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Topic: Diaphragm (optics)

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	Nikon MicroscopyU: The Microscope Optical Train
		Two basic types of diaphragms are utilized in the microscope: the aperture diaphragm, which adjusts the aperture angles in the microscope, and the field diaphragm that controls the size of the field imaged by the instrument.
		The primary role of diaphragms in the optical microscope is to prevent light rays with severe aberration and stray light from reaching the image planes, and to ensure a suitable distribution and intensity of light in both the object and image space.
		The field diaphragm, positioned in the lamphouse or in the base of the microscope, is an adjustable iris-type diaphragm that determines the size of the illuminating field of light.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/optics/components.html (6109 words)

	Diaphragm (optics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The diaphragm is placed in the lightpath of a lens or objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens.
		The iris is the diaphragm, and the opening in the iris of the eye (the pupil) is the aperture.
		, the inventor of the iris diaphragm is unknown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diaphragm_(optics) (890 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Photomicrography - Microscope Configuration and Other Common Errors
		When the aperture diaphragm opening is reduced to its smallest size, severe image deterioration occurs and photomicrographs become dark and obscured with diffraction artifacts, predominantly dark halos surrounding the edges of fine structural details.
		In Figure 6(a), where the aperture diaphragm is set to a position in which the numerical aperture of the condenser and objective are nearly equal, much of the fine specimen detail is visible, although there remains a considerable amount of scattering and glare and overall image contrast is heavily compromised.
		The diaphragm should be superimposed over the focused image of the specimen and the aperture closed until the individual blades appear in sharp focus with the iris opening diameter filling approximately 25-40 percent of the viewfield.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/photomicrography/errors.html (6916 words)

	Diaphragm (optics)
		In optics, a diaphragm is an aperture stop (a thin opaque structure with an opening in it) in the lightpath of a lens or objective that can regulate the amount of light that passes.
		The diaphragm of the human eye is known as the iris ; the opening in the iris of the eye is known as the pupil.
		Iris diaphragms usually have five to eight blades, depending on the intended uses, pricing and quality of the device in which it is used.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/diaphragm_(optics) (471 words)

	Diaphragm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urogenital diaphragm, a layer of the pelvis separating deep perineal sac from the upper pelvis
		Diaphragm (optics), a stop in the light path of a lens, having an aperture that regulates the amount of light that passes
		Diaphragm seal, a membrane that seals an enclosure
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diaphragm (226 words)

	Using the Microscope: Basic Tutorial: Part 3: Light Paths.
		The diameter of the illuminated field is controlled by means of an iris diaphragm (the lamp field diaphragm) immediately in front of the lamp field lens.
		It is focused to form an image of the lamp diaphragm blades in the plane of the specimen, which means that the microscope field is filled with an image of the lamp condenser lens filled with light.
		The optics of the eye are simple enough -- it's how the brain makes sense of the weirdly distorted image which falls on the spherically curved surface of the retina and processes it into the familiar images of the external world which is food for speculation.
	www.micrographia.com /tutoria/micbasic/micbpt03/micb0300.htm (848 words)

	Piezoelectric/electrostrictive film-type element and method for producing the same - Patent 5814920
		A portion of the diaphragm plate 8, which is located on the window 6 of the base plate 4, is used as a diaphragm section 10.
		As for the shape of the diaphragm section 10 of the zirconia substrate 2, it is possible to adopt, in addition to the flat shape as shown in the drawings, an outwardly convex shape formed opposingly to the side of the window 6, and an inwardly concave shape recessed into the window 6.
		As for the zirconia substrate 2 with the diaphragm section 10 having the outwardly convex shape as preferably used in the present invention as described above, the outwardly convex shape is generally changed to the inwardly concave shape by the firing operation for the piezoelectric and/or electrostrictive layer 14.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5814920.html (8285 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Photomicrography - Common Fluorescence Photomicrography Errors with Transparency ...
		The auxiliary shutter should be placed somewhere in the light path between the field diaphragm and the condenser, but not close enough to the field diaphragm to be imaged with the specimen.
		Contamination near the field diaphragm will appear in sharp focus on film, and scratches or dirt on filters placed near the field diaphragm are often a source of debris artifacts.
		The latter plane is positioned at the fixed diaphragm of the eyepiece, which can become contaminated when the eyepiece is removed from the microscope and the lens nearest the fixed diaphragm or the reticle is exposed to circulating room air.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/photomicrography/chromefaults2.html (3813 words)

	Light microscopy
		These pages will describe types of optics that are used to obtain contrast, suggestions for finding specimens and focusing on them, and advice on using measurement devices with a light microscope.
		The bright field condenser usually contains an aperture diaphragm, a device that controls the diameter of the light beam coming up through the condenser, so that when the diaphragm is stopped down (nearly closed) the light comes straight up through the center of the condenser lens and contrast is high.
		A disadvantage of having to rely solely on an aperture diaphragm for contrast is that beyond an optimum point the more contrast you produce the more you distort the image.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~bioslabs/methods/microscopy/microscopy.html (2080 words)

	Fiber sensor tackles blood pressure - optics.org
		According to the team from the University of Maribor, the fast-acting, 125 µm diameter device could replace fluid-filled catheters and pressure lines, which are vulnerable to mechanical disturbances.
		Variations in pressure cause the diaphragm to flex, altering the interferometer's cavity length and changing the intensity of light falling on a detector.
		However, because the sensitivity of this style of pressure sensor is highly dependent on diaphragm radius, the task of miniaturizing a stiff, silicon-based sensor below several hundred microns is a challenge.
	optics.org /articles/news/11/6/5/1 (329 words)

	Diaphragm (optics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In optics, a 'diaphragm' is an opening in the lightpath of a lens or objective that can regulate the amount of light that passes.
		Diaphragms usualy have five to eight blades, depending on the intended uses, pricing and quality of the device in which it is used.
		A small diaphragm reduces the amount of light, but also reduces the influence of aberrations of the optical lens system and increases the depth of field.
	wiki-shorts.freestat.pl /16-1443-Diaphragm_-28optics-29.html (329 words)

	Glossary
		With a photographic lens, exposure is often adjusted by varying the size of the lens' diaphragm (aperture) to adjust the amount of light passing through the lens.
		Diffraction in a photographic lens occurs at small apertures where the diaphragm edges obstruct the straight-line path of advancing light waves, causing light rays passing near the edge of the diaphragm to bend around the edges as they pass through the diaphragm.
		Diffractive Optics, a revolutionary new lens optical technology that permits super-telephoto lenses that are significantly shorter and lighter than previously possible, while simultaneously improving optical performance by reducing chromatic aberrations and even spherical aberrations.
	www.usa.canon.com /html/eflenses/lens101/glossary/index_d.html (2208 words)

	Flare
		Reflections at air/glass interfaces, at the lens barrel, at the diaphragm blades, at the film, scattering at impurities within the glass, or even camera light leakage.
		The advent of (multi) coatings greatly reduced the magnitude of reflections at the air/glass interfaces of lens elements, but the performance of a coating is not constant over the spectrum and depends on the angle of incidence.
		On the film, the consequence is a streak of patches of various sizes and colors, the shape of which resembles the diaphragm opening.
	www.vanwalree.com /optics/flare.html (1473 words)

	Night Vision Goggles, Rifle Scopes, Binoculars, Cameras, Lenses, Spotting Scopes, Magnifiers
		The focal length of the lens is 80 mm, the relative aperture is 1:2.8, the diaphragm setting limit is 22, the near focusing limit is 0.6 m.
		Set the diaphragm, turning ring 13 until the selected value aligns with the index on the stationary ring.
		Focusing for sharp image either by the ground-glass surface, micro-screen and wedges or by the distance scale is accomplished, turning the ring with scale 15.
	www.kremlinoptics.com /manuals/kiev-60.htm (2034 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - Water Hammer
		The diaphragm deflects due to the pressure, and its deflection is transformed to an electrical output via various methods.
		When building a sensor the diaphragm is first built and the all the other components are chosen to achieve the rated specification.
		When a diaphragm bends beyond its elastic limit, it can not be bent back to original shape or replaced because of the unique components associated with the original diaphragm.
	www.omega.com /techref/waterhammer.html (1260 words)

	DIAPHRAGM
		Rotating the diaphragm control ring in the direction that reduces the size of the aperture is termed stopping down.
		When the diaphragm is set at the largest aperture, the lens is said to be wide open.
		The diaphragm, along with the shutter, controls the amount of light passing through a lens, and hence the exposure the film receives.
	www.tpub.com /photography1/ph20920.htm (990 words)

	Back to Basics
		While an understanding of optics is useful, much of the mathematics and details are more important to people designing optical systems (the microscope), than those who use existing systems.
		The lever on the side of the diaphragm is used to control the cone of light.
		My diaphragm has a light coating of grease, which over time picks up bits of dust, which you can see on the left side of the image.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artfeb06/hw-basics.html (1986 words)

	A Brief History of Fiber Optic Technology
		Fiber optic technology experienced a phenomenal rate of progress in the second half of the twentieth century.
		The early work on fiber optic light source and detector was slow and often had to borrow technology developed for other reasons.
		Fiber optics developed over the years in a series of generations that can be closely tied to wavelength.
	www.fiber-optics.info /fiber-history.htm (2006 words)

	Brain Research Institute
		Also, if the iris diaphragm in the condenser turret is open wide, the glare may obscure the edge of the field diaphragm silhouette somewhat.
		When the edge of the field diaphragm silhouette is sharply defined, center it with the two knobs (usually knurled knobs) coming out diagonally from the condenser.
		As stated before, you may notice some glare around the edge of the field diaphragm, that the edge area outside the edge is not completely dark like the outer part of the whole field as you should see it now.
	www.bri.ucla.edu /bri_research/microscopy_k-illumination.asp (866 words)

	LOMO Biolam Microscopes.
		The damage of the diaphragm usually comes from forcing the diaphragm control arm with the blades solid with grease, this distorts the blades and the brass pins jump out of their fixing holes with the possibility of irreparable damage to the blades either through the pins pulling out of the blade or blade distortion.
		Once the blades are distorted it is difficult for them to be used again since the material is a springy metal not dissimilar to that used in old clock springs, once distorted it doesn't easily return to its previous shape especially in the case of sharp creases caused by the blade doubling up on itself.
		With the diaphragm housing placed on the table with the aperture arm facing upwards remove three tiny screws around the perimeter of the diaphragm housing the screws of which are shown at the bottom of Fig 10.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmar06/iw-lomooblique.html (3972 words)

	Chrysis.net - Photo resources: Canon Technology
		The multilayered diffractive lenses are constructed with the goal to alter the light path inside the lenses and to not scatter part of that light as happens with normal lenses: here, in fact, all the light is forced to describe the image.
		EMD (Electromagnetic Diaphragm) is a diaphragm drive control actuator, which is a component integrating both a stepping motor and a diaphragm blade unit in a single unit, used for fully-electronic data transmission EF mount system.
		EMD controls diaphragm blade by a stepping motor and aperture diameter by electronic pulse signal from the camera body to overcome the problem of conventional mechanical diaphragm units, while also provides benefits that conventional mechanism does not offer.
	www.chrysis.net /photo/canon/tech/technology.htm (1417 words)

	Glossary of Terms Used in this Section
		Whatever is placed on the eyepiece diaphragm (measuring scale, cross hair, pointer) will be superimposed on and in focus with the specimen image.
		Optically corrected to eliminate field curvature; flat field optics are particularly suitable for examination or photomicrography of large viewing areas.
		Glass disc with scale or grid mounted to the eyepiece diaphragm and used for quantitative measurement of subject.
	wardsci.com /article.asp?ai=78 (1212 words)

	BioEd Online Slides: resolution, microscopy, microscope use, optics
		Dark field optics can resolve objects with diameters as little as 25 nanometers (1/40 of a micrometer), which is far superior to the resolution attainable using bright field optics.
		By centering the condenser so that the annular diaphragm is concentric with the phase plate, one can optimize the dynamic range (i.e., obtain maximum contrast in brightness among parts of a specimen with varying indexes of refraction).
		Specialized optics are usually necessary for imaging very small unstained living organisms, such as bacteria or the smallest protists.
	www.bioedonline.org /slides/slide01.cfm?q=resolution (3107 words)

	User Manuals -- ZENIT-E
		The exposure time and the appropriate diaphragm chosen depending on conditions of photographing should be correspondingly set on the camera and on the lens.
		To obtain a necessary diaphragm on the HELIOS-44-2 lens align the index with one of the figures (2; 2.8; 4; 5.6; 8; 11; 16) engraved on the diaphragm setting ring.
		After the camera is focused you can read limits of the depth of field for a chosen diaphragm which are disposed against equivalent divisions of the depth of field scale on both sides of the index on the distance scale.
	www.rugift.com /photocameras/manuals/zenit-e.htm (1951 words)

	Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The human eye is the most fundamental optical instrument, since without it the field of optics would not exist.
		The iris is a circular diaphragm that opens and closes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
		Behind the cornea is a circular diaphragm, the iris, whose central hole is called the pupil.
	library.thinkquest.org /TQ0312432/lessons_part-08.html (2218 words)

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