioral conformity.
	www.ags.uci.edu /~dkieso/crimth.htm (2939 words)

	Statement of Dr. Keith B. Payne
		Both nuclear powers have recognized, and in effect agreed to maintain nuclear deterrence.Ó The validity of this claim was critical for the ABM Treaty because it meant that neither side would seek to upset the supposed deterrence balance established by the treaty.
		The deterrence theory underlying the ABM Treaty is similarly mistaken.
		The deterrence argument justifying the treaty in 1972 was that mutual deterrence would provide reliable protection against missile attack, while missile defense would undermine deterrence and not protect adequately.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/congress/1999_h/99-10-13payne.htm (1362 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Mutual Deterrence
		Mutual deterrence meant that the weapons buildup would continue, and new technology would enable U.S. missiles to be launched, even if the United States were to come under attack.
		It is important to understand that assured destruction is the very essence of the whole deterrence concept.
		That is what deterrence of nuclear aggression means.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/12/documents/mcnamara.deterrence (872 words)

	GenThePun
		deterrence theory, and in fact the full title is sometimes: reform-
		It is usually used to continue to incarcerate or detain people after the initial punishment because it is deemed that the person is mentally ill or continues to be dangerous.
		This theory is resorted to as a consequence of criticisms of the others.
	www.d.umn.edu /~revans/PPHandouts/generaltheories.htm (671 words)

	Newsvine - The Logic of Armageddon – Deterrence Theory
		This definition is lacking, however, is that it fails to encompass the problems that deterrence theories tend to create.
		The act of deterrence requires three actions from a deterring power – generally referred to as “the three Cs.” They are, in order of logical consequence: Capability, Communication, and Credibility.
		Deterrence is the art of producing in the mind of the enemy...
	killfile.newsvine.com /_news/2006/09/29/379860-the-logic-of-armageddon-deterrence-theory (4709 words)

	RAND \| Monograph/Reports \| Deterrence Theory and Chinese Behavior
		In this context, the issue for U.S. policy is how to handle a rising power, a problem that predominant powers have faced many times throughout history.
		It is the contention of this report that the future Sino-U.S. context will illustrate many of the problems of deterrence theory that have been discussed in recent decades; deterrence theory will be, in general, more difficult to apply than it was in the U.S.-Soviet Cold War context.
		The key may be to seek nonmilitary means of deterrence, i.e., diplomatic ways to manipulate the tension to China's disadvantage.
	www.rand.org /pubs/monograph_reports/MR1161 (413 words)

	GenThePun
		does the support for deterrence theory as a comprehensive theory of
		theory, the reform theory and the retributive theory.
		This is close to reform theory, but is often defended from a Kantian
	www.d.umn.edu /~revans/GenTheories.htm (1280 words)

	The Future's Back: Nuclear Rivalry, Deterrence Theory, and Crisis Stability after the Cold War - Questia Online ...
		evaluating research on superpower rivalry and nuclear deterrence.
		theory are unconvincing, Frank Harvey constructs a new set of
		Choose a subscription plan to save tons of time, stress and hassle, and do better research, faster.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=96176182 (343 words)

	A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence -- BEREJIKIAN 39 (2): 165 -- Journal of Peace Research
		A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence -- BEREJIKIAN 39 (2): 165 -- Journal of Peace Research
		Prospect theory is an empirical model of choice that stands
		conditions that are required for successful deterrence and uncovers
	jpr.sagepub.com /cgi/content/abstract/39/2/165 (176 words)

	Sample Exams
		According to choice theory, when an older criminal discontinues a life of crime it is most likely due to
		Which of Beccaria’s three deterrence crime control variables is considered to be the most important or effective?
		When evaluating a theory by its explanatory scope, what three areas should be examined.
	www.campbell.edu /faculty/gay/Exams/crim232/exam1_sample.htm (1524 words)

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