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| | A New Look at Tongues, by Robert Zerhusen |
 | | If the ordinary languages of the speakers (i.e., the disciples of Jesus in Acts 2) were Aramaic and Greek, and if the speakers were uttering languages they had never learned before (i.e., a linguistic miracle was occurring), then the speakers could not have been speaking in their ordinary languages (i.e., Aramaic and Greek). |
 | | According to Kaplan, Hebrew was retained as "the language of worship," in contrast to the "foreign vernacular" used "in the home and in the street." Hebrew had declined as the native language of the Judeans but continued to serve as the religious language of Judaism. |
 | | Martin Hengel recognized that Hebrew was the H language, with Aramaic and Greek as the L languages: "While Aramaic was the vernacular of ordinary people, and Hebrew the sacred language of religious worship and of scribal discussion, Greek had largely become established as the linguistic medium for trade, commerce, and administration" (1989: 8). |
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