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Topic: Dicynodont

	Facts about topic: (Dicynodont) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dicynodonta is a taxon (Animal or plant group having natural relations) within the Therapsid (Probably warm-blooded; considered direct ancestor of mammals) s or mammal-like reptiles.
		Dicynodonts were small to large herbivorous animals with two tusks, hence their name, which means 'two-tooth dog'.
		They lived during the Permian (From 280 million to 230 million years ago; reptiles) and Triassic (From 230 million to 190 million years ago; dinosaurs, marine reptiles; volcanic activity) period.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/di/dicynodont.htm (72 words)

	OZ fossils - The Age of Reptiles - Northern Region - Dicynodont
		Dicynodonts are a kind of mammal-like reptile, part of a group called therapsids.
		The name dicynodont means ‘two dog teeth’ and was given to them because their tusks are like canine teeth, or dog teeth.
		A study of hundreds of fossils of the type of dicynodont called Diictodon has concluded that the best explanation for the tusks is that they were used by males to tussle with each other to win a mate.
	www.abc.net.au /ozfossil/ageofreptiles/northern/dicynodont.htm (973 words)

	DICYNODONT THERAPSIDS AND THE PERMO-TRIASSIC EXTINCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dicynodont therapsids were the most diverse and abundant Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate herbivores, and they survived the End-Permian event to undergo a more limited radiation until their final extinction near the end of the Triassic.
		The last Permian dicynodonts disappear in a step-wise fashion over a relatively short period of time in the Karoo, a pattern that may be consistent with a catastrophic event.
		Important dicynodont faunas also are known from Russia and Tanzania, but the apparent absence of complete terrestrial boundary sections in these areas and their paucity of Early Triassic dicynodont fossils obscure the pattern of faunal change at the end of the Permian.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44068.htm (431 words)

	SciTecLibrary - Scientific News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The clumsy animals with a turtle beak and tusks, known as dicynodonts, were thought to have gone extinct when the dinosaurs turned up.
		Dicynodonts were the first common terrestrial plant eaters and dominated the world’s landscape before the rise of the dinosaurs.
		The recently identified Cretaceous dicynodont fossil had actually been sitting in the Queensland Museum for 90 years after being excavated near the town of Hughenden in central Queensland.
	www.sciteclibrary.ru /eng/catalog/pages/4936.html (536 words)

	AUSTRALIA IN THE TRIASSIC
		The Crater (72km SW of Rolleston, S.Central Qld)
		In dicynodonts it developed into a pulley-like grooved knuckle of bone, that allowed the lower jaw to slide backwards and forwards against the quadrate while the animal chewed plants.
		Dicynodonts were supposed to have become extinct around 220 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic.
	www.alphalink.com.au /~dannj/oztriass.htm (1909 words)

	Anomodontia
		The Dicynodonts as a whole lasted some 50 million years, and the only group of therapsids to outlive them were the cynodonts, which were the direct ancestors of the mammals.
		In many dicynodonts the tusks are present in about half of the individuals, indicating that these were probably sexual characters, presumably present in the males and absent in the females.
		In size the dicynodonts ranged from small rodent-like animals about 20cm in length, such as Cistecephalus and other small Permian forms, to giant, massive animals, such as the late Triassic genera Stahleckeria (known from Brazil) or Placerias (from Arizona), which were as big as the largest dinocephalians (reaching weights of over a tonne).
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Anomodontia.htm (1176 words)

	One Giant Mystery - Research Site at The University of Queensland
		This discovery by a University of Queensland palaeontologist came almost 90 years after the fossil fragments from a dicynodont skull were found at Hughenden in the west of the State.
		The dicynodont had a body resembling a hippopotamus, a beak resembling a turtle and tusks like a walrus.
		Dicynodonts were mammal-like reptiles believed to have dominated the Earth before the rise of the dinosaurs.
	www.uq.edu.au /research?page=13271 (460 words)

	The Scotsman - Scotland - Conjuring up pre-history from a hole in a rock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dicynodont lived in the Permian period, some 200 million years before the appearance of the first dinosaurs.
		And the pioneering imaging of the beast’s head from a "mouldic fossil" revealed a hitherto unknown connection to the development of the human race.
		A chamber found in its mouth is present only in mammals, and while dicynodont died out, the scientists conclude a "sister" branch of the species was the forerunner of humankind.
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /scotland.cfm?id=1035782002 (582 words)

	BioForum 4 - Bruce Tiffney - pt 13
		By the early Permian, however, immediate descendants of the herbivorous pelycosaurs, the early dicynodonts, are just all over the place.
		I think you had to be ugly to be a dicynodont, such as this character with all of its facial horns, or somebody like Moschops or Lystrosaurus--this is one of the more complimentary reconstructions of Lystrosaurus that I have seen.
		Dicynodonts ranged from creatures the size of an average dog up to things like Lystrosaurus that were large pig sized.
	www.accessexcellence.org /bioforum/bf04/tiffney/bf04d13.html (246 words)

	ISGS: Placerias
		A low-slung, powerful animal resembling a hippopotamus, Placerias was not a dinosaur, but a dicynodont or "two-dog tooth", so called because it had toothless jaw margins with only the two canine teeth, near the front.
		Dicynodonts are therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles, a group that includes the ancestors of modern mammals.
		(pronounced pluh-SEHR-ree-us) Placerias was a herding dicynodont (a so-called "mammal-like reptile") that lived during the late Triassic period, roughly 222 to 215 million years ago.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /faq/fossils/pdq259.html (342 words)

	South African Museum - Fossil Reptiles of the South African Karoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The dicynodonts, with such characters as the temporal opening in the side of the skull, were clearly mammal-like reptiles, but with specializations like a horny beak and highly modified chewing action, they merely represent a very successful herbivorous branch of the mammal-like reptiles persisting until late in the Karoo period.
		Endothiodon was a large dicynodont, possessing a row of powerful cheek teeth in addition to its horny beak, while Cistecephalus was a small animal with a box-like skull adapted, perhaps, for a burrowing existence.
		Lystrosaurus, equipped with two tusks and the standard dicynodont horny beak, was a semi-aquatic mammal-like reptile that spent much of its time in the numerous pools and ponds of its watery environment.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/early.htm (1119 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Redescription, phylogenetic position, and stratigraphic significance of the Dicynodont genus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		ABSTRACT-The dicynodont anomodont Odontocyclops whaitsi, from the Late Permian Madumabisa Mudstone of Zambia, is redescribed and its phylogenetic relationships are considered.
		Most of the specimens described were dicynodonts, although a gorgonopsid and parieasaur were also included in the report.
		Cox, C. On the anatomy of a new dicynodont genus with evidence of the position of the tympanum.
	www.24hourscholar.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200211/ai_n9155373 (1216 words)

	Rxpress - Anomodont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Of these only the Dicynodonts survived to the Late Permian, and became the most successful and abundant of all Permian herbivores, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers.
		Only two dicynodont families survived the end Permian extinction, one of which, the Lystrosauridae, soon gave rise to the Kannemeyeridae.
		These latter were large, stocky, beaked animals that remained the dominant terrestrial herbivore right up until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions (perhaps increasing aridity) caused them to decline and eventually die out.
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/Anomodont (143 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 400.725 Therapsida : Neotherapsida : Dicynodontia
		The dicynodonts skull is striking because of its light open construction and the presence of long, bony bars rather than broad plate-like areas behind the eye.
		In many dicynodonts the tusks are present in about half of the individuals, indicating that these were probably sexual characters, presumably present in one gender morph and absent in the other.
		So as not to lose these useful benchmarks of the course of dicynodont evolution, we have taken the liberty of redefining them as successive crown groups defined by their eponymous genera plus the highly derived dicynodont, Ischigualastia.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/400.725.html (1330 words)

	DID END-PERMIAN TETRAPODS GASP THEIR LAST BREATHS? TESTING HYPOXIA AS AN EXTINCTION MECHANISM WITH DICYNODONT ...
		Furthermore, they cited several morphological features that characterize the surviving tetrapods, including barrel chests and greater separation of the mouth and nasal cavities, as evidence of selection for increased respiratory efficiency that is consistent with their scenario.
		Dicynodont therapsids are abundant and well-studied Late Permian and Early Triassic tetrapods.
		These findings may be consistent with a hypoxia kill mechanism, but also could be correlated with other functional changes in the dicynodont skull.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_75923.htm (397 words)

	†Pristerodontia
		Chinsamy, A. and Rubidge, B. 1993: Dicynodont (Therapsida) bone histology: Phylogenetic and physiological implications.
		Cox, C. B., 1998: The jaw function and adaptive radiation of the dicynodont mammal-like reptiles of the Karoo basin of South Africa.
		Maisch, M. W., 2002: A new basal lystrosaurid dicynodont from the Upper Permian of South Africa.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Anomodontia/Pristerodontia.htm (225 words)

	Triassic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Dicynodonts especially Lystrosaurus are the most common members of every land based community and to a lesser extent the early cynodont Thrinaxodon.
		Lystrosaurus was a sheep sized dicynodont that survived the permian extinction and filld the empty habitats.
		Following the Lystrosaurus interlude a new fauna characterized by the large carnivore Cynognathus and the large herbivore dicynodont Kannemeyeria.
	members.aol.com /rsknol/Triassic.html (572 words)

	alb21-3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The end of the Nonesian is the beginning of the Perovkan LVF, which is defined by the FAD of the dicynodont Shansiodon.The Nonesian LVF is characterized by the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone from the upper two- thirds of the Burgersdorp Formation in the Karoo basin of South Africa (Kitching, 1995).
		Taxonomic and biochronological significance of specimens of the Triassic dicynodont Dinodontosaurus Romer, 1943 in the Tübingen
		A Middle Triassic dicynodont from Germany and the biochronology of Triassic dicynodonts.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kerp/Albart14.htm (3493 words)

	BioForum 4 - Bruce Tiffney - pt 16
		The dicynodont herbivores radiate in the Permian and sink in diversity in the Middle Triassic.
		There is a brief hiccup in the mid Triassic of rhyncosaurs which are herbivorous dinosaur relatives.
		They are also low feeding and they seem to fill in as the dicynodont diversity drops down.
	www.accessexcellence.org /BF/bf04/tiffney/bf04d16.html (334 words)

	ALBANY MUSEUM - KAROO FOSSILS - TRACKWAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The text and photographs are provided to disseminate information to colleagues and selected persons for their personal edification and may not be used or published elsewhere without the written permission of Dr W.J. de Klerk.
		At the time he thought that they looked remarkably like those of a woman but realised that they were far to old as they occured in rock.
		After initial excavation it was confirmed that the tracks were in fact the footprints of a group of primitive mammal-like reptiles called dicynodonts.
	www.ru.ac.za /affiliates/am/karoo/track.htm (414 words)

	University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Bernard Price Institute
		Botha, J. Biological aspects of the Permian dicynodont Oudenodon (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) deduced from bone histology and cross-sectional geometry.
		Chinsamy, A. and Rubidge, B. Dicynodont (Therapsida) bone histology: phylogenetic and physiological implications. Vol.
		Cruickshank, A. Feeding adaptations in Triassic dicynodonts. Vol.
	www.wits.ac.za /geosciences/bpi/pafull.htm (5652 words)

	VnExpress - Xac dinh lai thoi diem tuyet chung cua bo sat co dai
		Loài dicynodont bị cho là tuyệt chủng cách đây 220 triệu năm.
		Dicynodont là một loài bò sát có hình dáng giống động vật có vú, thống trị trái đất trước khi khủng long xuất hiện.
		Dicynodont có thể đã ẩn nấp ở những khu vực xa xôi của miền đông siêu lục địa cổ đại Gondwana, sau này trở thành Australia.
	www.vnexpress.net /Vietnam/Khoa-hoc/2003/03/3B9C60A3 (582 words)

	Triassic
		Lystrosaurus was a sheep sized dicynodont that survived the Permian extinction and filled the empty habitats.
		In the lower left a paper Thrinaxodon and upper right the aquatic paper Protersuchus note the hook at the end of the snout.
		At the close of the Early Triassic or it may actuall be Middle Triassic, following the Lystrosaurus interlude, a new fauna characterized by the large carnivore Cynognathus and the large herbivore dicynodont Kannemeyeria.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /TriassicA.html (753 words)

	Triassic Lystrosaurus Triadobatrachus Tasmanisaurus Euparkeria Mastodonsaurus Dicynodont Cynodont
		At the close of the Early Triassic or it may actually be Middle Triassic, following the Lystrosaurus interlude, a new fauna characterized by the large carnivore Cynognathus and the large herbivore dicynodont Kannemeyeria.
		Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.
		Click on the Site A icon left for more diorama listed by location Click on the Site B icon to the right for Dioramas organized by period or by manufacturer.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /ETriassicA.html (690 words)

	News in Science - Extinct reptile species lived on in Australia - 24/03/2003
		They spread worldwide and to date were believed to have lived for 60 million years before declining to extinction around 223 million years ago in the Late Triassic –; around the time when dinosaurs came into prominence.
		It was the only place in the world where the dinosaurs didn’t rule.”
		Thulborn described dicynodonts as an example of a “Lazarus taxon –; risen from the dead”.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s812979.htm (560 words)

	What's new at UCMP
		Dicynodonts, an extinct group of mammal-like reptiles, have long been intensively collected in regions where dicynodont fossils are common.
		A paper by UCMP graduate student associate Ken Angielczyk discusses a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of 20 well-known dicynodont taxa, and compares the results to the stratigraphic record.
		The findings suggest that sections of several dicynodont lineages may not be preserved in the intensively collected areas.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /techno/newsarchive/newsfeb2002.html (208 words)

	New Scientist Archive - News - When dicynodont died
		Tony Thulborn and Susan Turner of Monash University in Melbourne took a fresh look at six fragments of fossilised skull uncovered in north-central Queensland in 1914.
		They conclude that the 105-million-year-old bone belongs to a dicynodont - a creature believed to have gone extinct about 220 million years ago.
		If true, this means dicynodonts lived well into the age of the dinosaurs.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg17723882.700.html (173 words)

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