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	Diapsid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diapsids ("two arches") are a group of tetrapod animals that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side of their skulls, about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period.
		Living diapsids are extremely diverse, and include all birds, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, tuataras, and possibly even turtles.
		There are 14,600 species of diapsid existing in environments around the world today, including most flying and poisonous vertebrates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diapsid (191 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		Synapsid and diapsid reptiles were only very distantly related, having diverged from the basal reptile stock during the Pennsylvanian period 100 million years before the Triassic.
		Diapsids were rather obscure during the 80 million years of synapsid supremacy.
		In general, the solid-skulled synapsid reptiles had massive and thick-boned skeletons whereas the skeletons of the open-skulled diapsids, and the dinosaurs in particular, were slender and lightly constructed.
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Synapsid_Diapsid.html (2440 words)

	[No title]
		Some diapsids have lost the lower fenestra (lizards) or even both fenestrae (snakes, amphisbaenids), but their early ancestors had both fenestrae.'; TEXTNOTE ID=1001 TITLE=Discussion_of_Phylogenetic_Relationships TEXT='Diapsid phylogeny has been intensively studied in the last decade, but the affinities of many groups are still controversial.
		A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas.
		Early phylogenies of diapsids suggested that the tympanum and the ability to hear high-frequency air-borne sounds had appeared separately in lepidosauromorphs and in archosauromorphs because younginiforms, formerly believed to be the oldest known lepidosauromorphs, apparently lacked a tympanum (Benton, 1985; Evans, 1988).
	ag.arizona.edu /ENTO/tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/!Diapsida.nex (2304 words)

	Diapsid characters
		Diapsids may all look very different, but they all share the pattern of openings in their skull.
		Diapsids have two temporal fenestrae (an upper and a lower) located behind the eye socket.
		It was clearly a diapsid, as it has two temporal fenestrae in the skull.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Diapsida/Characters.html (722 words)

	Diapsid fossil record
		Diapsids first appeared in the Late Carboniferous, with arrival of the small, terrestrial insectivore Petrolacosaurus.
		Diapsid history is not well recorded in the Early Permian.
		These two groups were primitive in various ways, and came before the major diapsid clade, the Neodiapsida, which includes the lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Diapsida/Fossilrecord.html (410 words)

	Diapsid Phylogeny
		Turtles are usually not considered diapsids, but a few paleontological studies have suggested that they were closely related to sauropterygians (and to lepidosauromorphs).
		Rieppel (1994), Rieppel and deBraga (1996), and deBraga and Rieppel (1997) argued that turtles (Testudines) are closely related to sauropterygians (a group of aquatic diapsids from the Mesozoic), and that both groups are lepidosauromorphs.
		According to that tree, ichthyosaurs are stem- diapsids, and sauropterygians are lepidosauromorphs.
	tolweb.org /notes/?note_id=464 (805 words)

	Autapomorphies of Diapsid Clades
		Neodiapsida (all diapsids more closely related to saurians than to araeoscelidians) and Eosuchia (the last common ancestor of Coelurosauravus, Apsisaurus, younginiformes, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs and all its descendants) currently have approximately the same taxonomic content.
		Carroll R. Heleosuchus: an enigmatic diapsid reptile from the Late Permian or Early Triassic of southern Africa.
		Reisz R. A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas.
	tolweb.org /articles/?article_id=465 (971 words)

	Turtle Origins
		The crown-group diapsids (Sauria) subdivide into two major evolutionary lineages, the archosauromorphs (crocodiles and birds and their fossil relatives such as dinosaurs) and lepidosauromorphs (the Tuatara, lizards, and snakes, and their fossil relatives).
		Although the placement of turtles within Diapsida is the most parsimonious solution on the basis of all data at hand, the statistical support for both lepidosauromorph and archosauromorph affinities of turtles, on the basis of anatomical and molecular data, respectively, may be relatively weak in some cases.
		Yet, given the current support for diapsid affinities of turtles but the conflicting evidence for their position within diapsids, it is likely that future discussion will shift from whether turtles are diapsids, to where exactly they fit within the Diapsida.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Diversity/turtle_origins.htm (1097 words)

	DIAPSIDA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Apart from the orders shown on this diagram, the diapsids also contain several less important orders.
		The earliest and most primitive diapsids were the ARAEOSCELIDA - small, lizard-like reptiles with long necks and slim running legs.
		The YOUNGINIFORMES (= EOSUCHIA), such as Thadeosaurus, may have been the ancestors of the later diapsids that gave rise to today's snakes and lizards, while 2 crocodile-like marine orders (CHORISTODERA, eg Champsosaurus and THALATTOSAURIA, eg Askeptosaurus) were evolutionary deadends.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /dinos/de_4/5c5cd42.htm (124 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Topic 3 - Amphibians and Reptiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Diapsid Skull - the diapsid skull has two temporal fenestrae and it is possessed by most members of Diapsida including crocodiles, birds, and lizards.
		Euryapsid skull - this is a derived diapsid skull where the lower temporal fenestra is lost.
		The presence of a euryapsid skull was once used to link ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs into a monophyletic group; however, the euryapsid skull arose independently in both.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic3c/topic3c.html (665 words)

	Lecture 12 walking with dinosaurs
		The assemblage of diapsid reptiles with socketed (thecodont) teeth, which includes the crocodiles, two orders of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, can be grouped as a Subclass Archosauria, or merged with the squamates and others in a Subclass Diapsida.
		The term diapsid refers to the two temporal openings which are located in the upper and lower fenestra in the temporal region of the skull.
		The skull is diapsid and akinetic, but highly derived; the elongate snout with a long secondary palate, and pterygoid fenestra rather than the antorbital fenestrae seen in other archosaurs, are very specialised.
	cal.man.ac.uk /student_projects/2003/MNZO0MLK/lecture12.htm (1191 words)

	DIAPSID ICHTHYOSAURS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		What is most significant is that it preserves the caudoventral part of the cheek, demonstrating that the animal was diapsid in construction.
		Maisch and Matzke conclude that the evidence now favours placement of ichthyosaurs within Diapsida but they argue that the debate is still not over as there are no known diapsids that appear to be suitable ichthyosaur ancestors (they may or may not mention hupehsuchians: I haven't yet read the whole paper).
		This is significant because Maisch has previously argued strongly against the idea that ichthyosaurs are diapsids, favouring for them a basal reptile position instead.
	dml.cmnh.org /2002Oct/msg00498.html (269 words)

	MESOZOIC ERA
		The fossil record of terrestrial vertebrates in the Mesozoic Era is dominated by reptiles; in fact, the Mesozoic is often called "the age of reptiles".
		Although uncommon at the start of Triassic time, diapsids began to expand in numbers as well as diversity, and by the end of the Period (205 million years ago), they had become a diverse group of organisms on land, in the air, and in the oceans.
		This significant new evidence has been put forth to support the hypothesis that birds are basically feathered diapsid reptiles, and evolved from a lineage of bipedal theropod dinosaurs.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htm (3172 words)

	Lecture 9 - Tetrapods
		Others kinds of opening configurations are called anapsid, synapsid, and euryapsid depending on the number and position of the openings on the side of the head, behind the eye.
		The names anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, and euryapsid are names of the characters and they do not necessarily characterize monophyletic groups.
		By the end of the Permian, herbivorous therapsids include the numerically dominant dicynodonts, while the carnivorous forms are dominated by the cynodonts, which are especially mammal-like.
	rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu /courses/v1001/permtrias8.html (1554 words)

	Pages 33-43
		Archosaurs, the predecessors of lizards and snakes, had two temporal fossae and were called Diapsid.
		Modern reptiles, birds, and the nearly extinct "living fossil", the tuatara, possess a diapsid skull.
		Be able to identify the difference between an anapsid skull, a synapsid skull, and a diapsid skull (i.e.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/302/StudyGuideforLabII.htm (1025 words)

	Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles -- Zardoya and Meyer 95 (24): 14226 -- Proceedings ...
		(B) Turtles have diapsid affinities and are the sister group of Lepidosauria (tuatara, lizards, and snakes; ref 4).
		(C) Turtles are diapsids as the sister group of Archosauria (birds and crocodiles) to the exclusion of Lepidosauria (5-7).
		The recently proposed diapsid affinities of turtles (4, 5) were supported by the analysis of the rRNA gene data set
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/24/14226 (3734 words)

	Champsosaurs
		Champsosaurs are reptiles with diapsid skulls (see my article "Reptile Skulls" for more information).
		Interestingly, they managed to survive the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous Period (called the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction or K-T Extinction) that killed the dinosaurs and many other large reptiles.
		Champsosaurs belong to the Order Choristodera, a group of crocodile-like reptiles that diverged (separated) from the main line of diapsid reptiles during the early Cretaceous Period.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/31969 (498 words)

	Vertebrate Zoology - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Feather tracts (pterylae) are not all over the body; there are some bare areas (apteria) that are covered by overlapping feathers.
		The arrangement of the bird skull is considered modified diapsid.
		Compare a bird skull to that of a typical diapsid, such as the alligator.
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /courses/Vertzoo/lab_birds.html (614 words)

	Amazon.com: Diapsid: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A diapsid reptile from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas (Special publication / University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History) by Robert Reisz (Paperback - 1981)
		Molecular analysis, however, has shown that the turtles are diapsids, related among living reptiles to the crocodilians.
		Their parent group, the diapsids, is one of the major reptile groups.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Diapsid&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (821 words)

	RE: Is Evolutionism Falsifiable?
		The diapsid bird intermediates, the therapsid mammal intermediates, and gryphons with a mix of diapsid and therapsid features would not fit into a single nested hierarchy.
		The LCA of diapsids and therapsids did not have feathers, fur, specialized cheek teeth, lactation, or a beak.
		The common ancestor of therapsids and diapsids did not have beaks, feathers, fur, lactation, or specilized cheek teeth.
	forums.crosswalk.com /fb.aspx?m=1884355 (6669 words)

	Tuatara Reptile, New Zealand
		In the case of tuatara, part of this temporal fascia has solidified into bone, making the second arch, and turning the reptile into diapsid, while we are only synapsid.
		Some reptiles are classed as diapsid but actually show the two skull openings very poorly or not at all, which shows how counting holes in the head is an intellectual exercise for zoologists rather than a practical thing for simple folks like us.
		Birds are classified as diapsid but some people say the holes are actually different and most of us can't even see any holes in a bird skull.
	nzphoto.tripod.com /animal/tuatara.htm (2188 words)

	Amazon.com: "diapsid reptiles": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In some amphibians, some diapsid reptiles, and many mammals, the chemoreceptors for pheromones are located in the nasal cavity.
		Intriguingly, diapsid reptiles continue to be uncommon during the Late Permian, a trend that belies their great evolutionary radiations in the succeeding Triassic...
		The anapsids gave rise to the synapsid reptiles, the ancestors of the mammals, and to the diapsid reptiles, including the modern sphenodonts, lizards and snakes.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/diapsid-reptiles (521 words)

	Reptile Skulls
		The skulls of reptiles are grouped into four types: anapsid (turtles), synapsid (mammal-like reptiles), diapsid (dinosaurs), and euryapsid (marine reptiles).
		Animals are named by their skull type, we might say that dinosaurs are a group of diapsid reptile.
		Mammals arose from the synapsid reptiles, and we refer to mammals and their skull type as therapsid.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/28667 (426 words)

	TUATARA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The diapsid skull is characterized by having two temporal fenestra on each side of the skull.
		Modified diapsid skulls are seen in many lizards and some birds, but the true diapsid condition is best exhibited in the tuatara.
		Other vertebrates have synapsid skulls characterized by one pair of temporal fenestra (most mammals) or anapsid skulls that lack such fenestra altogether (as in modern turtles).
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/302/tuatara.htm (148 words)

	Diapsid papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A new diapsid repitle from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas.
		Frey, Sues, and Munk 1997 Gliding mechanism in the Late Permanian reptile Coelurosauravus.
		The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny.
	dml.cmnh.org /2003Jul/msg00379.html (115 words)

	diapsid - OneLook Dictionary Search
		We found 10 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word diapsid:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "diapsid" is defined.
		diapsid : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=diapsid&ls=a (110 words)

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