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Topic: Dicotyledonous trees

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	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Confocal Image Gallery
		The tree is a native of China and is scientifically described as Ginkgo biloba.
		Rubber Tree Leaf - The vast majority of natural rubber utilized for commercial purposes is acquired from Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the rubber tree.
		The tree is indigenous only to tropical and some subtropical areas of South America, and natives in these regions had been obtaining and utilizing the milky white juice known as latex from them for many years before the arrival of the first European explorers.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /gallery/plants (3339 words)

	Africa - LoveToKnow 1911
		In the countries bordering the Mediterranean are groves of oranges and olive trees, evergreen oaks, cork trees and pines, intermixed with cypresses, myrtles, arbutus and fragrant tree-heaths.
		In the coast regions the typical tree is the mangrove, which flourishes wherever the soil is of a swamp character.
		The bombax or silk-cotton tree attains gigantic proportions in the forests, which are the home of the indiarubber-producing plants and of many valuable kinds of timber trees, such as odum (Chlorophora excelsa), ebony, mahogany (Khaya senegalensis), African teak or oak (Oldfieldia africana) and camwood (Baphia nitida).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Africa (10553 words)

	Forest Investment Associates
		Trees that have become established naturally under a mature forest canopy and are capable of becoming the next crop after the mature crop is removed.
		Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the canopy and receiving full light from above and partly from the side; taller than the average trees in the stand with crowns well developed.
		To kill a tree by severing or damaging the cambium layer and interrupting the flow of food between the leaves and the rest of the tree.
	www.forestinvest.com /html/tland_mgmt/glossary.html (6197 words)

	Northeastern Forest Inventory and Analysis - USDA Forest Service
		Cull decrement: The net volume of rough or rotten trees in the previous inventory that are classified as growing-stock trees in current inventory (divided by the number of growing seasons between surveys to produce average annual cull decrement).
		Cull increment: The net volume of growing-stock trees in the previous inventory that are classified as rough or rotten trees in the current inventory (divided by the number of growing seasons between surveys to produce average annual cull increment).
		Growing-stock trees: Live trees of commercial species classified as sawtimber, poletimber, saplings, or seedlings; that is, all live trees of commercial species except rough and rotten trees.
	www.fs.fed.us /ne/fia/methodology/def_ah.htm (1094 words)

	Fossil Forests and the Flood
		The YEC hypothesis that the sedimentary record originated as a result of a single, year-long global flood is directly contradicted by the presence of a variety of biogenic structures preserved within the sedimentary record which could not form in the time allotted for the flood, or under the depositional conditions associated with the flood.
		The upright trees at Specimen Ridge are rooted in fine-grained tuffaceous sandstone and encased in conglomeratic mudflows.
		Tree stumps in 2 of the levels are only 1m or so tall, while those in the other 2 levels are up to 5-7m tall.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/forests.htm (2533 words)

	Timber Definitions - J.W. Miller Timber Company
		Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the canopy and receiving full light from above and partly from the sides; larger than the average trees in the stand, and with crowns well developed, but possibly somewhat crowded on the sides.
		Trees with crowns forming part of the general level of the canopy and receiving full light from above, but comparatively little from the side—usually with medium size crowns more or less crowded on the sides.
		Trees shorter than those in the preceding two classes, but with crowns either below or extending into the canopy formed by the dominant and codominant trees, receiving little direct light from above, and none from the sides; usually with small crowns very crowded on the sides.
	www.jwmillertimber.com /definitions.html (1914 words)

	Angiosperms
		As trees age, sequent periderms may arise at successively greater depths thus causing an accumulation of dead tissues on the surface of the stem or root and contributing to the formation of rhytidome on rough-barked species or simply outer bark on smooth-barked species.
		Generally, the first indications of a tree's response to mechanical wounding of the bark may be viewed with the light microscope as early as 24 hours after wounding although there may be species differences in the timing of events and other specific features or there may be differences due to environmental effects on plant response.
		Biggs AR, Britton KO 1988 Presymptom histopathology of peach trees inoculated with Botryosphaeria obtusa and Botryosphaeria dothidea.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /Bark/angiospe1.htm (7636 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		growing stock: the volume of sound wood in cubic feet (ft) in trees that are at least 5.0 inches (in.) in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.), from a 1-ft stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter (outside bark) of the central stem or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs.
		Trees must contain at least one 12-foot log or two 8-foot logs in the saw-log portion, currently or potentially (if too small to qualify), to be classed as growing stock.
		A number of trees (generally, 4 to 10 per acre, singly or in groups) are retained to provide seeds to establish the new stand.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /sustain/report/appendix/glossary.htm (5976 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		advance reproduction: the young trees in the understory of a forest stand that will grow when the overstory trees are cut and removed.
		growing stock: the volume of sound wood in cubic feet (ft) in trees that are at least 5.0 inches (in.) in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.), from a 1-ft stump to a minimum 4.0 ft in top diameter (outside bark) of the central stem or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs.
		Trees selected for removal may be healthy or diseased, depending on the goals of the landowner.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /sustain/draft/appendix/glossary.htm (5504 words)

	mistletoe
		The European population of mistletoe is divided in three subspecies within the Loranthaceae family with regard to the host tree it grows on: Platyspermum (dicotyledonous trees), abietis (growing on Abies species), and laxum (pine and rarely spruce trees).
		Susceptibility of trees and shrubs to mistletoe parasitism is defined by distinct mechanical and chemical factors.
		The type of host tree seems to largely influence the chemical compounds (especially alkaloids) found in the respective mistletoe, and mineral content in mistletoe has been found to be much higher than that in the host, especially relative to the infected branch.
	www.circuitblue.com /mistletoe (2765 words)

	Arbor Age - Jul 2000 - Palm Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It's used as a specimen tree, a shade tree and cultivated for its food and fiber.
		In addition to the edible fruit, the tree provides coconut oil which is a substantial cash crop in the tropics, and fiber from the fruit husk which is used in manufacturing.
		A mature specimen may reach 80+ ft in height with 20+ ft in canopy spread, and are used as a specimen tree or street tree.
	www.greenmediaonline.com /aa/2000/0700/0700plm.asp (1428 words)

	INTAD - Industrial Technology and Design Teachers' Association of Queensland
		Coniferous trees are evergreens - they keep their leaves and grow all year round - and usually have needle-like leaves.
		Coniferous trees are adapted to a wider range of climates than hardwoods - they occur naturally from north of the artic circle in Finland right down to the Equator in Sumatra - and usually can be found at higher altitudes than hardwoods.
		When a tree is milled (cut up into usable sized pieces - like the ones you use in the wood-shop), up to 40% is left as waste (sawdust and small odd-sized pieces) so this waste material is manufactured into wood product sheets.
	www.intad.asn.au /materials/wd_hrdsoft.asp (915 words)

	Acta Botanica Brasilica - Allometry of a neotropical palm, Euterpe edulis Mart. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Trees are dynamic structures, and must meet a balance between stability and efficiency in their mechanical properties through growth process (Wilson and Archer 1979).
		For an uniform cylinder, the logarithm of the critical buckling height is linearly related to the logarithm of diameter with a slope of 0.67 or 2/3, therefore H
		Dicotyledonous trees and gymnosperms generally follow the elastic similarity or the stress similarity model, whereas non-woody species seem to agree with the geometric similarity model (McMahon 1973; McMahon and Kronauer 1976; Dean and Long 1986; Rich et al.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?pid=S0102-33062004000200016&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en (3485 words)

	Reduced Impact Logging in Tropical Forests: Literature synthesis, analysis and prototype statistical framework
		-Class into which the trees forming the crop or stand may be divided on the basis of both their crown development and crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees and the general canopy.
		-Vertical distance of a standing tree from the tip of the leader to the base of the crown, measured to the lowest live branch whorl or to the lowest live branch or to a point halfway between the two.
		Measured in terms of basal area and/or the number of trees in a stand compared to the basal area and/or number of trees required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/ae359e/ae359e07.htm (5216 words)

	Advisory Committee on Chip Mills-Revised Draft Final Report-Glossary - MoDNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sawtimber tree -- A growing-stock tree containing at least a 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous saw logs 8 feet or longer, and meeting regional specifications for freedom from defect.
		A stand is a group of trees with similar age structure, species composition, site quality, and condition so as to be recognizable from adjacent stands.
		Tree -- A woody plant usually having one or more perennial stems, a more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of al least 12 feet at maturity.
	www.dnr.mo.gov /chipmills/cm_final_glossary.htm (2758 words)

	Diseases of Urban Plants
		Other dicotyledonous desert plants, although not immune to the disease, are tolerant and usually grow normally in infested areas.
		If the tree is removed these spores are returned via rotted host tissue to the soil where they enable the fungus to survive in the absence of a host.
		Trees that are properly fertilized and watered are not normally susceptible to infection.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/diseases/az1124 (12929 words)

	Cafe Tropico Game Guide
		Dicotyledonous trees (generally broad-leaved) appear to mature faster and may require as little as 7 years.
		Therefore, one tree can require as many as 49 whacks to process completely, while under optimal conditions this Whack Index may be reduced to as little as 21.
		Both trees and stumps require 5-7 whacks to be removed by a laborer.
	www.strategyplanet.com /tropico/gameguide/gameguide9-6.shtml (1632 words)

	Phil's Orchid Site Calendar of Operations INTRODLUCTION
		Habitat descriptions indicate that it is found mostly at around 1500 metres (5000 feet) altitude, growing in the forks of the larger branches of large trees where it is quite cool, and where there is a rather low level of light intensity.
		Many were found growing in the same trees as were the pendulous Chysis, giving you a better idea of the light intensity and temperature.
		There were very few vines or other ground cover between the trees in which the Lycastes were growing, and they were not on the crests of the ridges, but in the "valleys" that go up the side of the mountain.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~tomnz/anguloa/macrophyllae2.htm (1885 words)

	PCA Alien Plant Working Group - White Poplar (Populus alba)
		Trees of any size may be felled by cutting at ground level with power or manual saws.
		Girdling, which kills the tree by severing tissues that conduct water and sugars, also may be effective for large trees, especially if accompanied by application of a systemic herbicide to the cut area.
		After cutting the tree near ground level, a 25% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr and water is applied to the stump by spray bottle or brush, making sure to cover the outer 20% of the stump.
	www.nps.gov /plants/alien/fact/poal1.htm (1109 words)

	Cotton (Texas) Root Rot
		However, host plants, especially mature trees, may have been infected for some time and die rapidly in warm weather as transpirational demand for water increases.
		Trees such as fruit and nut trees, ash, cottonwood, elms, figs, sycamore, bottle tree, silk oak, pepper tree and African sumac are considered very susceptible.
		Although many dicotyledons have been found to be susceptible to some degree, some are very tolerant.
	cals.arizona.edu /pubs/diseases/az1150.html (952 words)

	Trees of Yosemite (1932, 1948), “The Broad-Leaved Trees,” by Mary Curry Tresidder
		Many of the broad-leaved trees reproduce or regenerate by crown-sprouting from the roots, which is rare among the conifers, although it is a characteristic of the Coast Redwood.
		These trees are all to be found in the Transition Zone, and of them all only the Quaking Aspen goes much beyond the border of the Canadian Zone; it ventures even into the Hudsonian belt at times.
		Some trees have their leaves definitely opposite or alternate on the branch; the maple and the dogwood belong in the first category, the trees of the laurel, willow, birch, and oak families in the second.
	www.yosemite.ca.us /library/trees_of_yosemite/broad-leaved_trees.html (841 words)

	pg a028a: Report on the brown coal and lignite of Texas. Character, formation, occurrence, and fuel uses. Publication ...
		With the advent of the Cretaceous period and a larger land area, land plants began to furnish a greater proportion of the material for the coal beds.
		Dicotyledonous trees appeared at this time, and have ever since continued to increase in importance.
		Even at present, when the Dicotyledons represent so large a portion of the plant life of the globe, they furnish only a portion of the material which is passing into coal through the media of peat bogs, submerged forests, rafts, delta and other deposits.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /books/landscapes/publications/txu-oclc-13372632/txu-oclc-13372632-a028a.html (459 words)

	Spruce Tree
		In its native country the tree is not thought to live much beyond a hundred or a hundred and fifty years, and the best Spruce timber brought into the market is from seventy to ninety years old.
		It is, in fact, the prevalent tree of the basin of the Baltic, and Loudon states that the finest Spruce forests which he had seen were between Memel and Konigsberg, growing in peaty soil, resting on sand, and liable to inundation during a great part of every winter.
		As a tree, the chief value of the Spruce is as a nurse, its dense foliage and tapering form serving well for the protection of young oaks or elms, whilst the thinnings prove fairly remunerative as hop-poles.
	www.2020site.org /trees/spruce.html (1323 words)

	SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FOSSIL HARDWOODS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Most present-day trees fall into two groups: softwoods (the conifers which produce their seeds in cones, for example, pine, spruce, redwood) and hardwoods (dicotyledonous angiosperms which produce seed in flowers,for example, oak, maple, elm).
		To date, it appears that dicotyledons are the most common woods in the Aguja Formation, although only six types of dicotyledonous woods, all species different from present-day trees (Rich et al., 1986) suggest the fossil trees with a 50 cm diameter would have been more than 30 meters tall.
		Ring porous dicotyledonous woods are characterized by the vessels of the first-formed portion of a growth ring being markedly larger than the vessels in the later-formed portion of a growth ring.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/paleontology/pub/grd2/gsa23.htm (2912 words)

	Abstract, WAU dissertation no. 21
		The timber of dicotyledonous trees could not be classified on microscopic features in harmony with taxonomic practice because botanical systems were still faulty and not generally recognized, and because microscopic descriptions of timber were not uniform enough for compilation.
		To find whether timber features could be conformed with a botanic taxonomy, a scheme was drafted for the description of secondary wood of dicotyledonous trees based on definite, uniform and comparable characteristics.
		On this basis short descriptions were compiled of the timber of 93 species and a table was composed of species identical in microscopic structure.
	library.wur.nl /wda/abstracts/ab21.html (129 words)

	Palmer, M
		Height and stem diameter relationships for dicotyledonous trees and arborescent palms of Costa Rican tropical wet forest.
		Tree regeneration and predicted future dynamics in a laurel forest.
		Edaphic factors and the landscape-scale distributions of tropical rain forest trees.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~kmoloney/landeco/PalmerVisit/biblio.htm (707 words)

	Juglandaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Juglandaceae are a family of dicotyledonous trees in the order Fagales.
		There are nine genera in the family, including the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut, pecan, and hickory.
		Features common to all the genera include large, alternate, pinnate leaves 20-100 cm long, wind-pollinated catkin flowers and the fruit being a true botanical nut.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Juglandaceae (86 words)

	What is Air Layering?
		Air layering is the process of removing a large branch or section of the trunk of a tree to create another tree.
		This is a very common practice in bonsai to obtain another tree from an unwanted branch or to save a thick trunk section that was going to be removed anyway.
		Under the bark of trees (dicotyledonous ones) there is a layer of cells called the phloem.
	www.evergreengardenworks.com /airlayer.htm (588 words)

	CJO - Abstract - Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity
		Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity
		Endophytes are especially little known in tropical forest trees, where their abundance and diversity are thought to be greatest.
		Paper presented at the Asian Mycological Congress 2000 (AMC 2000), incorporating the 2nd Asia–Pacific Mycological Congress on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, and held at the University of Hong Kong on 9–13 July 2000.
	journals.cambridge.org /action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=95079 (255 words)

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