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Topic: Diagnostic test of kidney function

	Nephron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its chief function is to regulate water and soluble substances by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
		Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.
		This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Nephron (1577 words)

	Renal physiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Renal physiology is the study of the physiology of the kidneys.
		The kidney removes from the blood many organic wastes, ammonia, urea, and other metabolic byproducts that may otherwise be harmful to the body.
		A more formal test of renal function would be to measure the glomerular filtration rate; usually a creatinine clearance test is performed but other markers, such as the plant polysaccharide inulin or radiolabelled EDTA, may be used as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Renal_physiology (845 words)

	New Kidney Function Test Better than Standard at Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Outcomes, May 18, 2005 Press ...
		Cystatin-C, a new blood test for kidney function, is a better predictor of death and cardiovascular risk among the elderly than the standard measure of kidney function, according to a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-funded study published in the May 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
		Investigators for NHLBI's Cardiovascular Health Study compared the two measures of kidney function, cystatin-C and the standard test creatinine, as predictors of death from all causes, death from cardiovascular causes, and incidence of heart attack and stroke among 4,637 elderly participants in the study.
		The standard evaluation of kidney function is an estimate of the kidney's rate of filtration — called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) — based on measurement of creatinine in the blood and a further calculation based on a patient's age, gender and race.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/may2005/nhlbi-18.htm (691 words)

	Kidney function tests
		Kidney function tests is a collective term for a variety of individual tests and procedures that can be done to evaluate how well the kidneys are functioning.
		The urea clearance test requires a blood sample to measure the amount of urea in the bloodstream and two urine specimens, collected one hour apart, to determine the amount of urea that is filtered, or cleared, by the kidneys into the urine.
		Inability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine in response to restricted fluid intake, or to dilute the urine in response to increased fluid intake during osmolality testing may indicate decreased kidney function.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/kidney_function_tests.jsp (1632 words)

	Kidney
		The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases affecting the kidney is called nephrology, from the Greek name for the kidney; the adjective meaning "kidney-related" is renal, from the Latin.
		Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine.
		Kidney transplantation is the only cure for advanced chronic renal failure; dialysis, while correcting the abnormalities to a degree, is seen as a form of "buying time" to bridge the inevitable wait for a suitable organ.
	www.mrsci.com /Endocrine-System/Kidney.php (2119 words)

	Kidney Biopsy: NIDDK - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		A biopsy is a diagnostic test that involves collecting small pieces of tissue, usually through a needle, for examination under a microscope.
		Kidney biopsies are usually done in a hospital.
		Established in 1987, the clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /artic/kidney_biopsy_niddk_printer.htm (964 words)

	Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Polycystic kidney disease, or PCKD, is an inherited kidney disorder in which multiple cysts grow in the kidneys, destroying normal kidney tissue.
		He or she may perform a kidney biopsy, in which a small sample of kidney tissue is removed for examination under a microscope.
		Kidney transplantation is also a way to treat patients with PCKD that have progressed to end stage renal disease.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/jkl/kidneydisease.htm (852 words)

	Kidney...Astroppo.com
		In humans the kidneys are the two organs that are located in the posterior part of the abdomen, on either side of the spine just below the liver and spleen on the right and left sides of the body respectively.
		The upper parts of the kidneys are protected somewhat by the eleventh and twelfth ribs, and each whole kidney is surrounded by two layers of fat (the perirenal fat and the pararenal fat) which help to cushion it.
		The outer portion of the kidney is called the renal cortex, the next portion is called the renal medulla, at the center of the kidney is the pelvis.
	www.astroppo.com /kidney.htm (1303 words)

	Your Kidneys and How They Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As kidney function worsens, the amount of albumin and other proteins in the urine increases, and the condition is called proteinuria.
		In this first stage of kidney disease, the goals of treatment are to slow the progression of CKD and reduce the risk of heart and blood vessel disease.
		People with reduced kidney function (a high creatinine level in the blood or a low creatinine clearance) should have their blood pressure controlled, and an ACE inhibitor or an ARB should be one of their medications.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/index.htm (4113 words)

	Kidney Stones -- Exams and Tests
		Your first diagnosis of kidney stones often occurs when you see your doctor or go to an emergency room because you are in great pain.
		It is a CT scan of the ureters and kidneys, but the scanner moves in a circle as you move through the machine.
		Blood chemistry screen, to measure kidney function, levels of calcium, uric acid, phosphorus, electrolytes and other substances that may contribute to stone formation.
	www.webmd.com /hw/kidney_failure/hw204889.asp?printing=true (631 words)

	Kidney...MedicalGeo.com
		A person's blood pass through the kidneys 350 times a day at the rate of 1.2 litres per minute, producing 125cc of glomerular filtrate per mnute.
		Kidney tissue Enlarge Kidney tissue The renal tubule is continuous with Bowman's capsule.
		The segment that drains glomerular filtrate from the Bowman's capsule is the proximal convoluted tubule.
	www.medicalgeo.com /kidney.html (911 words)

	Laboratory Test Information: NIAID and Clinical Center HIV Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By combining a series of tests utilizing both in vivo (in the body) and in vitro (in the lab) measurements of immune function, along with determination of cell numbers, one is better able to understand the function of the immune system of a given individual.
		Their main function is to down regulate (turn-off) antibody production by the B cell and to suppress or turn off the cells once the infection is under control.
		Elevations in serum creatinine are indicative of the degree of the kidneys' diminished function.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dir/labs/lir/hiv/packet2.htm (4833 words)

	UCSF News Office - Researchers compare kidney function tests and find a more accurate predictor of elder mortality
		In comparison, the test for creatinine revealed the mortality risk only for those participants whose creatinine levels were in the top 10 percent of those measured.
		Both the cystatin test and the creatinine test measure how efficiently the kidneys filter those respective proteins from the blood; the higher the protein level, the less efficient the kidney function.
		To obtain their results, the researchers analyzed blood samples taken, and subsequently frozen, in 1992 and 1993 from the 4,637 participating men and women who were 65 or older at the study's inception.
	pub.ucsf.edu /newsservices/releases/200505185 (967 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Histamine Diagnostic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		How the stomach test is done: Before this medicine is given, the stomach contents are emptied through a tube.
		In deciding to use a diagnostic test, any risks of the test must be weighed against the good it will do.
		Otherwise, this test may not work and may have to be done again.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202282.html (799 words)

	Kidney Function
		Along with the liver, the kidneys are another part of the waste processing system of the body -- thus urine goes from the kidneys into the bladder.
		The following tests are often given monthly as part of the complete metabolic panel with blood drawn before chemotherapy or during regular monitoring of your disease.
		Chloride is an electrolyte regulated by the kidneys and adrenal glands.
	www.hrpca.org /kidneyfunction.htm (885 words)

	FuturePundit: Test Predicts Kidney Failure Years In Advance
		On the dipstick test, men who had more than a trace amount of protein in their urine in middle age were at triple the risk of ESRD at follow-up.
		Since advances in testing are happening and will continue to happen for decades to come I'm predicting a growth in the size of interest groups in support of the development of stem cell research, gene therapy, growth of replacement organs, and other cures for diseases.
		While the study does identify risk factors (protein in the urine and decreased kidney function) for future kidney failure, it doesn't argue that screening the entire population for these risks is necessarily cost-effective, and therefore the study is unlikely to change current guidelines, which are not in favor of screening everyone with these tests.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/003370.html (1352 words)

	August '97 - Kidney Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Kidney problems are a growing concern for beaglers as well as other pet owners.
		Kidney failure and nephrotic (kidney) syndrom must be differentiated for appropriate treatment.
		Protein in the urine coming from the kidneys can be either functional as seen in dogs after strenuous exercise or pathologic due to glomerular or tubular inflammation or damage.
	www.espomagazine.com /vet/aug97.htm (667 words)

	Lhasa Apso Kidney Disease - Kai-La-Sha
		This makes it quite different from common forms of kidney disease which occur in adult or aged dogs and from other diseases, drugs and/or poisons which may cause inflammation of the kidneys and abnormal results on blood and urine test of kidney function.
		Breeders can also submit kidneys from puppies that die mysteriously at a young age, but DO NOT send kidneys of puppies less than eight weeks old because their kidneys are not suffficiently developed to identify the disease.
		If urine and blood tests are normal and you are unwilling to do a biopsy, you may be able to detect the presence of the disease with ultrasound, although a normal ultrasound will not prove that your dog does not have renal dysplasia.
	www.lhasa-apso.org /health/hrd.htm (2521 words)

	Clinical Trial: Evaluation of Kidney Function in Children With Brain Tumors
		For this reason the function of the kidneys is assessed using a laboratory test at 3 or 6 months intervals during the treatment.
		The results of the MRI measurement of the single kidney renal function would be combined to provide a measure of global renal function and this would be compared with that obtained from the laboratory test.
		Renal function is traditionally measured by estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using nuclear scintigraphy or collection of 24 hours of urine to measure creatinine clearance.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00229801 (1556 words)

	December 14, 2005 Blood test can accurately diagnose heart failure in patients with kidney dysfunction
		"It is well understood that kidney disease reduces the usefulness of testing for both NT-proBNP and a related biomarker called BNP, and the conventional understanding was that NT-proBNP was the more affected of the two," says James Januzzi Jr., MD, of the MGH Cardiology Division, the paper's senior author.
		Published earlier this year, the PRIDE study showed NT-proBNP to be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of acute heart failure in patients with shortness of breath and to strongly predict patient deaths.
		A major concern about the widespread use of the marker had been previous assertions that kidney disease - very common in patients with heart failure - might confound the results of NT-proBNP testing, since levels of the marker were higher among those with reduced renal function.
	www.mgh.harvard.edu /news/releases/121405januzzi.html (751 words)

	Diagnostic Tests for Kidney conditions - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Urine tests can show how quickly body wastes are being removed and whether the kidneys are also leaking abnormal amounts of protein.
		As kidney disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the blood increases.
		A creatinine clearance test compares the creatinine in a 24-hour sample of urine to the creatinine level in the blood, to show how many milliliters of blood the kidneys are filtering out each minute (mL/min).
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /k/kidney/tests.htm (466 words)

	Diagnosis and evaluation - Sjogren's Syndrome.
		In this test, the doctor puts a drop of dye into your eye and examines the eye with a special instrument called a slit lamp.
		This test is often done by an ophthalmologist (eye doctor}.
		In this test, the doctor removes a few salivary glands from inside your lip.
	www.orthop.washington.edu /uw/tabID__3370/ItemID__55/mid__0/PageID__6/Articles/Default.aspx (261 words)

	The Pat Carrigan Chair in Feline Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Other investigators have created a new generation of ultrasensitive diagnostic tests for detecting feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.
		An important new diagnostic test for kidney function, known as iohexol clearance, was developed at MSU.
		Our clinicians and investigators are well known for their continuing work to solve the puzzles of feline lower urinary tract disease and urolithiasis and to devise effective treatments for them.
	cvm.msu.edu /research/CARRIGAN.HTM (1163 words)

	Kidney Biopsy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		You will be asked to hold your breath as the doctor inserts the biopsy needle and collects the tissue, usually for about 30 seconds or a little longer for each insertion.
		These patients may still undergo a kidney biopsy through an open operation in which the surgeon makes an incision and can see the kidney to obtain a biopsy.
		The needle threads down through the blood vessel to the right kidney in order to obtain the tissue from the inside without puncturing the outside skin of the kidney.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/biopsy/index.htm (1024 words)

	[No title]
		Researchers performed the standard test on the same patients and came up with a much smaller number for those at risk.
		This Cystatin-C test is FDA approved for diagnostic use, but it is not yet widely available or commonly used.
		The standard test for kidney function measures Creatinine, a compound made by the liver.
	www.ksdk.com /printfullstory.aspx?storyid=79640 (198 words)

	Clinical Trial: Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluating Kidney Function
		Our main purpose is to test MR renography with and without an oral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) combined with MR angiography against the reference standard of captopril radionuclide renography.
		Secondary goals of this study are to test whether hypoxia within ischemic kidneys affected by RVH is detectable by T2 weighted (Blood oxygen level dependent or BOLD) MRI.
		This is considered of value since such a test of oxygenation would further shorten and simplify the diagnostic MR test.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00006173 (693 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Inulin (Diagnostic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Inulin (IN-yoo-lin) is used as a test to help diagnose problems or disease of the kidneys.
		Several times during the test, blood and sometimes urine samples are taken.
		In deciding to use a diagnostic test, the risks of the test must be weighed against the good it will do.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202300.html (536 words)

	Kidney
		* Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection.
		Here is an example of the basic keyword research for Kidney.
		Below are the top internet searches for Kidney for the past month.
	www.econtentos.com /kidney.htm (1249 words)

	Cystatin-C, a new blood test for kidney function, is a better predictor of death and cardiovascular risk among the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		AmericanHealth911.com - We are the #1 Blue Cross agency in the country We can help you with Blue Cross health insurance for Individuals and Families, Medicare Supplements and Part D for Seniors, and Group health insurance for businesses of all sizes.
		Cystatin-C, a new blood test for kidney function, is a better predictor of death and cardiovascular risk among the elderly
		Cystatin-C, a new blood test for kidney function, is a better predictor of death and cardiovascular risk among the elderly than the standard measure of kidney function, according to a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-funded study published in the current issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=10241 (724 words)

	NIH/NHLBI News Release--New Kidney Function Test Better than Standard at Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Outcomes, ...
		NIH/NHLBI News Release--New Kidney Function Test Better than Standard at Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Outcomes, 5/18/05
		The standard evaluation of kidney function is an estimate of the kidney’s rate of filtration—called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)— based on measurement of creatinine in the blood and a further calculation based on a patient’s age, gender and race.
		Dr. Shlipak noted that additional research is needed to determine the exact clinical role for this test, but that it may be most useful in high-risk patients with normal creatinine.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /new/press/05-05-18.htm (683 words)

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