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Topic: Development-induced displacement

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Migration Information Source - Minimizing Development-Induced Displacement While development can be the proper expression of a state's responsibility to ensure the protection and welfare of its citizens, where development leads to arbitrary displacement, injustice, and impoverishment, the responsibility still falls primarily to the state to take corrective action. As a cause of displacement, it must be said that development is different from conflict and even natural disasters. In all instances, displacement should not threaten life, dignity, liberty, or security and it should be effected in conditions of adequate shelter, safety, nutrition, and health. www.migrationinformation.org /feature/display.cfm?ID=194

Human Rights Brief - Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - Washington College of Law Rather, states assert that the displacement and the threats it poses to the resettled group are unintentional by-products of a development project with a legitimate public purpose, such as economic or social development. Displacement often results in the disintegration of local cultures, the weakening of community institutions and social networks, and the dispersion of kin groups, resulting in the cultural destruction of the affected group. Whether forced relocations in the context of development projects are referred to as a "soft form" or "special category" of genocide, the apparently insurmountable hurdle of establishing the elements of genocide remains. www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/09/3genocide.cfm?&print_page=1

The Hindu : For development with a human face The extent and nature of displacement (planned and often forced) and deprival by development projects in the name of national development in the 11 districts of Kerala spanning 1951-95 are examined. The fact that the search for sustainable development results in the "feminisation of displacement" is vindicated by this study. In this context, it is noteworthy to mention that though Kerala is a progressive and developed State, yet the evidence from the study clearly indicates that it has resettled the displaced persons of only a handful of projects. www.hinduonnet.com /br/2004/06/08/stories/2004060800281500.htm

Involuntary resettlement, Impoverishment Risks and Sustainable Livelihoods While these components of impoverishment were developed in relation to involuntary resettlement induced by planned development processes, evidence suggests that the same risks – though in different combinations, and with different intensities - are critical in other domains of forced displacement. Displacement research, following natural disasters, conflict, or as a result of development projects has documented well the impacts of forced uprooting on institutional and livelihood processes. Developed as part of the authors ongoing research among villagers resettled as a consequence of the Pasak Jolasith Dam in Central Thailand, and completed Sustainable Livelihoods research in drought-prone areas of SW Ethiopia, the paper proposes a research methodology for exploring impoverishment risks and livelihood sustainability in post-disaster and other forced displacement situations. www.massey.ac.nz /~trauma/issues/2002-2/mcdowell.htm

Internally Displaced Persons - General Assembly The report provides information on the developments and activities of the mandate, the development and promotion of a normative framework on internal displacement, fostering effective institutional arrangements, country missions, research areas, and the challenges ahead. The Representative stated despite positive developments, there is still widespread concern about the lack of a fully mandated agency or organization for IDPs, noting that a collaborative approach depends on the effectiveness of coordination and the extent to which the operational agencies are committed to the enhancement and effectiveness of their collective capacity. A normative framework, in the form of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (the Principles), and structures have been put in place within the UN system to strengthen coordination and improve the response to situations of internal displacement. www.hri.ca /fortherecord2003/vol1/displacedga.htm

The Telegraph - Ranchi According to the report, such displacement has adversely affected the natural habitat of tribals who often move to densely-populated places and find the going tough there. Of a total of 15,03,017 people displaced in the state, 6,20,372 are tribals. In 1951, the tribal to non-tribal ratio was 60:40 in Chhotanagpur while in 1981, the same ratio reversed to 40:60,” he said. www.telegraphindia.com /1040710/asp/ranchi/story_3477178.asp

SSRC :: Global Security and Cooperation (GSC) Fellowship :: Robert Muggah, Small Arms Survey Though the security and development agendas are converging, the humanitarian and development conception and response (both public and private) to displacement and resettlement is inadequate: focusing at best, on a narrow vision of restoring economic livelihoods and at worst, on temporary solutions. Internal displacement and involuntary resettlement represent challenges of massive proportions - conservative estimates suggest that more than four per cent of the world's population is stripped of their assets, access to entitlements and socio-cultural connectivity. The researcher will analyse the overall context of displacement and resettlement, the country's normative and practical framework for involuntary resettlers, conventional benchmarks for measuring "success" and the policy-practice relationship between stakeholders, implementing partners and affected populations. www.ssrc.org /fellowships/gsc/fellowship_and_grant_awardees/individualpages/robertmuggah.page

Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing The continuing development of enabling technologies, as well as the rapidly advancing theory of molecular manufacturing, increase the possibility increases that an all-out Manhattan Project-like effort will be launched by some government or large corporation. This may be useful for research into mechanosynthetic reactions: A tip with an active molecule could be brought together with another tip acting as a receptive surface, at various repeatable angles and offsets, to test the effects of displacement and angle on the reaction. developed the ability to transport individual silicon atoms from one place to another in a covalent crystal, and was even able to automate this to make two-dimensional patterns. www.crnano.org /developing.htm

REFUGEE WATCH The first category of victims may have lost their homes or cultivable lands but may continue to subscribe to the same development paradigm and view displacement as one of its necessary costs that one should bear albeit with great pain, in the collective interest of the nation. For one thing, victim’s right to information is taken to mean merely her right to be informed of her displacement reasonably well before the actual displacement takes place presumably by being served with a notice and most importantly, of her entitlements and compensations if there are any, in the event of any such displacement. Although in common parlance victims of forced displacement are often clubbed together as a single and monolithic category, there are significant variations in the nature and extent of victim-hood suffered by them. www.safhr.org /refugee_watch20_feature1.htm

Risks and Rights: The Causes, Consequences, and Challenges of Development-Induced Displacement In situating the concept of development-induced displacement within the global context of population movements, it may be useful, on the one hand, to view internal and international migration, voluntary and involuntary movement, negative "distress" migration and positive "livelihood" migration as a continuum with no single, clear line separating one type from the other. Uneven development is a bad thing and sustainable development is a good thing but, for the most part, under-developed countries and communities seek to become more developed, whether that is through improving health and livelihoods, expanding educational opportunities, or building infrastructure. The suffering of those displaced by development projects can be as severe, and the numbers as large, as those displaced either internally or internationally by conflict and violence. www.brook.edu /fp/projects/idp/articles/didreport.htm

The Hindu : New Delhi News : NCW seeks better deal for displaced women Women are the worst victims of development-induced displacement and in the absence of a national policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R), whatever policies are made applicable do not accord equal status to the displaced women. This was highlighted in a report on ``Development-Induced Displacement: Impact on Women'', released by the chairperson of the National Commission for Women (NCW), Poornima Advani, on Monday. Another study says that 0.5 million people were displaced annually as a direct consequence of administrative land acquisition which does not include displacement by non-Plan projects, change in land-use and acquisition for urban growth. www.hinduonnet.com /2005/01/05/stories/2005010507880500.htm

Large Dams and Displacement in India Displacement also takes place where townships are established for technical and administrative personnel involved in the construction of the project, and where protected areas are established as compensatory measures for the forest lands and natural habitats that are lost to submergence. Displacement by the time of completion of the project is expected to be significantly larger. Estimates of displacement also fail to take into account the backwater effect, i.e. www.dams.org /kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=SOC166

ID21 - communicating development research Research from the University of Oxford’s Refugee Studies Centre and South Africa’s Rhodes University examines the challenges and dilemmas of development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR). ‘Improving outcomes in development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) projects’, Refugee Studies Centre Research Synthesis Report, by C. de Wet April 2002 More information. ‘Displacement, Resistance and the Critique of Development: From the Grassroots to the Global’, Working Paper Series No. 9, Refugee Studies Centre, by A. Oliver-Smith November 2002 More information. www.id21.org /society/s10cdt1g1.html

Md. Basar Ali & Abhijit Guha - Perception and Cognition about Ageing: Elderly Persons in Displaced Families in Medinipur, West Bengal - AnthroBase The literature on development induced displacement and rehabilitation focuses on the impact of displacement on vulnerable groups, viz. Displacement has worsened the quality of their food in the family. Since older members suffer displacement as intensely as younger ones, special rehabilitation measures should be adopted by the government for them. www.anthrobase.com /Txt/A/Ali_Guha_01.htm

Last Resort? It is not well known that India has one of the highest rates of development-induced displacement in the world. The present model of development considers displacement as an inevitable consequence of the development process. It is estimated that about 100 million people around the world have been displaced over the past decade as a result of large-scale development initiatives such as dam construction, urban development, and transportation programmes. www.narmada.org /archive/epw/nov18.2000.let.htm

Ota, Akhil B.: Reconstructing Livelihood of the Displaced Families in Development Projects. Cause of Failure and Room for Reconstruction The Displacement has been over for about 7 years from now and this is the appropriate time to examine and assess the status of rehabilitation of these displaced people and to note whether they have restored their pre-displaced living standards at the minimum. Land holding size has been reduced quite considerably in the post displacement period decreasing thereby the per capita yield of foodstuff. Besides, most of the Displaced Persons in general and the Tribal Displaced in particular had encroached a sizable area of either Forest or Government land which they were cultivating for ages and the earning from this source was substantial for their livelihood. www.anthrobase.com /Txt/O/Ota_A_02.htm

International Network on Displacement and Resettlement The International Network on Displacement and Resettlement (INDR) is composed of professionals working to assure that people who are forcefully displaced become beneficiaries rather than victims of development. Outnumbering political refugees, development-induced displacees have become a concealed, global human rights and development problem. The World Bank estimates that over 10 million people are displaced by development projects each year, resulting in substantial, multifaceted risks of impoverishment. www.displacement.net

Displacement.rtf In that case, if the displaced community can negotiate a resettlement that is advantageous to their own development and not detrim e ntal to them in socio-cultural terms, then it would be unjust for them block the project by refusing resettlement. On one hand, imposed displacement or resettlement that is not freely negotiated with the displaced community would not only fail to make everyone better-off, in terms of liberty, opportunity, and self-determi n ation, but it would directly disadvantage this community in particular. As Cernea has observed, \'93 many government agencies decide in secrecy on displacement needs, amounts, procedures, terms and deadlines, without the consultation and partici pation of those who have their most vital interests at stake. www.carleton.ca /cove/papers/Displacement.rtf

FMR 12 : published February 2002 The increased attention to human rights violations stemming from development-induced displacement does not have to be limited to these three conventions. Because "overriding public interest" and "necessity and proportionality" determine whether forced displacement of a population as a consequence of an infrastructure project is a human rights violation or a legitimate development project, it is important to reflect on these words. We are yet to see similar UN pressure when displacement occurs as a result of development projects. www.fmreview.org /text/FMR/12/05.htm

Resettlement News It analyzes the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the first international standards for internally displaced persons, presented to the United Nations in 1998, and their application to situations of development-induced displacement. The studies are expected to provide insights into the social dimensions, project impacts and develop appropriate mitigation and safeguard measures for socially responsible highways development in India. A primary objective of the studies was to assess the impacts of the proposed four-laning of 642 km of the priority sections of the East-West Corridor located in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. www.displacement.net /issue5.htm

Involuntary Resettlement - Involuntary Resettlement Policy - ADB.org Until recently, development-induced displacement of population was considered a "sacrifice" some people have to make for the larger good. Policy makers, planners, and development practitioners have come to accept that inadequate attention to resettlement does not pay in the long run; and costs of implementation problems caused by lack of good involuntary resettlement can far exceed the costs of proper resettlement. With the recent renewed emphasis on project quality and impact, the focus on affected persons and their welfare should (i) improve the way development projects are conceived, planned, and implemented; and (ii) make development not only economically but also socially and environmentally beneficial. adb.org /Documents/Policies/Involuntary_Resettlement/reset310.asp?...

Oxford Statement Development-induced displacement commonly unravels the underlying social fabric of a people, especially indigenous groups, by fragmenting social networks, weakening or dismantling families and whole communities, causing the loss of vital cultural knowledge, devaluing potentially irreplaceable biocultural diversity, debilitating authority systems, and reducing the capacity to self-manage and cope with uncertainty. 1.Recognizing the need for development actions to increase employment, reduce poverty, and promote social integration, the first priority of national governments should be to find non-displacing alternatives to displacement-inducing development initiatives. If displacement is unavoidable, action should be taken to insure that the displaced at least regain their earlier living standard and benefit from the project. www.xs4all.nl /~rehue/ralco/ral009e.html

World Bank Resettlement: The Legacy of Failure The impoverishment of those who suffer development-induced displacement is in direct contradiction with the World Bank's mandate of poverty alleviation and sustainable development. World Bank projects currently under implementation are displacing 3.2 million people, and tens of millions more have had their lives and livelihoods devastated by past projects. Internal reviews, external critiques, and the findings of the independent Inspection Panel have concluded that the Bank has consistently failed to ensure that displaced populations receive benefits from Bank-financed projects and have their standard of living improved, or at least restored, as is required by Bank policy. www.ciel.org /Ifi/Prague_Resettlement.html

Concerns benefit-sharing arrangements between developers and peoples who are in the way www.ted-downing.com /concerns.htm

How long before superintelligence? In the near future, it might for example be possible to use phase shift masks to push the minimum circuit-line width on a microchip down to as little as 0.13 micrometer, even while remaining in the optical range with the lithographic irradiation. In one study, sensitivity to visual features was developed in the auditory cortex of neonatal ferrets, after that region's normal auditory input channel had been replaced by visual projections (Sur et al. It could be something as trivial as that our cortex is provided with a low-level "drive" to learn about abstract relationships whereas dolphins and whales are programmed not to care about or pay much attention to such things (which might be totally irrelevant to them in their natural environment). www.nickbostrom.com /superintelligence.html

v3-masterresults.cfm?pid=2184 It also focuses on social transformation and human resources development policies that allow the benefits of market competition to be distributed equitably and identifies the institutions of civil society that can contribute to market development, social progress and higher standards of living. Whatever the development policy options, international actors can in principle take action in four different fields with a view to preventing crises and managing conflicts: policy and diplomacy; security policy; emergency and refugee aid; and reconstruction aid and development cooperation. While a number of journals cover issues and themes relating to conflict, security and development, none of them are dedicated solely to examining the relationship between security policy and development and to bridging related disciplines. www.crinfo.org /v3-masterresults.cfm?pid=2184

OHCHR - Representative of the Secretary-General on internally displaced persons The Representative's approach is premised on the fact that internal displacement is a problem that falls within the sovereignty of national Governments and that a primary element of sovereignty is the responsibility of states to protect and assist all those within their jurisdiction. Having comprehensively documented the problem of internal displacement (including conceptual, normative and institutional frameworks) in a series of widely disseminated publications,* the Representative and the Project now focus their research on more specific areas of interest. The Representative also works with regional and sub-regional organizations to integrate the issue of internal displacement into their programmes and activities by convening seminars* as well as providing technical expertise. www.unhchr.ch /html/menu2/7/b/interndisp

Development-Ethics.org Development ethicists reflect on and assess the ends and means of local, national, regional, and global development. The International Development Ethics Association is a cross-cultural group of philosophers, social scientists, and practitioners who apply ethical reflection to global development goals and strategies and to North/South relations. Recognizing that “development in the sense of planned intervention to counter or channel the destructive aspects of market forces has been part of our language for two centuries,” Gasper’s The Ethics of Development provides readers with a way to understand the linkages between theory, practice, our experiences, our emotions and our thoughts. www.development-ethics.org

Internally Displaced Persons - Commission on Human Rights Causes of displacement are then noted as including: structural problems, including gross disparities of wealth and opportunity among different groups of people and geographic areas; marginalization and discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, culture and gender; failures of democratic governance; a lack of respect for human rights and the rule of law. The Representative stated while each situation of displacement has its distinct characteristics and its own dynamics, a common thread linking most situations of large-scale displacement is that they are precipitated by a crisis of national identity and of the related cohesiveness that binds a government to its people. The report concludes by noting the underlying causes of internal displacement, stating that no strategy for ameliorating responses to the problem of internal displacement can ultimately be successful in the long term if its causes are not also addressed. www.hri.ca /fortherecord2003/vol1/displacedchr.htm

ScienceWeek The crucial role of the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific was first postulated in 1969 by Jacob Bjerknes (1897-1975), and the development of quantitative models has progressed during the past 3 decades. Ozone, which forms chemically from precursor pollutants, is the most temperature-dependent air pollutant and may contribute to the development of asthma in children. The essence of the current Bjerknes hypothesis, as it is called, is that ENSO arises as a coupled cycle in which anomalies in sea surface temperature in the Pacific cause the trade winds to strengthen or slacken and, in turn, drive the changes in ocean circulation that produce anomalous sea surface temperatures. scienceweek.com /2003/sw030502.htm

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