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	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Ottoman Empire
		The Ottomans modified the ghulam system by instituting the infamous devshirme, in which young Christian males between the ages of 8 and 15 were removed from their villages in the Balkans to be trained for state service.
		This division in the devshirme, between those who received the best available education in the high Islamic tradition and those who followed the folk tradition and served as Janissaries, reflected a significant development within the society as a whole: the definition of the Ottoman identity.
		Although it was possible for people born outside the “true” Ottoman group to overcome, either through the devshirme or through other avenues, the barriers that stood in their way, the later Ottomans remained a generally exclusive community.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553949___3/Ottoman_Empire.html (1933 words)

	[No title]
		Devshirme is the Ottoman term for the periodic levy of Christian children for training to fil the ranks of Janissaries, and to occupy posts in the service of the court and the administration.
		In political terms devshirme was a system by which the Sultan filled all important posts with his own men and kept the old Ottoman aristocracy away as they could have become dangeorus for his throne and dynasty.
		In sociological terms it was the channel through which even the humblest peasant could achieve the highest post in the empire providing he showed ability, while becoming completely subordinated to the Sultan, his supreme master and centre of all the power of the Ottoman state.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/bosnia/readings/Lopasic.html (1986 words)

	AthensNews onLine SEARCH
		An early order for a devshirme, dated 1601, is expressed in fierce terms: if parents or anyone else resist, they are to be hanged immediately in front of their house-gate.
		Though the devshirme was still described as "one of the most important state affairs", none had taken place "for a long time".
		At a devshirme in the northern Greek town of Naousa, three Turkish officials were killed, and a hundred Greeks took to the hills to rob and murder Muslims.
	www.athensnews.gr /athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13110&m=A06&aa=1&eidos=A (2445 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Under the structure formalized in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was dominated by a small ruling class that achieved its power and wealth as a result of the status of its members as slaves (kapikullari) of the sultan.
		It was caused by a myriad of interdependent factors, among which the most important were the triumph of the devshirme class, the flight of the Turko-Islamic aristocracy, and degeneration in the ability and honesty both of the sultans and of their ruling class.
		The empire, however, survived for 3 centuries longer because Europe was unaware of the extent of its weakness, and the mass of Ottoman subjects were protected from the worst results of the decay by their millets and guilds.
	www.angelfire.com /in/turkey/ancient02.html (1748 words)

	ummah.com forum - View Single Post - Islamic Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Discussion about the legality of the Devshirme has given rise to the rarely challenged axiom that it was illegal and incompatible with the Sharia.
		But it still can be maintained that the Devshirme boys in Anatolia and the novices in Istanbul and in other cities were the nearest kapakulus to the position of ordinary slaves in the Ottoman Empire.
		Till the day of their admission into the janissari regiments, they performed many tasks similar in nature to those which were performed by slaves who belonged to private individuals, and these tasks bore little, if any resemblance to their future function as military slaves.
	www.ummah.org.uk /forum/showpost.php?p=211310&postcount=1 (4433 words)

	The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula
		Many of these youths who became provincial officials enjoyed good relations with their Christian peasants, while there were also cases of devshirme bureaucrats using their positions to the benefit of their relatives.<10> On the other hand, there were indeed individuals who had been corrupted by the power that had been given to them.
		Nonetheless, the system of the devshirme was instrumental in the success enjoyed by the Turks during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in governing their heterogeneous empire.
		"Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme." Speculum, 31 (1956), 441.
	www.loyno.edu /~history/journal/1998-9/Krummerich.htm (6875 words)

	Turkey : Ottoman Administrative Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Christians and prisoners provided the sultan with a steady supply of loyal subjects under the devshirme (literally, collection), where teams were sent to conquered territories in search of the best and most promising young boys.
		Families often hid their children, but on the whole, the opportunity for a distinguished career of service to the sultan was appealing, especially since slaves acquired the social status of their master.
		The finest of the devshirme were chosen for continued education and placement in high palace positions while the majority of the trainees entered into the elite military corps of Janissaries.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=349&catID=0349033166 (507 words)

	[No title]
		Osman II, who reigned from 1618 to 1622, was a son of Ahmet I; he was brought to the throne in place of Mustafa I by a clique of Devshirme ministers, non-Muslims converted to Islam, who assumed they would be able to dominate him because of his youth and inexperience.
		His thinking was strongly affected by the Turkish nationalist revolts which had been spreading in Anatolia in protest against the Devshirme convert rule in Istanbul.
		The Janizary and Sipahi military corps, composed of converts to Islam, were becoming increasingly undisciplined and tyrannical at home and increasingly inefficient against foreign enemies; Osman hoped to replace them with an army composed of Turks from Anatolia and northern Syria.
	gencturkler.8m.com /OTTOMANS/SULTANS/16Osman2.html (339 words)

	MSN Encarta - Ottoman Empire
		Banditry became common in the provinces and the government found it difficult to maintain order.
		The devshirme was similarly on the verge of disintegration.
		Military conquests having come to an end, no new sources of youths were available and the Ottomans found it increasingly unproductive to take children from the same villages repeatedly.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html (6083 words)

	Ottoman Empire, an Encarta Encyclopedia Article Titled "Ottoman Empire"
		In the timar system, an askeri was given a share of the agricultural taxes of a designated region in return for military service and assistance in provincial administration.
		Another Islamic institution adapted by the Ottomans was the devshirme, in which young Christian males were removed from their villages in the Balkans to be trained for state service.
		The devshirme system was on the verge of disintegration, and the Janissaries periodically rebelled against sultans.
	www.harpercollege.edu /mhealy/g101ilec/nafswas/nwh/nwotto/009a6000.htm (1498 words)

	The Tolerant Pluralistic Islamic Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Here we should remember the devshirme system, which is well known.
		In Africa, a system of enslaving Black Christian and Animist children, similar to the devshirme existed, as is shown from documents to be published in my book.
		A sort of devshirme system still exists today in the Sudan and has been described and denounced by the United Nations Special Rapporteur Mr Gaspar Biro in his 1994 report, and by an article in The Times of London (Sudanese Christians 'sold as slaves', August 25, 1995).
	www.hvk.org /articles/0802/164.html (3375 words)

	MER: Book Review: Islam Unveiled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Begun in the fourteenth century by Sultan Orkhan and continued until late in the seventeenth century, this was the seizure and enslavement of 20 percent of the Christian children in various predominantly Christian areas of the empire.
		These boys were given the choice of Islam or death, and, after rigorous training, were enrolled in the janissary corps, the emperor's elite fighters.
		At first these unfortunate boys were torn from their homes and families only at irregular intervals --- sometimes every seven years and sometimes every four --- but after a time the devshirme became an annual event.
	www.safeplace.net /members/mer/MER_B016.HTM (1602 words)

	Nature of the Decline - Decline and Traditional Reform - History - Turkey - Middle East: town country, roman emperor, ...
		Until the mid-16th century the sultans had controlled and used both the old Turkish aristocracy and the devshirme Christian converts and their descendants by carefully balancing and playing them off against each other.
		During Suleiman’s reign, however, the devshirme achieved control, drove the Turkish aristocracy out of the ruling class, and then began to exploit the state for their own advantage.
		At the same time, the empire began to suffer from overpopulation, resulting from the peace and security that had been established.
	www.countriesquest.com /middle_east/turkey/history/decline_and_traditional_reform/nature_of_the_decline.htm (504 words)

	Christian-Muslim Relations In History
		The offence that the devshirme caused is 'historical baggage'
		Al-Mawardi, 11th century jurist and theologian, interpreted one of the sayings of Muhammad to mean that the head-tax on dhimmis was either a sign of contempt, because of their unbelief, or a sign of the mildness of Muslims, who granted the dhimmis quarter (instead of killing or enslaving them): humble gratitude was the intended response.
		In the broad sweep of Islamic history, the obligatory tribute of one in five children, the devshirme, taken by the Turks from the dhimmi peoples of the Balkans was by no means 'unique' as Brown claims.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/514.htm (7422 words)

	Siyaset ve Toplum - Politics and Society
		One such institution, the devshirme, recruited Christian boys for service in the court and army after they converted to Islam.
		Historical evidence suggests that dhimmi boys were quite keen on devshirme service and once inside the palace tried to help their own friends and family members to join.
		The popularity and opportunities offered by devshirme eventually brought about its downfall.
	www.network54.com /Forum/message?forumid=273491&messageid=1103089263 (1792 words)

	Mehmet II the Conqueror - All About Turkey
		To counter the power of the Turkish aristocracy, Mehmet continued his father's policy of expanding the Janissary infantry corps.
		These Janissaries were made up of young Christians, recruited through the devshirme system, who were given salaries rather than fiefdoms to keep them loyal to and dependent on the sultan.
		Mehmet authorized autonomous religious communities to give his subjects religious freedom and gain the support of their religious leaders.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /mehmet2.htm (347 words)

	Articles - Jelali Revolts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		They were later joined by sipahis, who had lost their land grants, levends, and Turkmen and Kurdish nomads.
		With the decline of the devshirme governor system, and high taxes, the governors and local officials increased their unofficial tax rates and started to exploit the workforce of the peasants.
		Oppressed Alawites and increasing Arab and Persian influences in the royal court.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Jelali_Revolts (1121 words)

	T U R K E Y (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Their authority, however, was limited to functions involved with exploiting the empire's wealth and with expanding and defending the state organized to accomplish this.
		The ruling class was made up of two rival elements: Muslim Turkomans, Arabs, and Iranians, who together constituted the Turkish aristocracy that dominated the Ottoman system during the 14th and 15th centuries; and Christian prisoners and slaves, recruited, converted, and educated through the famous devshirme system.
		Nature of the Decline Until the mid-16th century the sultans had controlled and used both the old Turkish aristocracy and the devshirme Christian converts and their descendants by carefully balancing and playing them off against each other.
	www.1001medrecipes.com /mTURKEY.htm (9403 words)

	boys clothes: Ottoman Rule the Janissaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		After the Devshirme boys had been thoroughly enculturated, they were then enrolled in seven Acemioglan (freshman) schools located in or nearby Istanbul.
		Many Devshirme children converted to Islam and trained as Janissaries were ardent supporters if the Sultan and given great trust and authority by him, often holding some of the highest positions in the Empire.
		The boys that succeeded at the Acemioglan schools were selected for future training at the Enderun School located in the Topkapi Palace itself.
	histclo.hispeed.com /country/gre/chron/gre-ottorj.html (1549 words)

	The American Thinker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the earlier years before the Turkish settlements were permanently affected in Anatolia, the captives were sent off to Persia and elsewhere, but after the establishment of the Anatolian Turkish principalities, a portion of the enslaved were retained in Anatolia for the service of the conquerors
		After characterizing the coercive, often brutal methods used to impose the devshirme child levy, and the resulting attrition of the native Christian populations (i.e., from both expropriation and flight), Papoulia concludes that this Ottoman institution, a method of Islamization par excellence, also constituted a de facto state of war: [4]
		“The impact of devshirme on Greek society” in East Central European society and war in the prerevolutionary eighteenth century.
	www.americanthinker.com /articles.php?article_id=4407 (3565 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bat Ye’or speaks of the devshirme system, which “existed for about 300 years.
		It consisted of a regular levy of Christian children from the Christian population of the Balkans.
		Entrusted to eunuchs, they underwent a tyrannical training for fourteen years.
	www.faithfreedom.org /Articles/sina50502p4.htm (804 words)

	[No title]
		Much has been made of the Ottoman Empire's devshirme system, in which non-Muslim subjects were periodically obliged to surrender their children for indoctrination as Muslims and training as yenicheri (Janissary) soldiers or administrators.
		Sugar, "because those taken under this system were removed from their native land[s], this form of forced conversion
		It is arguable whether devshirme actually qualifies as forced conversion.
	home.fuse.net /ChristopherLBennett/CONVERT.htm (2702 words)

	[No title]
		What did the devshirme system provide and for whom?¡99ª ª ó¨916.
		Which was part of the devshirme system?¡ª> M ª ó74¨z51.
		What did the devshirme system provide and for whom?:16.
	www.homestead.com /rwallace/files/ch2practice.ppt (2347 words)

	Macedonia - United Macedonians Organization of Canada
		However, due to lack of manpower to rule an expanding empire, the Ottomans in the 1300's adopted the "devshirme" or child contribution program.
		After being educated, the bright ones were given administrative roles and the rest, the "Janissary", were given military responsibilities.
		The devshirme was abolished in 1637when the Janissary became a problem for the Sultan.
	www.unitedmacedonians.org /macedonia/stefov5.html (7304 words)

	artists illustrating boys fashions: El Greco Domenikos Theotocopoulos
		Figure 1.--Gyzis painted "Child gathering (Devshirme)" sometime between 1865-1875.
		Paidomazoma (child-gathering) was a special rule in the Ottoman Empire of gathering Christian boys aged 6-15 to serve in the Ottoman army or at the court of the Sultan.
		Another memorable work was "Child gathering (Devshirme)" which he painted sometime between 1865-1875.
	histclo.hispeed.com /art/ind/g/art-gyz.html (423 words)

	ORB: Medieval Terms
		DEVSHIRME: The Ottoman Turkish term for the periodic levy of Christian boys, collected for training and recruitment into the Janissaries, the Imperial Household, and the administration
		DHIMMA: The pact or covenant accorded by Islam to the followers of other revealed religions living under their rule, according them protection and certain limited rights on the condition of their recognition of the supremacy of Islam.
		In those parts of England where the Danes settled the Hundred was called a wapentake, in Kent a leet, and in Sussex a rape.
	the-orb.net /medieval_terms.html (19820 words)

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