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	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Algiers
		Algiers, however, continued to be of comparatively little importance until after the expulsion from Spain of the Moors, many of whom sought an asylum in the city.
		Khair-ad-Din, succeeding Arouj, drove the Spaniards from the Penon (1550) and was the founder of the pashaluk, afterwards beylik, of Algeria.
		The history of Algiers from 1830 to 1962 is bound to the larger history of Algeria and its relationship to France.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Algiers (1658 words)

	Dey - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Dey (Arabic: داي) was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria) under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards.
		The dey was chosen by local civilian, military, and pirate leaders to govern for life and ruled with a high degree of autonomy from the Ottoman sultan.
		The dey's realm was divided into three provinces (Constantine, Titteri and Mascara), each of which was administered by a bey (باي) whom he appointed.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Dey (240 words)

	Algiers - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Algiers (Arabic Al Jazair; French Alger), city, the principal Mediterranean port of northwestern Africa.
		Washington was less happy over the conclusion of a treaty with the dey of Algiers.
		Algiers was one of the Barbary states, which had practiced piracy...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Algiers.html (86 words)

	Algiers - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Algiers then became a base for the Muslim fleet that preyed upon Christian commerce in the Mediterranean (see Barbary States).
		The ruling Turkish official in Algeria, the dey of Algiers, made himself virtually independent of Constantinople in the 18th and 19th cent.
		In May, 1958, Algiers was the principal scene of a revolt by European colonists and the French army that ended the Fourth French Republic and returned de Gaulle to power.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-algiers.html (628 words)

	Algiers, Algeria
		The city consists of two parts; the modern part, built on the level ground by the seashore, and the ancient city of the deys, which climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 400 ft. above the sea.
		Khair-ad-Din, succeeding Arouj, drove the Spaniards from the Penon (1550) and was the founder of the pashalik, afterwards deylik, of Algeria.
		From the 17th century, Algiers, free of Ottoman control and sited on the periphery between the Ottoman world-economy and the European one, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, turned to piracy.
	www.creekin.net /c1113-n3-algiers-algeria.html (1520 words)

	Dey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dey was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria) under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards.
		Twenty-nine deys held office from the establishment of the deylicate until the French conquest; fourteen of them were assassinated.
		The dey was assisted in governing by a divan made up of the Chiefs of the Army and Navy, the Director of Shipping, the Treasurer-General and the Collector of Tributes.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Dey (188 words)

	Terrorism In Early America
		By 1794, the Dey of Algiers had plundered eleven American ships and held one hundred and nineteen of their survivors for ransom.
		Algiers was granted the equivalent of $642,500 in cash, munitions, and a 36-gun frigate, besides a yearly tribute of $21,600 worth of naval supplies.
		Eventually, at long last, the American captives of the Dey of Algiers walked into the light, except for thirty-seven dead, whose ransoms had to be paid nevertheless (Malone, 1951).
	www.earlyamerica.com /review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism.htm (3640 words)

	Algeria Invasion of Algiers - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		In the period between Napoleon's downfall in 1815 and the revolution of 1830, the restored French monarchy was in crisis, and the dey was weak politically, economically, and militarily.
		Algiers was captured after a three-week campaign, and Hussein Dey fled into exile.
		Hardly had the news of the capture of Algiers reached Paris than Charles X was deposed, and his cousin Louis Philippe, the "citizen king," was named to preside over a constitutional monarchy.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/algeria/algeria_history_invasion_of_algiers.html (409 words)

	Dey
		The title "Dey" did not designate anything special from pasha or bey, it was one of several options for naming a local ruler who officially answered to the Ottoman sultan.
		The dey of Algiers was elected by a body consisting of local civilian, military and pirate leaders.
		While nominally under the Ottoman sultan, the dey was in reality an autonomous leader of his country.
	i-cias.com /e.o/dey.htm (177 words)

	Hassan Bashaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dey of the Barbary state of Algiers in the late 18th century.
		Hassan Bashaw, a brig, was built for the Dey of Algiers in response to his request in 1797 that two cruisers be outfitted and built in the United States at his expense.
		The two ships ordered by the former Dey were transferred to Algiers, in addition to two other vessels, a quantity of naval stores, and a sum of money, to insure the safety of American merchant ships from Algerine pirates.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/h3/hassan_bashaw.htm (209 words)

	Algeria and the Eastern Question
		In 1710 the dey persuaded the sultan to recognize him and his successors as regent, replacing the pasha in that role.
		The dey was in effect a constitutional autocrat, but his authority was restricted by the divan and the taifa, as well as by local political conditions.
		The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671-1830) that the system survived, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were removed from office by assassination.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/593Alg.html (4701 words)

	Algiers Hotel
		The Algiers Accord was signed on March 6, 1975 in Algeria by the Shah of Iran and Saddam Hussein as Vice-President of Iraq and Vice-Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council or RCC.
		Although there was a continuing campaign by various European and the American navies to suppress the piracy against Europeans by the North African Barbary states, the specific aim of this expedition was to free Christian slaves and to stop the practice of enslaving Europeans.
		The Deys of Tunis and Tripoli agreed without any resistance, but the Dey of Algiers was more recalcitrant and the negotiations were stormy.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/3/algiers-hotel.html (1451 words)

	Document Signed twice ("George R" at the head and "GR" at the end), instructions "for Our Trusty & Welbeloved Nicholas ...
		As well as enslaving the Minorcans,"who had gone to Algiers upon their lawfull Occasions", it is stated that the Dey was also holding captive some British subjects who had been "forced into the Service of the Crown of Spain" and had escaped.
		Algiers, theoretically a province of the Ottoman Empire, was in fact an independent territory whose hereditary rulers had the title of Dey.
		The Deys were for centuries a source of trouble to European governments because of their enthusiasm for piracy and their liking for white slaves.
	www.maggs.com /title/AU3861.asp (323 words)

	Unique Facts About the United States of America: The Barbary Wars
		Use for the money came in 1785, when the dey of Algiers took two American ships hostage and demanded $60,000 in ransom for their crews.
		Algiers and Tunis backed down almost immediately on the show of force by the Americans, but Tripoli and Morocco remained committed.
		Algiers and Tunis became colonies of France in 1830 and 1881 respectively, while Tripoli returned to the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1835 and became a colony of Italy in 1911.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /usaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-USA24.htm (1404 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The act of March 3, 1815 (3 Statutes at Large, 230), had authorized naval operations against the Dey of Algiers, whose predecessor had commenced hostilities in 1812; the United States naval forces had been successful; the treaty was dictated as a result; and such negotiations as there were, took place on board the Guerriere.
		Despite that statement, it is at least possible that the practice in Algiers had varied from time to time; some observations on the point will be found in the notes to the treaty of 1795 with Algiers (Document 17), and the notes to the treaty of 1786 with Morocco (Document 14) should also be consulted.
		The result was the renewal of the treaty by a new agreement, the treaty with Algiers of December 22 and 23, 1816 (Document 37), the notes to which should be consulted.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1815n.htm (1076 words)

	The Thomas Jefferson Papers - America and the Barbary Pirates - (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		However, it was not until 1805, when an American fleet under Commodore John Rogers and a land force raised by an American naval agent to the Barbary powers, Captain William Eaton, threatened to capture Tripoli and install the brother of Tripoli's pasha on the throne, that a treaty brought an end to the hostilities.
		Negotiated by Tobias Lear, former secretary to President Washington and now consul general in Algiers, the treaty of 1805 still required the United States to pay a ransom of $60,000 for each of the sailors held by the dey of Algiers, and so it went without Senatorial consent until April 1806.
		In fact, it was not until the second war with Algiers, in 1815, that naval victories by Commodores William Bainbridge and Stephen Decatur led to treaties ending all tribute payments by the United States.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html (1172 words)

	Algiers Social Aspects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Governors appointed by the dey of Algiers retain their own armed forces, which includes people outside of Algiers who were not able to enter the janissary corps in the city.
		Sometimes, Algiers loses the control of their local powers and there is a certain acquiescence in the authority of the city.
		Algiers is a hub for many central mosques, the major sharia (Islamic law) courts and Islamic school.
	sun.menloschool.org /~sportman/westernstudies/first/old1718/bblock/ottoman/skipwith/algierssocial.html (862 words)

	Tripolitan War - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Difficulties began in 1800 when William Bainbridge, the officer who took tribute to the dey of Algiers, was compelled to go under the Ottoman flag to Constantinople.
		Algiers actually declared war on the United States.
		In 1815 a squadron under Decatur forced the dey of Algiers to sign a treaty renouncing U.S. tribute, and the so-called Algerine War was ended.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-tripolw1ar.html (658 words)

	Wikinfo \| Second Barbary War
		The Dey of Algiers expelled the US consul general Tobias Lear and declared war on the United States for failing to pay its required tribute.
		But when peace was restored to Europe in 1815, Algiers found itself at war with Spain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Denmark, Russia, and Naples.
		On March 3, 1815 the US Congress authorized deployment of naval power against Algiers, and a force of ten ships was dispatched under the command of Commodores Stephen Decatur, Jr.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Second_Barbary_War (525 words)

	Al-Djazair
		Extremely annoyed, the Dey is then said to have made an impatient gesture with the fan he used to swat away flies.
		On July 5 the Dey was forced to surrender and a treaty was signed guaranteeing the respect of property and religion.
		In December the government clamped a nighttime curfew on Algiers and six surrounding departments and later renewed the state of emergency indefinitely.
	www.al-djazair.com /washingtontimes.htm (3359 words)

	BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Released, he returned to America and in 1800, as commander of the George Washington, he carried U.S. tribute money to the dey of Algiers (see Tripolitan War).
		The dey forced him to proceed under the Ottoman flag to Constantinople—an insult that contributed to the American decision to declare war against the Barbary States.
		In 1815, a commodore, he went out in the Independence to aid Stephen Decatur in the operations against Algiers, but he arrived after the fighting was over.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ba/BainbridW.html (180 words)

	Rediscovering George Washington . Treaty between US and the Dey and Regency of Algiers, March 7, 1796 \| PBS
		Should any of the citizens of the United States of North America die within the limits of this Regency, the Dey and his [6] subjects shall not interfere with the property of the deceased; but it shall be under the immediate direction of the consul unless otherwise disposed [inserted: of] by will.
		Should the cruizers of Algiers capture any vessel, having citizens of the United States of North America on board, [8] they having papers to prove they are really so, they and their property shall be immediately discharged.
		On a vessel of war belonging to [inserted: the] United States of North America anchoring in our ports, the Consul is to inform the Dey of her arrival; and she shall be saluted with twenty one guns; which she is to return in the same quantity or number.
	www.pbs.org /georgewashington/collection/pres_1796mar7.html (1614 words)

	Second Barbary War
		The background for the war was the continued attacks from Barbary pirates on US vessels in the Mediterranean Sea, and disagreements as to the level of tribute to be paid to the pirates.
		USA refused to pay tribute to the Dey of Algiers, who responded by declaring war on the USA.
		USA would take hundreds of prisoners from the port of Algiers, using this to bargain; a technique similar to the one the pirates used.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/barbary_war_second.htm (223 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / CATHCART’S TRAVELS
		Visitors to the dey’s apartments, on being served coffee, were expected to return their cups with coins, which were distributed twice a year to the slaves.
		The dey’s demand was, of course, impossible; but he figured that if his opening bid was low enough, perhaps—just perhaps—he and the dey might be able to bargain to a compromise figure within the authorized amount.
		The dey was capricious, he explained, the dey was emotional; and should he be offended, there would not be so propitious an opportunity to establish peace again.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1975/4/1975_4_52.shtml (7666 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace, Signed Algiers June 30 and July 3, 1815 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Treaty of peace concluded between His United States of America and his Highness Omar Bashaw Dey of Algiers.
		If any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties are at war should be loaded on board of vessels belonging to the other party, they shall pass free and unmolested, and no attempt shall be made to take or detain them.
		All vessels of war belonging to the United States of America, on meeting with a Cruizer belonging to the Regency of Algiers, on having seen her passports, and Certificates from the Consul of the United States residing in Algiers shall permit her to proceed on her Cruize unmolested, and without detention.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1815t.htm (631 words)

	L'Italiana in Algeri
		The area ruled from Algiers, however, was divided into three Beyliks (provincial governments) with Beys at Oran, Constantine, and Médéa, all of whom served under the Dey of Algiers.
		The Dey (the Turkish word for a maternal uncle), chosen by the members of the Turkish military garrison from among their number, was nominally the viceroy of the Sultan, but was in reality the absolute ruler over the city of Algiers and its three subordinate Beyliks.
		More to the point, there were also at least two Deys of Algiers named Mustafa, one of whom reigned from 1798 - 1805 and may have been involved in real events inspiring the story.
	www.wbopera.org /9899/IA_glossary.html (904 words)

	U.S. Navy History
		After performing the errand courteously, and when he was about to leave, the Dey commanded Bainbridge to carry an Algerian ambassador to the Court of the Sultan at Constantinople.
		When he returned to Algiers, he was ordered by the Dey to go on another errand to Constantinople, when the captain peremptorily refused.
		Bainbridge, assuming the air of a dictator, demanded the instant release of the French consul and fifty or sixty of his own countrymen, whom the Dey had imprisoned, and they were borne away in the Washington in triumph.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Our_Country_vol_2/usnavy_bgh.html (1478 words)

	Digital History
		Several Americans were put to work as domestic servants; another was forced to care for the Dey of Algiers's lion.
		In a bid to free these white American "slaves," the Continental Congress decided to send John Lamb to negotiate with Dey Mohomet of Algiers for release of Americans prisoners and for safe passage of American ships in the Mediterranean.
		The Dey demanded $3,000 ransom per hostage, twice as much as he asked of other nations.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=362 (564 words)

	Bombardment of Algiers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photogravure of a painting by T. Whitcombe, after a plan by Captain Sir James Brisbane RN Bombardment of Algiers (August 27, 1816) - An attempt by Britain to end the terrible slavery practices of the Dey of Algiers.
		To this end, it was partially successful as the Dey of Algiers freed around 3,000 slaves following the bombardment and signed a treaty against slavery of Europeans.
		This squadron was considered by many to be an insufficient force, but Exmouth had already surveyed the defences of Algiers unobtrusively, he was very familiar with the town and was aware of a weakness in the field of fire of the defensive batteries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers (657 words)

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