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Topic: Diapause

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	United States Patent Application: 0040013608
		In diapause 1, the embryo is typically characterized as an undifferentiated mass of cells.
		In diapause 3, the embryo is typically characterized as being fully developed and ready to hatch in the presence of water or at the onset of rainfall.
		One or more diapause factors may be included in or added to the solution containing the diapause species, and the factors may up-regulate or down-regulate the biological processes associated with entering diapause, maintaining diapause, and/or transitioning out of diapause.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040013608".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040013608&RS=DN/20040013608 (6584 words)

	Developmental Biology Online: Diapause in Insects
		Diapause is a suspension of development that can occur at the embryonic, larval, pupal, or adult stage, depending on the species.
		Diapause is especially important in temperate zone insects that overwinter.
		In the silkworm Bombyx, embryonic diapause appears to be regulated by diapause hormone, a 24-amino acid peptide that is produced in the subesophageal ganglion (Fukuda 1952, Hasegawa 1952).
	www.devbio.com /article.php?ch=22&id=211 (702 words)

	Bionomics of Codling Moth: Diapause Induction in Codling Moth Larvae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bionomics of Codling Moth: Diapause Induction in Codling Moth Larvae
		Diapause is the principal mechanism for coordinating the life cycle of an insect with the dynamics of temperature and food conditions in the year.
		The codling moth overwinters as a diapausing larva in a cocoon under the bark or in the ground at the base of the tree.
	www.ippc.orst.edu /codlingmoth/bionomics/diapause.html (469 words)

	Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause: why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause is a state of arrested development accompanied by physiology for somatic persistence.
		Diapause is common in many invertebrates and is familiar to biogerontology in the context of Caenorhabditis elegans dauer.
		In monarchs and in grasshoppers, reproductive diapause physiology has been experimentally induced by the surgical removal of the corpora allata, the source of adult juvenile hormone; allatectomy in each case was found to double adult longevity.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11295511.html (282 words)

	Ecology: The joint evolution of diapause and insecticide resistance: a test of an optimality model
		Partial diapause is a bet-hedging strategy because it increases geometric-mean fitness in unpredictable habitats, at the cost of reducing the rate of increase within years that are favorable to non-diapause in the first generation (Seger and Brockmann 1987, Philippi and Seger 1989).
		All diapausing larvae are assumed to be unexposed to the insecticides.
		L is the average number of diapausing larvae left by a female in the fall, and S is the probability of survival up to the end of the fall for larvae that initiate diapause at the end of June.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_n5_v76/ai_17097631 (1300 words)

	Diapause in flies (Diptera) and its control
		In sarcophagids the pupal diapause occurs normally in the phanerocephalic stage and in muscids in red-eye pharate imago (Haematobia irritans).
		The dynamic character of the pupal diapause is conformed by the changes in the sensitivity of diapausing pupae to the ecdysteroids, ogranic solvents and high temperature shock.
		In chapter 6 the use of the data concerning the seasonality of development and the diapause in the practice of the laboratory and industrial cultivation of the flies, in the forensic medicine and in the phenological prognosis and of the control of synanthropic and synbovine flies are considered.
	www.zin.ru /labs/expent/pr_difly.html (1046 words)

	Chippendale & Sorenson: Southwestern corn borer
		Diapausing southwestern corn borer in its overwintering cell in the stalk crown of a maize plant.
		Pathogens cause considerable mortality of diapause southwestern corn borers.
		Bird predation in maize stubble is important in suppressing populations of diapause southwestern corn borers in Arkansas (Wall and Whitcomb, 1964), Louisiana (Floyd et al., 1969), Mississippi (Davis et al., 1973), and Missouri (Langille, 1975).
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/chippen.htm (4260 words)

	Aquarium Critters in Science - Diapause by Sally Boggs
		A discussion of diapause: the state of suspended animation that annual killifish eggs and some other aquarium critters go through.
		Diapause is not the only advantage the killifish embryo has.
		Diapause is not unique to killifish, arrest or delay of embryonic development can occur in many animals if environmental conditions are not favourable.
	www.aquarticles.com /articles/breeding/Boggs_Diapause.html (880 words)

	Longest Diapause Among Insects
		Diapause lasting more than a year, also called “prolonged” or “extended” diapause, is known in many species of insects (Danks 1987).
		The physiological mechanisms of prolonged diapause are poorly understood (Tauber et al.
		Powell (1987) suggested that particular token stimuli needed to promote the late phases of diapause maintenance and diapause termination are not received.
	ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu /chap03.htm (752 words)

	Embryonic diapause and its regulation -- Lopes et al. 128 (6): 669 -- Reproduction
		In marsupials, the embryo in diapause comprises 60–100
		diapause and increases with activation of the CL, and is elevated
		elegans dauer diapause in response to environmental cues.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/full/128/6/669 (5946 words)

	The Diapause Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Steps are taken to induce super-cooling in cold climates, to prevent premature diapause termination, and synchronize the development of the populations.
		The trigger to end diapause can be a cataclysmic event that once initiated is first recoverable (by reasserting diapause conditions), but in a very short period of induced non-diapause condition, becomes irreversible.
		At one time a diapause hormone was postulated to initiate the diapause state, but except for the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, and related moths, this has not been a general finding.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~chmeliar/diapause/kjintroduction/syndrome.html (605 words)

	UPenn - SAS - Biology - People - Faculty
		The frequency of diapause incidence is strikingly clinal across the latitudinal gradient in the eastern U.S., varying from approximately 35% in southern Florida to greater than 80% in New England populations.
		The “decision” to either diapause and postpone reproduction or develop directly clearly has an impact on organismal fitness, and variation for the diapause response may be of critical importance to population dynamics and the evolution of life histories.
		I am interested in examining whether diapause is a central component of a series of traits involved in the adaptation of Drosophila to temperate climates, and whether diapause variation reflects a larger set of underlying pleiotropic and fitness correlated traits associated with the same causal pathway.
	www.bio.upenn.edu /faculty/schmidt/paul (880 words)

	[No title]
		Diapause is a programmed developmental arrest triggered by external events that allows insects to survive their surroundings during harsh environmental conditions.
		Diapausing insects have been shown to be in a state of cellular arrest, therefore insects during diapause are considered to be ageless.
		To determine the effect of regulated genes on the diapause state and ultimately their significance in the aging process a microarray analysis was conducted using Sarcophaga crassipalpis diapausing and non-diapausing RNA probes against a partial Drosophila gene set.
	www.etsu.edu /studentresearch/DII_Natural_Mathematics.htm (832 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Isolation and Characterization of Three Diapause Associated Transcripts from the Colorado ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause (dormancy) is the central physiological mechanism enabling insects to survive winter conditions.
		Diapause is also being explored as a means of storing beneficial insects used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.
		I investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the initiation of diapause in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, which is the major pest of potato in North America and Europe.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=139022&pf=1 (403 words)

	Monarchs in the Classroom
		Monarchs emerging in the fall are in reproductive diapause, which is a state of suspended development of the reproductive organs.
		Once diapause is complete, the insect may continue to remain dormant until environmental conditions are suitable.
		They have found that males mating early in the season (who have completed diapause early) are thinner and more tattered than males still roosting early in the season (who are still in diapause).
	www.monarchlab.umn.edu /research/Mig/migback1.html (1256 words)

	Diapause in the Boll Weevil (Coleopetra: Curculionidae) : Life-Stage Sensitivity to Enviromental Cues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause in the Boll Weevil (Coleopetra: Curculionidae) : Life-Stage Sensitivity to Enviromental Cues
		This study examines the diapause response in naturally occurring boll weevils under field and simulated field environments of north Mississippi.
		However, the rates of gain or loss in the acquisition of diapause depend on the intensity and duration of the token stimuli during part or all of the life cycle.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=1326 (456 words)

	IngentaConnect Geographic variation in diapause response of adult Rhipicephalus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause in adults of the African brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is dependent on latitude and stock origin.
		Diapause response to short daylengths is found in higher latitude populations, further south, and increases with increasing latitude.
		Diapause termination in higher latitude populations is induced by increasing photoperiod, further north, but still south of the equator, diapause is terminated by ageing.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/appa/2002/00000027/00000003/00406960 (230 words)

	American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause is a response to unfavourable changes in the environment.
		Here, we present a simulation model for optimal timing of diapause in a population facing density dependence and annual fluctuations in mortality and growth opportunities.
		The main assumption is that the timing of life history events like diapause is heritable and triggered by environmental signals.
	aslo.org /meetings/albuquerque2001/586.html (263 words)

	Dr. Karl H. Joplin
		Diapause is an aspect of their life cycle that insects use to survive winter conditions.
		Diapause, as an optional developmental state, is an example of a genetic response to an environmental cue that stops continual development and initiates an alternative developmental program.
		Diapause specific proteins expressed by the brain during the pupal diapause of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis.
	www.etsu.edu /biology/joplin.htm (1191 words)

	Diapause and reproduction in Trichogramma species: environmental and endogenous control
		Lowered temperature during larval development was the ultimate factor evoking prepupal diapause, but the norm of this thermal reaction was not fixed and varied depending on photoperiod and temperature in the previous generation due to maternal influence.
		et Sor the tendency to diapause in the progeny depends on the photoperiodic reactions of both maternal and pre-maternal generations, although the maternal influence was much stronger than the pre-maternal influence.
		The present study supported the assumption that the age-specific and the generation-specific changes in the tendency to diapause present two different scales of manifestations of the same mechanism based on maternal influence on progeny diapause.
	www.zin.ru /labs/expent/pr_trdi.html (608 words)

	In vitro translation of diapause mRNA from the fat body of active and diapause larvae of the pink bollworm, ...
		A diapause associated protein (DAP) (M(r) 103,000) was isolated from the hemolymph and fat body of diapausing fourth instar larvae of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella.
		The in vitro translation peptide patterns of total RNA from the fat body of actively feeding fourth instar, wandering, prediapause, early diapause, mid-diapause, and late diapause larvae in rabbit reticulocyte lysates showed the presence of poly (A)+ RNA sequence of PDP.
		Northern hybridization analysis revealed that wandering fourth instar larvae (diapause individuals) maintain a relatively low level of diapause message (mRNA/2.4 kb) in their fat body cells which may be necessary for the induction of diapause.
	www.egeinfonet.i8.com /pub/1993/8.html (198 words)

	Diapause in insects (from dormancy) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Dormancy in protozoans and invertebrates > Diapause in insects
		Diapause, which may occur during any stage of the life cycle—egg, nymph, larva, pupa, or adult—is usually characterized by a cessation of growth in the immature stages and a cessation of sexual activity in adults.
		More results on "Diapause in insects (from dormancy)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-48526?tocId=48526 (820 words)

	Current Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When ant colonies in the autumn state were subjected to long-day photoperiods, it resulted in a quick termination of diapause both in queens and larvae (Kipyatkov, 1977b).
		Spring larvae did not pupate at all under the care of diapause autumn workers, whereas naturally overwintered (spring) workers provoked growth and pupation in the majority of both spring and diapause autumn larvae.
		A significant correlation between the frequency of stimulating behavioural acts (palpation and licking of the mouth region of a larva) observer in nurse workers and the developmental response of the larvae fed by them was found (Kipyatkov and Lopatina, 1989b).
	www.bio.pu.ru /win/entomol/Kipyatkov/currproj.htm (2542 words)

	Cotton IPM - Module 1 - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Diapause: In general terms, diapause is a resting stage when the development process halts at a certain stage to restart either at a certain fixed point in time or when the insect receives a stimulus.
		We can talk about an obligate diapause when all the individuals in a generation always enter diapause or a facultative diapause when some members of a generation enter diapause or only those individuals that were stressed enter diapause.
		In addition we can distinguish between a diapause and aestivation, where the former term is reserved for an overwintering process, and the latter term denotes a means of surviving adverse conditions during summer or the ‘hot season’.
	www.aglearn.net /cottIPMModule1.html (3308 words)

	The Escape of the Mink Embryo from Obligate Diapause -- Desmarais et al. 70 (3): 662 -- Biology of Reproduction
		Protein synthesis in the embryo was assayed during the escape from diapause by determination of the incorporation of
		The effect of embryonic diapause on the nuclei and mitotic activity of mink and rat blastocysts.
		Prolactin-induced termination of obligate diapause of mink (Mustela vison) blastocysts in vitro and subsequent establishment of embryonic stem-like cells.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/70/3/662 (4973 words)

	os31l in os98
		Subitaneous and diapause eggs are produced, and both egg types occur in the seabed.
		Diapause eggs that were incubated at ambient field temperatures did not hatch when exposed to normoxia until the temperature dropped to < 20 oC.
		The contribution of diapause eggs of C. hamatus to a persistent egg bank is questionable since hatching ceased after 437 d.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=os98&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os98/os98&maxhits=200&="OS31L" (2909 words)

	ISU Extension News Release
		Diapause causes several changes in metabolism and behavior, the most obvious of which is reduced activity.
		Diapause can occur in any life stage of insects, though, for each different species, diapause occurs at the same stage, every time.
		Insects in winter diapause are further protected by antifreeze-like compounds that protect against ice formation in their bodies.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /newsrel/2003/feb03/feb0311.html (768 words)

	Bionomics of Codling Moth: Diapause Termination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Townsend (1925) was able to terminate diapause by exposing larvae to 10°C. In short day conditions, diapause termination can happen only under the influence of low temperature between 0° and 10°C (Shel'Deshova, 1967).
		The ecological features of the diapausing caterpillars play a large role in the distribution of the codling moth.
		Although some population do not always require chilling for diapause termination, and some larvae in a population that are univoltine never show a photoperiodic response.
	www.ippc.orst.edu /codlingmoth/bionomics/Diapause_Term.html (298 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Sub-Zero Cooling Synchronizes Post-Diapause Development of Codling Moth, Cydia Pomonella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Other research has indicated that moths from diapausing (hibernating) larvae are not as long lived, show poor mating success, and produce fewer eggs than insects which have not been in diapause.
		Technical Abstract: Sub-zero cooling treatments of -10 deg C and -15 deg C for 2-6 days were evaluated as a means of meeting the chilling requirement of diapause and to synchronize post-diapause development in larvae which were held in diapause for less than 6 months.
		The duration of sub-zero cooling had a significant effect on post-diapause emergence in relation to the duration that the larvae were in diapause.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=106409&pf=1 (387 words)

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