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Topic: Development as Freedom

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	Human development theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human development theory is an economic theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics.
		This question cannot be answered strictly from an energy, feminist, family, environmental health, peace, social justice, or ecological well-being point of view, although all of these may be factors in our happiness, and if tolerances of any of these are violated seriously, it would seem impossible to be happy at all.
		Accordingly, human development theory is a major synthesis that is probably not confined within the bounds of conventional economics or political science, nor even the political economy that relates the two.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_development_theory (332 words)

	Personal Excellence Sample Issue-Development as Freedom
		Development consists of removing various types of unfreedoms that leave people with little choice and little opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency.
		Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states.
		Development has to be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we enjoy.
	www.eep.com /Merchant/newsite/samples/pe/pe1701.htm (874 words)

	Development as Freedom: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Development as Freedom is a book written by Amartya Sen[For more info, click on this link].
		The goal of international development is to alleviate poverty among citizens of developing countries....
		The harris-todaro model is an economic model used in development economics or welfare economics to explain some of the issues in rural-urban migration....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/de/development_as_freedom.htm (447 words)

	JReality: Freedom Service-Oriented Methodology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The emphasis on interfaces results in an "outside-in" development process where software is viewed successively as a fl box for requirements and system test purposes, a gray box for design and regression testing, and a white box for implementation and unit testing, as proposed by Mills.
		Freedom is built in "levels of abstraction" starting with fundamental concepts (invariant) up through products and tools (evolvable), as recommended by Dr.
		The Freedom process specifies that the external user interface code be written first, and a User Interface (UI) mockup prototype be delivered to the customer extremely early in the development process.
	www.jreality.com /freedom (555 words)

	Odin Archive - Development as freedom
		Norwegian development co-operation policy will continue to be based on an analysis of the human rights situation in the partner country concerned and a will to help to improve the situation.
		The basic message is that we need to improve the ability of developing countries to carry out research on the basis of their own needs, and to make use of existing research results.
		Support for research in developing countries should be viewed in the context of support for the whole educational system, from primary schools to higher education.
	odin.dep.no /odinarkiv/norsk/dep/ud/p10002480/eng/032091-991314/index-dok000-b-n-a.html (3884 words)

	ISUMA : Development as Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although Development as Freedom covers immense territory, it is subtle and nuanced and its careful scholarship is manifest at every turn — particularly in the form of copious cross-references to Sen’s earlier works and to a wide variety of other research.
		He notes, for example, that freedom of speech and democratic elections are highly valued, in themselves, by the world’s poorest people as well as by the richest — so political freedoms have to be seen as an intrinsic objective of development.
		Sometimes the lack of substantive freedom relates directly to economic poverty, which robs people of the freedom to satisfy hunger, or to achieve sufficient nutrition, or to obtain remedies for treatable illnesses, or the opportunity to be adequately clothed or sheltered, or to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities.
	www.isuma.net /v01n02/osberg/osberg_e.shtml (1566 words)

	Anchor Catalog \| Development as Freedom by Amartya Sen
		Freedom, Sen argues, is both the end and most efficient means of sustaining economic life and the key to securing the general welfare of the world's entire population.
		Releasing the idea of individual freedom from association with any particular historical, intellectual, political, or religious tradition, Sen clearly demonstrates its current applicability and possibilities.
		In the new global economy, where, despite unprecedented increases in overall opulence, the contemporary world denies elementary freedoms to vast numbers--perhaps even the majority of people--he concludes, it is still possible to practically and optimistically restain a sense of social accountability.
	www.randomhouse.com /anchor/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385720274 (206 words)

	Freedom as development: Christian mission and the definition of human well-being.
		Sen's fullest recent thinking on development occurs in his 1999 book Development as Freedom [8]Sen argues that the expansion of freedom is both the primary end and the primary means of development.
		In Matthew, 'freedom' is given a clear political content in Jesus' response to the question of whether he would pay the temple tax, to which Jesus replies that the children of a ruler are free from taxes.
		Freedom entails service: it is not the freedom to fulfil an endlessly proliferating series of possibilities, but the freedom to serve.
	www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk /CPlant.html (5455 words)

	Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen) - book review
		In it he explores the relationship between freedom and development, the ways in which freedom is both a basic constituent of development in itself and an enabling key to other aspects.
		And he argues for a broad view of freedom, one that encompasses both processes and opportunities, and for recognition of "the heterogeneity of distinct components of freedom".
		Freedom is both constitutive of development and instrumental to it: instrumental freedoms include political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency, and security, which are all different but inter-connected.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Development_Freedom.html (998 words)

	DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM - Amartya Kumar Sen
		It is important to give simultaneous recognition to the centrality of individual freedom and to the force of social influences on the extent and reach of individual freedom.
		However, for a fuller understanding of the connection between development and freedom we have to go beyond that basic recognition (crucial as it is).
		The intrinsic importance of human freedom, in general, as the preeminent objective of development has to be distinguished from the instrumental effectiveness of freedoms of particular kinds to promote freedoms of other kinds.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /books/0385720270.html (1000 words)

	FT January 2001: Escaping Global Poverty
		Development as Freedom is a brilliant book by the world—famous economist and Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, longtime professor of economics at Harvard and now Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
		Understanding and measuring development only in economic terms (e.g., growing GNP or rising per capita income) is fundamentally inadequate because it overlooks both the fact that freedom is an inherent good and also that there are complex connections between economic growth and various kinds of freedom.
		Freedom means the capability of individuals to “lead the kinds of lives they value.” This is an astonishing embrace of Western individualism, especially for a scholar from Asia. What if all living individuals choose to value consumption in a way that destroys the environment for their grandchildren?
	www.leaderu.com /ftissues/ft0101/reviews/sider.html (1243 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Sustainable development, unsustainable freedom
		Sustainable development is designed to take this power away from the people and place it in the hands of unelected individuals who cannot be replaced by the people, regardless of how far the laws they formulate stray from what the people want.
		Similar restrictions on individual freedom are being imposed all across the country in the name of sustainable development.
		Freedom encourages people to do what they want to do; sustainable development dictates what people may and may not do.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=38705 (740 words)

	Religious Freedom: Innovation and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One of the most striking developments in twentieth—century Catholicism was the doctrine of religious freedom set forth by the Second Vatican Council.
		DH could therefore claim that by amplifying the doctrine of religious freedom on the basis of the dignity of the human person it was developing the teaching of the more recent popes without contradicting previous Catholic tradition.
		Even today, religious freedom may suitably be described as "a developing doctrine." The present participle conveys the idea that the development did not end with Vatican II.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0112/articles/dulles.html (3647 words)

	PRESS FREEDOM AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA
		Freedom House asserts that it merely applies the basic thrust of Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e., “everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression”) in assessing press freedom.
		However, the distribution of the average of freedom scores for each country produces a distribution that is both positively and negatively skewed—a result of Freedom House’s overestimating the freedom in Western countries and underestimating the freedom in non-Western countries (Figure 7).
		The Human Development Index of the U.N. Development Program is widely accepted as a more accurate index of development because, in addition to real GNI per capita, it takes into consideration three other factors: life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and the combined first, second-and third-level gross enrolment ratio.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/pf&d.htm (3527 words)

	The Historical Development of Freedom of Speech - Jehovah's Witnesses Official Web Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		And it was not only Rome that opposed freedom of speech; it was at this time that Jewish leaders forced Pontius Pilate to put Jesus to death for his teaching and also ordered his apostles to stop preaching.
		For example, because of efforts to restrict freedom of speech in America, proclamations defending that freedom have resounded from the halls of justice, both from lower courts and from the Supreme Court of the United States.
		Although governments may boast of the freedom they extend to their people, it can be lost in a change of government or of court justices, as experience has shown.
	www.watchtower.org /library/g/1996/7/22/historical_development.htm (1181 words)

	Development as Freedom: AsiaSource Interview with Amartya Sen
		The idea of development is a complex one: it is not surprising that people think that the way development is defined could be improved.
		Human development, as an approach, is concerned with what I take to be the basic development idea: namely, advancing the richness of human life, rather than the richness of the economy in which human beings live, which is only a part of it.
		Now if one were listing the parameters of women's freedoms in the 1940s, I do not think these would have emerged as factors of great importance, because people did not fully understand the reach of these freedoms.
	www.asiasource.org /news/special_reports/sen.cfm (5588 words)

	Community Development as Freedom?
		For three decades, many community development corporations have focused on “neighborhood improvement.” Communities that were burned out in the 1970s now feature safe streets, decent housing, and vibrant retail activity no one would have dreamed of a few years ago.
		Sen argues instead for “development as freedom,” which looks at how wealth is distributed, at how the life chances of the disenfranchised are increased.
		Mixed-income development is appropriate for Red Hook because of the high cost of acquisition, and because the vast majority of residents live in public housing; many have been clamoring for homeownership.
	www.nhi.org /online/issues/125/lander.html (1092 words)

	New Vision Online : Development brings freedom provided it is development of people
		Different meanings of development have been put across but according to Julius Nyerere “Development means the development of people.
		In this context therefore, the expansion of NGO and Civil Society is relevant for the development of a pluralist and democratic society.
		The strengthening of NGOs and the whole of civil society is vital for: internal capacity development, social sustainability as actors in a broad socio-political environment and greater development impact.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/8/459/450627 (425 words)

	Human rights and human development for freedom and solidarity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Human freedom is the common purpose and common motivation of human rights and human development.
		Human rights and human development are both about securing basic freedoms.Human rights express the bold idea that all people have claims to social arrangements that protect them from the worst abuses and deprivations —and that secure the freedom for a life of dignity.
		Freedom for decent work —without exploitation.Productive and satisfying livelihoods give people the means to buy goods and services.They empower people socially by enhancing their dignity and self-esteem.And they can empower people politically by enabling them to influence decision-making in the workplace and beyond.
	www.pcpafg.org /organizations/Human_rights/hrweb/Class2/HR_Documents/human_rights_and_human_development_for_freedom_and_solidarity.htm (5030 words)

	Sustainable Development. Unsustainable freedom. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sustainable development is government-managed development - freedom cannot survive in a government-managed society.
		Subsequently, Freedom 21 Santa Cruz was organized to counter the impact of Local Agenda 21 in Santa Cruz - the first local community to adopt a local version of sustainable development.
		Development of an integrated core curriculum at all levels which emphasized the theme of unity and interdependence of humanity, all species and the Earth.
	www.voicenet.com /~wbacon/documents/jbssustain.html (5909 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Development as Freedom: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Development as Freedom Amartya Sen explains how in a world of unprecedented increase in overall opulence millions of people living in the Third World are still unfree.
		Freedom, Sen persuasively argues, is at once the ultimate goal of social and economic arrangements and the most efficient means of realizing general welfare.
		The idea of 'development as freedom', when fully understood is truly remarkable and a lot of academics I know appreciate Sen's views, which is more than can be said for other economic geography texts.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0192893300 (1356 words)

	Toysoft Development, Inc. - freedom, headset, treo headset, Ringtones, Palm Security, Treo, Encryption, palm games, ...
		With Freedom, you can finally listen to mp3's and audio with any headphone, hear your phone ring and MP3 rigntone through the headset and no longer have to deal with the speaker phone.
		Freedom detects whether or not there is a headset, and plays your sounds through the headset if it's plugged in, or the Treo speaker if there's no headset available.
		Freedom works with the Treo®/PalmOne® supplied headphone and most other headphones that is compatible with the Treo®.
	www.toysoft.ca /freedom.html (314 words)

	Development and freedom
		Have we reached a stage where the proposition `development and freedom' should be discussed as against Prof.
		The problem is that, though this appears to be a sensible and practicable way of preserving the `freedoms' of the average citizen, it is almost certain that MPs in Parliament will not vote to make the eligibility criteria for membership of the House much tougher than now.
		The seriousness of the situation is underscored by the thought that unless such a curtailment of the `freedoms' enjoyed by the politician is put in place, there is little hope of `development' in the conventional sense of the term ever taking off in India.
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2000/02/14/stories/041444wc.htm (998 words)

	ALA \| Diversity in Collection Development
		Librarians have a professional responsibility to be inclusive, not exclusive, in collection development and in the provision of interlibrary loan.
		Collection development and the selection of materials should be done according to professional standards and established selection and review procedures.
		Intellectual freedom, the essence of equitable library services, provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question, cause, or movement may be explored.
	www.ala.org /Template.cfm?Section=interpretations&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=8530 (463 words)

	NCPA - Daily Policy Digest - Sustainable Development and Freedom
		Developed countries such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland have high ESI scores (73.9, 72.6 and 66.5, respectively) and are among the most economically free countries (with Heritage/WSJ index scores of 1.95, 2.05 and 1.90).
		In developed nations, measures to control immediate problems of pollution and wasteful resource use as they arise go a long way toward achieving environmental sustainability.
		They also go well beyond what is necessary for sustainable development, given that we do not know the resource needs of future generations, in part because we do not know the technologies that will be developed.
	www.ncpa.org /iss/env/2002/pd102502a.html (373 words)

	HUMR4701 - Development and Freedom: Notions of Rights of Rights-based Development
		It discusses shifts in the conceptualisation of development and examines the increasingly more central place of human rights in the development discourse, as expressed in ideas about “development as freedom”, “rights-based development” and the “right to development” as a human right.
		These global discourses of development and human rights are contrasted with localised ideas of “rights”, “development”, and “civil society”, as these may vary between societies and normative traditions.
		The course challenges the students to reflect on new concepts of development which explicitly interrelate rights and development, and at the same time to address opportunities and constraints to advance development and freedom though development policies and interventions.
	www.uio.no /studier/emner/jus/humanrights/HUMR4701/index-eng.xml (412 words)

	Amazon.com: Development as Freedom: Books: Amartya Sen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Advancing development as a method for expanding economicAand thus politicalAfreedom (he sees both as a means and an end) Sen recapitulates his studies of famine, poverty, life expectancy, mortality, and illiteracy in the Third World.
		Development can be seen, it is argued here, as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy.
		It is dubious because most countries develop with help of state intervention into the economy (think the railroad system, computers, advertising, airplanes, pharmaceuticals, and the internet: all developed with state support).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0385720270?v=glance (1989 words)

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