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Topic: Diborane

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	ATSDR - MMG: Diborane
		Diborane is heavier than air; exposure to concentrations exceeding the PEL may result in skin, respiratory, and eye irritation in poorly ventilated, enclosed, or low-lying areas.
		Diborane is produced by the reaction of lithium hydride with boron trifluoride catalyzed by ether at 25ºC. Diborane is used in rocket propellants and as a reducing agent, as a rubber vulcanizer, as a catalyst for olefin polymerization, as a flame-speed accelerator, and as a doping agent in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.
		Diborane is incompatible with oxidizers, aluminum, halogens, and water.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg181.html (3628 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Diborane
		Diborane is a colorless gas at room temperature with a repulsive, sweet odor.
		Diborane is used in rocket propellants, as a reducing agent, as a rubber vulcanizer, as a catalyst for hydrocarbon polymerization, as a flame-speed accelerator, and as a doping agent.
		Diborane is slightly soluble in water, but it will decompose rapidly when in contact with water producing boric acid and hydrogen gas which is very flammable.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts181.html (828 words)

	Diborane - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Diborane is a colorless gas at room temperature with a repulsive, sweet odor.
		Diborane is used in rocket propellants, as a reducing agent, as a rubber vulcanizer, as a catalyst for hydrocarbon polymerization, as a flame-speed accelerator, and as a doping agent in semiconductors.
		The bonding between the two bridging hydrides of diborane is unusual, being an example of 3-center-2-electron bonding.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/d/i/b/Diborane.html (190 words)

	Risk Assessment for Diborane
		Diborane is a flammable gas that ignites spontaneously in moist air at room temperature and forms explosive mixtures with air from 0.8% up to 88% by volume.
		Diborane is a strong reducing agent that produces hydrogen upon heating or upon reaction with water.
		Diborane should be used only in a fume hood free of ignition sources and should be stored in a cold, dry, well-ventilated area separated from incompatible substances and isolated from sources of sparks and open flames.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /safety/diborane.htm (641 words)

	Chemical Information
		Diborane is a highly toxic, flammable and reactive gas.
		Diborane is spontaneously combustible in moist air and may burn or explode upon contact with halogenated compounds.
		Diborane cylinders should be returned to the compressed gas distributor when emptied or no longer used.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/cheminfo/diborane.htm (324 words)

	Boron carbide - Patent 4017587
		This disclosure defines an optimum ratio of four parts diborane to one part acetylene and it describes the operating conditions under which the reaction occurs and the variation in physical properties and yield resulting from changes of ratio of the constituents.
		The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of gaseous mixture of diborane and acetylene is in the range of 1:1 to 20:1.
		Contrary to expectations, the reaction of acetylene gas with diborane produced carboranes in only trace amounts and instead produced what has proved to be pure boron carbide or, in certain cases, hydrogenated boron carbide with a gas by-product of hydrogen.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4017587.html (2352 words)

	ch5-1
		The NACA researchers passed by liquid hydrogen in favor of hydrazine and diborane as fuels and 100 percent hydrogen peroxide, chlorine trifluoride, liquid oxygen, and liquid fluorine as oxidizers.
		diborane was of great interest as a rocket fuel, but experiments soon revealed that it had great disadvantages and its theoretical promise could not be realized.
		Moreover, neither diborane nor fluorine is suitable as a regenerative coolant, which means a third fluid is required for cooling, seriously degrading performance.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4404/ch5-1.htm (1561 words)

	Borane Chemistry : Diborane and Borane Reagents, Borane reactions
		Special care is necessary when using diborane due to its high sensitivity to air, to moisture, its high toxicity and its explosiveness.
		H6) is produced and may be transformed into various borane agents for special need in terms of reactivity and selectivilty.
		(pj) Diborane is a versatile reagent for the stereospecific (anti-Markovnikov) addition of functional groups to olefins via hydroboration.
	www.novasep.com /Technologies/Borane-Chemistry.asp (97 words)

	Gatorsports.com :: 100 years of Gator Football (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Diborane is a highly reactive and versatile reagent that has a large number of applications.
		Diborane is used as a reducing agent roughly complementary to the reactivity of lithium aluminium hydride.
		Diborane is used in rocket propellants, as a rubber vulcanizer, as a catalyst for hydrocarbon polymerization, as a flame-speed accelerator, and as a doping agent for the production of semiconductors.
	www.gatorsports.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?template=wiki&text=Diborane (1215 words)

	ch3-5
		The performance of diborane and oxygen was unknown, but was estimated (optimistically) to be about the same as for hydrogen and oxygen.
		At the next meeting, on 22 October 1945, he discussed diborane and estimated that it could produce an exhaust velocity of 5500 meters per second, a value far greater than that for hydrogen-oxygen.
		Diborane therefore appeared to be the dream fuel, but Parker pointed out that boron oxides, formed during combustion of diborane and oxygen, might solidify when expanded to the lower temperatures in the nozzle, and this would lower performance.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/SP-4404/ch3-5.htm (975 words)

	Cylinder Process Gases - Diborane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Diborane is used as a Boron (P-Type Dopant) source in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or ion implantation processes.
		Diborane is used almost exclusively in the Electronic industry as the minor component in a mixture.
		Diborane mixtures are used for Boron ion implantation and as a Boron source for the BPSG depoisition process.
	www.bocedwards.com /process_gases/cylinder/e_diborane.html (156 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The lighter boranes are notably unstable â” diborane ignites in air to burn with a green flame â” but higher ones are much less so.
		Diborane is manufactured in kilotons annually; it is used as a dopant in semiconductors as well as in organic synthesis.
		Diborane can be prepared by reacting a hydride agent such as sodium borohydride to boron trifluoride or by adding sodium borohydride to sulfuric acid.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=borane (578 words)

	Hong Kong Specialty Gases :: Electronic Gases - DIBORANE B2H6 MIXTURES
		Diborane is a colorless, unstable, highly toxic flammable gas with a sickly-sweet odor.
		Diborane can be diluted with argon, helium, hydrogen or nitrogen in order to provide concentrations less than 100%.
		Using diborane in this form can add an additional degree of control to the process, particularly when relatively small amounts of boron are to be deposited.
	www.hsg.com.hk /electronic_diborane_b2h6_mixtures.html (124 words)

	CNF - Lab Usage & Safety Manual (Section 8)
		It is a colorless gas with a fishy odor.
		The diborane used in the facility is diluted to 0.2 % in nitrogen in the bottle.
		The high hazard status granted to the diborane and phosphine, comes from the lack of odor at dangerous levels and the severity of the resulting damage.
	www.cnf.cornell.edu /CNFSafetyManual8_8.html (1885 words)

	PSFC Diborane Installation/Deinstallation
		Diborane is highly toxic and flammable, and presents an explosion hazard.
		Failure to adequately test the diborane system could result in leakage of diborane gas into the cell or into the diborane housing, which could lead to fire or explosion, or to personnel exposure to toxic gas.
		Diborane is immediately dangerous to life and health at 40 ppm, and an explosion hazard at 9000 ppm.
	psfcwww2.psfc.mit.edu /esh/dibinst.html (1620 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		DIBORANE Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to diborane may include tightness in the chest, dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, and wheezing.
		Exposure to diborane may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
		Acute exposure to diborane may require decontamination and life support for the victims.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/firstaid/19287-45-7?OpenDocument (377 words)

	Transition States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Follow a similar procedure to verify that diborane is formed from the activated complex in the reverse direction.
		Is the diborane molecules structurely similar to the optimized geometry found for diborane in the Dissociation Enthalpy for Diborane exercise?
		Calculate the energy barrier for the dissociation of diborane in the forward and reverse directions.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ronutt/che401/b2h6_ts/TS.htm (637 words)

	PSFC Diborane Emergency
		If the diborane bottle valve is closed, and the exhaust system is functioning, and the diborane monitors are reading 0, then it may be best to proceed with rescue without SCBA gear, especially if it appears that time is critical.
		If no diborane gas is detected, and there is no reason to suspect a malfunction of the diborane gas monitor, then two of the designated emergency personnel will prepare to don SCBA in order to assess the situation.
		They should check the diborane monitor tape on the alarming unit and verify that diborane gas is present, by checking for brown spots on the tape.
	psfcwww2.psfc.mit.edu /esh/dibem.html (3155 words)

	Diborane Semiconductor Specialty Gas Mixtures
		By the time a fab received and used the mixture in their doping process, the true diborane concentration would have changed, often drastically.
		Since a fab typically had no dependable way of assessing the gas mixture’s actual concentration, it would not know precisely how much dopant had actually been deposited until they tested their end product.
		Making matters worse, each time a fab changed out a cylinder of diborane, it would need to repeat the tuning process.
	www.scottecatalog.com /PRelease.nsf/60e42543b237368c85256a1b004c3405/5d5cdf8811e9f11f85256f1e004ebd94?OpenDocument (351 words)

	Specification for Diborane Mixtures - SEMI C3.56-0600 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The purpose of this specification is to define the specification and analytical methods and validate the specifications for diborane mixtures.
		Furthermore, the elapsed time after filling is important due to the chemical instability, and hence decomposition, of the diborane (see Appendix 1).
		The quality of the final mixture can be checked after manufacturing by analyzing each cylinder for the concentration of diborane and for key impurities (tracers), namely H2, N2, O2.
	webstore.ansi.org /ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=SEMI+C3%2E56%2D0600 (168 words)

	Voltaix -Diborane - Ordering Information
		A flammable, toxic, colorless gas used primarily as a p-type dopant for the deposition of epitaxial and amorphous silicon and as a component in the CVD of BPSG (borate-phosphate-silicate-glass) coatings.
		Pure diborane is shipped under a DOT exemption as a refrigerated liquefied gas in an insulated steel drum packed with dry ice.
		The information contained herein is offered in good faith and is believed to be accurate.
	www.voltaix.com /products/diborane%20new.htm (220 words)

Article 49- A 2$ Present, Research for War and a Nobel Prize</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> While methane and ammonia are found in nature and used by the billions of pounds each year as fuel and fertilizer, respectively, <a href="/topics/Borane" title="Borane" class=fl>borane</a> is not found in nature--it is too reactive. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> It could be isolated only as the dimer, <b>diborane</b>, and there was considerable speculation about the <a href="/topics/Electronics" title="Electronics" class=fl>electronic</a> structure involved in the dimerization. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> By this time, World War II had begun, and it soon became apparent that, even with six people operating six <b>diborane</b> generators, we would not be able to supply sufficient <b>diborane</b>.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.winstonbrill.com /bril001/html/article_index/articles/1-50/article49_body.html</font> (1692 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/inocaj/2000/39/i08/abs/ic0000911.html">Improved Procedures for the Generation of Diborane from Sodium Borohydride and Boron Trifluoride</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The high-boiling glyme can be conveniently separated from the lower boiling carrier ethers by simple distillation of the latter. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> On the other hand, <b>diborane</b> was generated very slowly or not generated using the addition of each of six boron trifluoride-etherates (di-n-butyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, and monoglyme) to suspensions of sodium borohydride in the corresponding ether. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> However, <b>diborane</b> was generated rapidly and quantitatively by the addition of NaBH</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/inocaj/2000/39/i08/abs/ic0000911.html</font> (240 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_19.html">Media Portfolio</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Comparison of the bonding and structure of <b>diborane</b> and ethane. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The <b>diborane</b> molecule has a structure in which two BH2 groups are connected by two bridging H atoms. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Each of the two MOs (one shown darker than the other) is formed by overlap of an sp3 hybrid orbital on each B atom and the 1s orbital on one bridging H atom.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_19.html</font> (1566 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://rocketsciencebooks.home.att.net/naca-diborane.html">Rocket Science Books: Theoretical Performance of Diborane as a Rocket Fuel</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Diborane</b> (and closely-related fuels, such as pentaborane) have been tested for use in many <a href="/topics/Rocket" title="Rocket" class=fl>rockets</a>, (mostly top secret) missiles, satellite propulsion systems, and spacecraft. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Tables and charts in this technical report cover all important physical and chemical property of <b>diborane</b>, boron trioxide, and boron trifluoride. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> The text covers the performance and use of <b>diborane</b> with liquid oxygen, liquid fluorine, liquid fluorine oxide, and hydrogen peroxide.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>rocketsciencebooks.home.att.net /naca-diborane.html</font> (744 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><u>Diborane is a colorless gas at room temperature with a...</u> <i>(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)</i></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Diborane</b> is a colorless gas at room temperature with a... </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Diborane</b> is used in <a href="/topics/Rocket" title="Rocket" class=fl>rocket</a> <a href="/topics/Rocket" title="Rocket" class=fl>rocket</a> propellant propellants, as a reducing <a href="/topics/Reducing-agent" title="Reducing agent" class=fl>agent reducing</a> agent, as a <a href="/topics/Rubber" title="Rubber" class=fl>rubber</a> <a href="/topics/Rubber" title="Rubber" class=fl>rubber</a> <a href="/topics/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization" class=fl>vulcanizer</a> <a href="/topics/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization" class=fl>vulcanizer</a>, as a <a href="/topics/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class=fl>catalyst</a> <a href="/topics/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class=fl>catalyst</a> for <a href="/topics/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon" class=fl>hydrocarbon</a> <a href="/topics/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon" class=fl>hydrocarbon</a> <a href="/topics/Polymerization" title="Polymerization" class=fl>polymerization</a> <a href="/topics/Polymerization" title="Polymerization" class=fl>polymerization</a>, as a flame-speed accelerator, and as a <a href="/topics/Doping-%28Semiconductors%29" title="Doping %28Semiconductors%29" class=fl>doping</a> <a href="/topics/Doping-%28Semiconductors%29" title="Doping %28Semiconductors%29" class=fl>doping</a> agent. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Spectroscopic Studies of Microwave Plasmas Containing <b>Diborane</b> and Acetylene (Berichte Aus Der Physik)</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.biodatabase.de /Diborane</font> (236 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><a href="http://www.cmste.uncc.edu/new/papers/Belinda.doc">[No title]</a></td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> <b>Diborane</b>, 3-methyl-1-butyl cation, and 2-norbornyl are <a href="/topics/Electronics" title="Electronics" class=fl>electron</a> deficient. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Were <b>diborane</b> to look like ethane, it would look like this but, <b>diborane</b> is short of one <a href="/topics/Electronics" title="Electronics" class=fl>electron</a> that is needed to bond the final two atoms. </td></tr> <tr><td valign=top><img style="margin-top:4px;" src=/images/a.gif></td><td></td><td> Instead of forming the conventional two-atom bond, <b>diborane</b> forms a bridge between three atoms, also known as multicenter bonding.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td colspan=2><font color=gray>www.cmste.uncc.edu /new/papers/Belinda.doc</font> (1502 words)</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table><body face="Arial"> <br> <table cellpadding=0> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <table > <tr><td> </td><td colspan=2><u>Diborane</u> <i>(Site not responding. 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