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	Deuterostome
		Deuterostomes (taxonomic term: Deuterostomia; from the Greek: "second mouth") are a superphylum of animals.
		Deuterostomes are distinguished by their embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.
		Deuterostomes display indeterminate cleavage - the cells' fates are not determined early on.
	www.katrinapetsneedhelp.com /pets/Deuterostome (0 words)

	Palaeos Metazoa: Deuterostomia
		Compared to the protostomes, the deuterostomes are far less diverse, including among the invertebrates only the Echinoderms and a few minor taxa, but having as their main claim to fame the fact that Chordata belong to this sub-division.
		The deuterostome condition is often associated with an initial embyonic cleavage pattern which is "radial" and in which cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo.
		Deuterostomes also possess enterocoelous coelom development, in which the mesoderm arises as lateral outpocketings of the archenteron (embryonic gut) with hollows that become the coelomic cavities, and the development of the embryonic blastopore (the original opening) into the anus (rather than into the mouth as in most protostomes).
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Deuterostomia/Deuterostomia.htm (1998 words)

	Deuterostome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Deuterostomes (from the greek: second the mouth) are one of the two divisions of the taxonomic group bilateria, the other being the protostomes.
		In deuterostomes early divisions of cells are parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, and so the cells are located above and below one another; this is called radial cleavage.
		Deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage: The cells' fate is not determined early on, and so if the first four cells are separated, each cell is capable of forming a complete small larva, and if a cell is removed from the blastula the other cells will compensate.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Deuterostome.html (242 words)

	Deuterostome - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Deuterostomes (taxonomic term: Deuterostomia; from the Greek: "other mouth") are a taxon of animals.
		Deuterostomes are distinguished by their embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.
		In deuterostomes the mesoderm forms as evaginations of the developed gut that pinch off, forming the coelom.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Deuterostome (198 words)

	Heredity - Building divergent body plans with similar genetic pathways (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Deuterostomes are monophyletic, and include two great clades: Ambulacraria, which consists of Echinodermata and Hemichordata (Figure 1I; Cameron et al, 2000; Peterson, 2004; Smith et al, 2004), and Chordata, which consists of Tunicata, Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (Figure 1II; Cameron et al, 2000; Zeng and Swalla, 2005).
		Deuterostome larvae, showing (a) a sea star echinoderm larvae, (b) a hemichordate tornaria larva and (c) a tunicate larva, all oriented with the mouth to the left and anus to the bottom.
		All deuterostomes gastrulate at the vegetal pole, thus the blastopore is formed at or near the vegetal pole, later becoming the anus (Chea et al, 2005).
	www.nature.com /hdy/journal/v97/n3/full/6800872a.html (5738 words)

	Decoded sea urchin genome shows surprising relationship to man
		All Deuterostomes are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animals not included in the Deuterostome superphylum.
		The sea urchin is an invertebrate and the first example of a Deuterostome genome outside the chordates.
		The sea urchin lies evolutionarily in a large niche between the chordate branch of the Deuterostomes and the non-Deuterostome superphyla.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/bcom-dsu110906.php (1574 words)

	Deuterostome:
		In both deuterostomes and protostomes, a zygote first develops into a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula.
		In deuterostomes, the early divisions occur parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis.
		In deuterostomes the mesoderm forms as evaginations of the developed gut that pinch off, forming the coelom.
	pandapedia.com /wiki/Deuterostome (0 words)

	* Deuterostome - (Biology): Definition
		A group of Metazoans that exhibit indeterminate, radial cleavage and that develop a mouth independent of, and at some distance from, the blastopore.
		deuterostomes - broad classification of triploblastic animals including echinoderms and chordates that tend to share certain embryological traits; among these the formation of the "mouth second" (hence the name) during gastrulation,...
		deuterostomes Animals in which the anus forms from, or in the region of, the blastopore; often characterized by enterocoelous coelom formation, radial cleavage, and the presence of a dipleurulalike larval stage.
	en.mimi.hu /biology/deuterostome.html (186 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Deuterostome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The lophophorates are animals united by a presence of a lophophore, a fan of cilia surrounding the mouth.
		Because of the degenerated nervous system of echinoderms it is not possible to discern much about their ancestors in this matter, but based on different facts it is quite possible that all the present deuterostomes evolved from a common ancestor which had gill slits, a hollow nerve cord and a segmented body.
		Classes Ascidiacea Thaliacea Appendicularia Sorberacea Urochordata (sometimes known as tunicata and commonly called urochordates, tunicates, sea squirts or cunji) is the subphylum of saclike filter feeders with input and output siphons.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Deuterostome (1321 words)

	Re: What are the 'advantages' of developing a deuterostome pattern of embryonic
		The main feature of Deuterostomes that they have used to their advantages is radial cleavage, or more correctly, no spiral cleavage.
		By not requiring the rearrangement of the spindles, Deuterostome eggs can be filled with materials, like yolk proteins, that allow the embryo to develop further before hatching, so that the mother can supply the energy needed to develop into an adult, allowing the embryo to bypass a larval stage (direct development).
		The Deuterostome phyla of Echinodermata and Chordata both contain examples of endoskeletons, however the echinoderm endoskeleton is also fairly unyielding, and acts almost as an exoskeleton is several species.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1999-02/918160589.Dv.r.html (0 words)

	Lecture 3 - chordate origins
		It should suffice that developmental data suggest that vertebrates are allied with Deuterostomes, which include echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers), hemichordates (acorn worms), urochordates (sea squirts and allies), and cephalochordates (amphioxus).
		In deuterostomes, the mouth forms on the opposite side of the embryo by the destruction of cells between the outer ectoderm and the archenteron.
		In enterocoely (the deuterostome character), the mesoderm is an outpocketing of the archenteron and so forms with a cavity.
	www.usm.maine.edu /bio/courses/bio205/bio205_03_vertebrate_orgins.html (1477 words)

	Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term deuterostome means "second mouth" and refers to the fact that during development of the digestive system, the blastopore develops into the anus and the mouth is created secondarily.
		While a bizarre form, it is difficult to equate the adult acorn worm to the main line of chordate ancestry as was the case with the echinoderms - the tornarian larva of acorn worms however shows very distinct similarities with the bipinnarian larva of the echinoderms and represents the line of relationship.
		Ancestry of chordates from earlier deuterostomes and origins of earliest chordates cannot be explained on the basis of adult features but rather on the basis of larval events.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/biol225/225lab9.html (1360 words)

	Lecture 8 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Deuterostomes use the blastopore for the anus and form a mouth elsewhere.
		Unequivocal deuterostomes (other than chordates) produce a dipleurula-type (tornaria or bipinnaria) larva, with the mouth and anus on opposite sides of a ring of cilia (fig 25-4, p 475).
		In reality, the deuterostome body plan is an old experiment exhibiting a modest and limited success, fewer than 1% of all species.
	nas.cl.uh.edu /novotny/amh08.htm (1902 words)

	IB 104 - Lecture 5 - Molluscs to Arthropods - 9/2/04
		The earliest pattern of cell divisions in a deuterostome moves the cells in a radial pattern, with all cells moving perpendicular to the embryo's main body axis, hence we say that deuterostome embryos are characterized by radial cleavage.
		In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus, and a secondary opening must be formed to make the mouth.
		Second, in protostome embryos, the coelom forms independently of the gut, whereas in deuterostome embryos, the coelom forms as outpouchings of the gut, and later becomes separate.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio104/l5MolluscArthropod.html (1687 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Deuterostome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The two divisions of the Bilateria are Deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates, hemichordates, Chaetognatha and Vetulicolia) and Protostomes (arthropods, annelid worms, molluscs and many more groups).
		They are distinguished by how the coelom develops, in particular whether the first body opening to form in larval growth becomes the anus (deuterostomes) or mouth (protostomes).
		Another distinguishing characteristic is how the third set of cells to form after egg fertilization orient themselves during cleavage.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/de/Deuterostome (180 words)

	16anim5
		Another developmental difference between the protostomes and the deuterostomes is the pattern of cell cytokinesis that occurs during cleavage.
		In the deuterostome phyla, the blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth develops some time later at a different embryonic location.
		As we have seen the protostomes and deuterostomes are triploblastic animals that form true coeloms (mesoderm on both sides of the coelom).
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim5.htm (2059 words)

	Lecture Invertebrates Part 2
		While both protostomes and deuterostomes form a coelom, the evidence from embryological development suggests convergent evolution, the coelom arising independently in these groups.
		Although the early deuterostomes were not much different from their protostome cousins, they possessed great potential, which the brainy chordates amply exemplify.
		Both protostome and deuterostomes lines underwent major adaptive radiations during the Ediacara period of the late Precambrian.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/AE_lecture2.htm (1175 words)

	Hemichordates (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bateson originally placed this group within the chordates due to many of the adult morphological affinities of the two groups, and it was not until much later that they were reclassified into their own phylum.
		For any consideration of deuterostome evolution hemichordates are a critical component: their key phylogenetic placement and proposed morphological affinities with the chordates make them an intriguing but poorly described group.
		Only by a comprehensive understanding of the body plans of all three of the deuterostome phyla can we hope to reconstruct the early evolutionary history of this major metazoan lineage, and understand the transitions that led to the unique and unusual body plans of this group.
	pondside.uchicago.edu /oba/faculty/lowe_lab/Hemichordates.htm (313 words)

	Introduction to the Deuterostomia
		Most of the deuterostomes belong to one of two groups that include the majority of its members -- the echinoderms (the spiny skinned starfish, sea urchins, and their relatives) and the chordates (which include fish and other vertebrates).
		In turn, the deuterostomes belong to a larger group within the Animalia called the Bilateria, because they are bilaterally symmetrical with a left and a right side to their bodies.
		The molecular phylogeny does agree in one respect with the morphological one in that there are close similarities between the larvae of hemichordates (acorn worms and pterobranchs) and some echinoderms.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/deuterostomia.html (0 words)

	In the beginning....Protostomes and Deuterostomes
		Once we get past the level of simple tissue organization that differentiates sponges and cnidarians from all other types of animals, the next major split between organisms is determined by a set of characteristics that we (you and I) cannot even see, at least not with our limited, unaided powers of observation.
		The split between Protostomes and Deuterostomes is based on events that occur in the earliest stages of development, usually only a few hours after fertilization occurs.
		While early evidence indicated that all deuterostomes exhibited indeterminant development (cell fates were not determined until the later stages of embryonic development) mounting evidence indicates that cell fate in almost all organisms is a cumulative process, beginning at the earliest stages of development.
	science.kennesaw.edu /biophys/biodiversity/animalia/stomes.htm (648 words)

	Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Deuterostome Animals -- Blair and Hedges 22 (11): 2275 -- Molecular Biology ...
		Peterson, K. Isolation of Hox and Parahox genes in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava and the evolution of deuterostome Hox genes.
		Deuterostome phylogeny and the sister group of the chordates: evidence from molecules and morphology.
		Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/11/2275 (0 words)

	Once we were worms
		Tunicates are odd members of the deuterostome clan, but top marks for strangeness must surely go to the echinoderms, which include sea urchins and starfish.
		We seemed to have found the key to the ground floor of deuterostome evolution in the form of a group of peculiar-looking fossils known as vetulicolians.
		Although the stages connecting these vertebrates to the first deuterostomes are unclear, some answers may come from another Chengjiang group called the yunnanozoans which, like the vetulicolians are forcing us to rethink deuterostome evolution.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Evolution/once_we_were_worms.htm (2502 words)

	Deuterostome - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		Thewordbook is a comprehensive encyclopedia and a reference search engine, in which you have found this entry about Deuterostome.
		The term Ambulacraria is sometimes used to unite the phyla Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Xenoturbellida.
		Both the Hemichordata and Chordata have gill slits, and primitive fossil echinoderms also show signs of gill slits.
	www.thewordbook.com /Deuterostome (416 words)

	Nodal signaling and the evolution of deuterostome gastrulation.
		All holoblastic deuterostomes gastrulate at the vegetal pole and the blastopore becomes the anus, while a mouth is formed at the anterior or to the oral side.
		We review gastrulation in the deuterostomes, then examine nodal expression early during mesoderm formation and later during the establishment of asymmetries in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
		Expression is in the ectoderm in most of the invertebrate deuterostomes, and in the mesoderm in vertebrates.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16127715/au:Wright+CV (363 words)

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