Difference (philosophy)

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Topic: Difference (philosophy)

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	bell.htm
		In particular, Deleuze has argued for a "philosophy of difference," for a philosophy that does not reduce difference to identity, but attempts to understand difference in itself.
		For example, some critics of the postmodernists have argued that despite their avowed break with traditional philosophy, they nevertheless presuppose and utilize concepts from this tradition.<1> These criticisms assume, however, that the postmodernists are simply denying or negating traditional philosophy, and thus consequently remain committed to that which they negate.
		A problem emerges with this account, and it follows from Husserl's claim that there is an irreducible difference between the sense of an act and the intuitive self-givenness of the object that fulfills this sense.<7> The sense is thus never to be confused with an object.
	www.hanover.edu /philos/film/vol_02/bell.htm (5737 words)

	Gilles Deleuze's Difference and Repetition
		Gilles Deleuze’s Difference and Repetition (1968, translated 1994) introduces the importance of a philosophy of difference by describing how difference may be internal to the nature of every Idea and how every Idea may have multiple elements which may be differentiated.
		These models of thought portray sameness rather than difference as the primary reality, and thus do not provide an affirmative structure for a philosophy of difference.
		Difference may be mediated or represented by a lack of: 1) identity of concepts, 2) resemblance of perception, or 3) analogy of judgement, or may be mediated by the presence of 4) opposition of predicates.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/deleuze.html (1133 words)

	Open Source - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
		The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their values, their ways of looking at the world.
		The term ``open source'' quickly became associated with a different approach, a different philosophy, different values, and even a different criterion for which licenses are acceptable.
		But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a trademark?
	www.gnu.org /philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html (2551 words)

	Modern Theosophy; The Conquest of Illusion, J.J. van der Leeuw
		Philosophy again is as powerless to produce a motor-car or a telescope as science is when asked the purpose of life, the relation of time and the eternal, or the measure of freedom of the human will.
		The difference between intuition and intellect is the difference between life and death; the intuition is immediate, certain, creative and progressive, the intellect is barren, sterile, indirect in its methods, uncertain in its conclusions and incapable of seeing truth.
		In philosophy especially we should by now be accustomed to the fact that there is not a doctrine or theory that was not proved at one time as conclusively as it was disproved at another.
	www.katinkahesselink.net /other/conquest3.html (5971 words)

	Table of contents for The problem of God in modern philosophy
		Although Hegel's position certainly presents an advantage over past conflicting positions, there is still a risk: "that of erasing the irreducible difference between philosophy and (Christian) religion, between philosophy and theology, i.e., of not recognizing the difference between what could be called the 'religious transcendence' and the 'philosophical transcendence.'" (p.
		Post-Hegelian philosophy, which we could unify under the label of an 'anthropological turn,' would have tried to do justice to an immense pretence regarding the possibilities of human reason and would have cleared the way for itineraries of thought which are closer to a 'human scale,' even allowing for their diversity and opposition.
		The attempt to represent the philosophy of a specific historical period in a unitary fashion is an increasingly difficult task to pursue.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip058/2005004722.html (1332 words)

	PCC Course List
		The main focus will be Irigaray’s fruitful explications, in both analytical and poetic terms, of the myriad ramifications of acknowledging sexual difference – as well as her grasp of the possibilities that are lost to a culture when it denies sexual difference, by insisting on the assumption that the male is the norm.
		Students then contribute to the emergence of post-mechanistic, embodied, embedded eco-social philosophy by writing a paper that reframes and reconsiders a key issue or area in Western philosophy.
		This course explores the relation of psyche to "spirit" &; that is, to religion, spirituality, and spiritual philosophies and worldviews – through a consideration of the development which leads from classic representatives of the psychology of religion to the principal paradigms of contemporary transpersonal theory.
	www.ciis.edu /pcc/COURSES/courses-list1.html (3568 words)

	Existentialism
		According to Kierkegaard there is a difference between knowledge that is not fully integrated, a sort of outward knowledge, and the integrated knowledge, in which, in a sense, there is no difference between body and soul, theory and practice.
		But the social consequences of this new understand stems from the intellectual process, and only follows when the philosophy is aware of the Truth of the universe.
		But that is well-known to all who have studied the philosophy of Kierkegaard.
	batr.org /existentialism.html (1991 words)

	Hans Reichenbach [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		According to Reichenbach, the causal theory of space and time is the basis for both the theory of relativity and the philosophy of space and time.
		Also the mathematical formulation of the special theory of relativity acknowledges the difference between space and time: the equation that defines the metric is dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2 - dt^2 = ds^2 and the time coordinate is distinguishable from the space coordinates by the negative sign.
		Reichenbach received his degree in philosophy from the University at Erlangen in 1915; his dissertation on the theory of probability was published in 1916.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/r/reichenb.htm (8071 words)

	Befindlichkeit: Heidegger and the Philosophy of Psychology
		But the difference between philosophy and psychology is something else, not the difference between something and theory about it.
		Philosophy will always be on another level, and will always examine how concepts are made, and what different kinds of being are.
		But when philosophy assumes Freudian underpinnings, it is no longer philosophy, for it omits at least the examination of Freud's kind of concepts and conceptual patterns.
	www.focusing.org /gendlin_befindlichkeit.html (12142 words)

	Primerica Life Insurance Company - Term life insurance rates, quotes, news, and information for life insurance buyers.
		Primerica Financial Services was born in 1977, when 85 like-minded people began a crusade to help middle-income families with the "Buy Term and Invest the Difference philosophy.
		That philosophy encouraged families to purchase affordable term life insurance so they would have more money to invest in their family's future.
		In addition to life insurance, our products and services include debt consolidation loans, first mortgages, variable annuities, long term care, retirement savings vehicles, and programs to fund education expenses.
	www.greatrateterminsurance.com /companies/Primerica_Life.php (133 words)

	Philosophy
		The reason of this preference is to comprehend the difference between philosophy as it was understood in their period, and as it is most often understood today, at least in USA/Britain and in counties under their “control”.
		The other reason is that every philosophy is ultimately a way of life and every way of life implies some philosophy, for after all, philosophy is nothing more or less than the effort to think as clearly, as rigorously, as coherently and as effectively as we can about the matters most important to us.
		Philosophy of Mathematics (The Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University)
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/Philosophy/philosophy.html (1425 words)

	Continental Feminism
		Few of the traditional figures in continental philosophy (even Foucault, with his explicit attention to sexuality) directly addressed the issue of sexual difference.
		A persistent move within continental feminism is the discussion of the depth of male bias within the field of philosophy (and within the subfield of continental philosophy).
		Part of continental's philosophy persistent critique of modern, Enlightenment thought was the latter's insistence upon defining the human being primarily in terms of intellectual or cognitive capacities.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/femapproach-continental (14159 words)

	Hindu philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most significant difference from Samkhya is that the Yoga school not only incorporates the concept of Ishvara (a personal God) into its metaphysical worldview, which the Samkhya does not, but also upholds Ishvara as the ideal upon which to meditate.
		Indian philosophy) is traditionally seen through the prism of six different systems that are listed here and makes up the main belief systems of Hinduism.
		The characteristic of this philosophy is to consider being (consciousness) together with the other issues and is part of the thought systems of the vast Vedic religion of Hinduism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindu_philosophies (14159 words)

	CHAPTER XII
		Philosophy then is called to action, that is to the elaboration of a prospective strategy which not only permits control of applied research, but responds to the problems raised by the new inventions which upset people in their being, nature and traditions.
		Ethics, in effect, assumes a preponderant place in philosophy in the measure in which it becomes conscious of the urgency of redefining all in terms of a destiny which now has come to be shared universally.
		This question appeared to have become outmoded in contemporary philosophy "which seemed to relegate it to an earlier generation".
	www.crvp.org /book/Series01/I-19/chapter_xii.htm (14159 words)

	Postmodern philosophy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Defenders of post-modernism would argue that there is a distinct difference, however: while relativism and nihilism are generally viewed as an abandonment of meaning and authority, postmodern philosophy is generally viewed as an openness to meaning and authority from unexpected places, and that the ultimate source of authority is the "play" of the discourse itself.
		Postmodern philosophy originated primarily in France during the (The decade from 1950 to 1959) 1950s, (The decade from 1960 to 1969) 1960s and (The decade from 1970 to 1979) 1970s.
		Derrida thus claimed to have deconstructed Western philosophy by arguing, for example, that the Western ideal of the present logos is undermined by the expression of that ideal in the form of markings by an absent author.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/postmodern_philosophy.htm (972 words)

	Robertson, Leo Strauss on Early Modern Philosophy
		Since for Strauss modernity had at its beginning a fundamental reformulation of political philosophy, in order to grasp the nature of modernity, and thereby better to understand our contemporary crisis, we are required to return to the early modern political thinkers--those who initiated the project of modern political philosophy.
		Classical moral and political philosophy understood once and for all the primary structures necessary to the moral and political imagination.
		The difference between Strauss and Taylor or MacIntyre exemplifies the more pervasive distinction in contemporary thought described by Peter Levine in Nietzsche and the Modern Crisis of the Humanities (Albany, 1995) as the distinction between Nietzscheans and (Wittgensteinian) humanists.
	www.mun.ca /animus/1998vol3/robert3.htm (7533 words)

	van Oort - Epistemology and Generative Theory
		Whereas metaphysics begins in ahistorical ontological categories, generative anthropology presents a historical scene, which shows that the deferral Derrida finds animating the metaphysical hypostatization of presence is in fact the very structure of human difference itself--that is, humanity as the language-using animal.
		Thus, philosophy is founded upon a hypostatization of an abstract world of form (the Platonic eidos) that acts as the ground for its theory of representation.
		The detachment of presence and sign from its anthropological context stems from a metaphysical faith in the originarity of the concept, that is, the belief that the declarative sentence constitutes the elementary linguistic form.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/anthropoetics/ap0101/vano.htm (7533 words)

	20th WCP: The Concept of Transcendence in Heidegger
		These various strategies are summarized as follows: the relation between philosophy and theology in the thought of Heidegger is threefold and should be read to the rhythm of his thinking according to the themes of facticity and transcendence.
		Second topic : both Philosophy and Theology (wether it is christian Philosophy or philosophical Theology) find their field of development in the dimorphic structure, that is to say in the onto-theological structure of western metaphysics.
		Finally, I should mention a fourth type of strategy which finds its origin in the "ontological difference" and wants to renew the terms of proximity to the divine.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Reli/ReliCape.htm (1800 words)

	On-line Library
		For its understanding, therefore, I must outline part of the Samkhya philosophy, that part which deals with the relation of Spirit and matter; note the difference from this of the Vedantic conception of Self and Not-Self, and then find the reconciliation in the Theosophic statement of the facts in nature.
		But you must always be more or less in a fog in reading it, unless you realise the fact that it is founded on a particular Indian philosophy and that the meaning of nearly all the technical words in it is practically limited by their meaning in philosophy known as the Samkhya.
		Samkhya does not concern itself with, the existence of Deity, but only with the becoming of a universe, the order of evolution.
	nicksimon2.tripod.com /3-7.html (1800 words)

	Indic Philosophy and Western Mind/Body Dualism
		Samkhya and Ayurveda recognize the close ties between physical and mental health because the physical and mental are not divided; therefore Indic medicine is both more unified and more divided than Western medicine, because the difference is in where the division occurs.
		Henceforth I will refer to this school of philosophy as Samkhya, since the practice of yoga will not be covered in my discussion.
		Samkhya incorporates the spiritual element of human life into the overall picture while still seeing a clear division of the spirit (or soul) from the body and mind.
	strangerbox.topcities.com /indic.html (1800 words)

	Neoclassical philosophy - Metaweb
		A neoclassical philosophy binds analogy, reason, identity, difference to elite professions, detaching them from the emotional culture, the Church, and the power relations of the nobles...
		Alternatives to the neoclassical philosophy expressed in such sources as The Economist include those of eco-feminism, eco-villages, a class war or worker's revolution, an Islamic revolution or that of Green Parties or deep ecology.
		Some credit him with the first scientific statement of a Gaia philosophy.
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Neoclassical_philosophy (1800 words)

	Stuber on Film and Philosophy
		For us to speak of film and philosophy requires that we interrogate the foundations of both, in order to question their presumed difference.
		While _Film and Philosophy_ rightly abjures the dichotomy that offers, on the one hand, an empirical description of artworks devoid of all theoretical grounding and, on the other, a reduction of individual artworks to the demonstration of a grand theory, it is an abjuration that too often fails.
		If philosophy and art are not incommensurable, a supposition with which the editors of _Film and Philosophy_ would appear to agree, then it remains imperative to theorize that relationship rather than to posit it.
	www.film-philosophy.com /vol5-2001/n28stuber (1182 words)

	Ethics and Phenomenology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The difference between logical positivism and analytic philosophy on the one hand, and Cartesian dualism on the other, rests with their views of reality.
		Philosophy can say that wonder and analysis begin with ethics, and that ethics continues as the context or orientation for analysis and wonder, and all activity.
		Scholars in ethics would view their field as underlying the humanistic thinking in philosophy, and the scientific views of engineering.
	www.iep.utm.edu /e/eth-phen.htm (9418 words)

	Untitled Document
		Decolonizing the social sciences and philosophy means to produce, transform, and disseminate knowledge that is not "dependent" on the epistemology of North Atlantic modernity--the norms of the disciplines and the problematic of the North Atlantic--but that, on the contrary, responds to the need of the colonial differences.
		Here again is the irreducible colonial (epistemic) difference between leftist social sciences project "from" the First World and liberation "of" the social sciences (and philosophy) from the Third World.
		Dussel's assertion for a philosophy of liberation is both a liberation of philosophy and philosophy as an instrument of decolonization.
	www.javeriana.edu.co /pensar/Disens42.html (11011 words)

	The Free Liberal: Think Integral
		A part of the Integral Philosophy that might be of interest to readers of your paper is that in each of the four domains of human experience development occurs.
		The real difference between an integrally informed person and the others is that the integrally informed person will see the partial truths in the others worldviews, where the others will only see their own visions/versions of reality as truthful.
		Those theorists, practitioners and researchers connected to the Integral Institute are continually refining the ‘Integral Philosophy’ and applying it to specific fields including: conflict resolution, business, education, healthcare, ecology, art, politics and psychology.
	www.freeliberal.com /archives/000017.html (1685 words)

	John Stuart Mill [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The difference between these two schools of philosophy, that of Intuition, and that of Experience and Association, is not a mere matter of abstract speculation; it is full of practical consequences, and lies at the foundation of all the greatest differences of practical opinion in an age of progress.
		The induction given by such evidence as there is, points to the creation, not indeed of the universe, but of the present order of it, by an Intelligent Mind, whose power over the materials was not absolute, whose love for his creatures was not his sole actuating inducement, but who nevertheless, desired their good.
		As the sphere widens, this unscientific methods becomes less and less liable to mislead; and the most universal class of truths, the law of causation, for instance, and the principles of number and geometry, are duly and satisfactorily proved by that method alone, nor are they susceptible of any other proof.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/m/milljs.htm (5381 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Continental Philosophy :: Is continental philosophy eurocentric?
		The main difference between the schools may be the fact that 'continental' requires a strong background in the history of philosophy, while analytic typically does not, but would do better to consider it rather than bring up positions or issues as though they were just thought of for the first time.
		The term 'analytic' philosophy was first coined to distinguish the particular style of linguistic analysis, including logical positivism, exemplified by such early and mid 20th century philosophers as Wittgenstein, moore, ryle, russel, carnap, sellars, quine and others.
		Continental thinkers see analytics as reducing philosophy to a method, thereby ignoring the historical issues and aspects of being human that do not readily conform to the method.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-1649-start-15.html (1366 words)

	Interview with René Girard
		In Greek tragedy, the scapegoat mechanism is always at the end of the play and is never represented on the stage, and that is part of the difference between tragedy and sacrifice.
		It is especially remarkable because, as fas as I know, he had no formal training in philosophy.
		And therefore Plato's work is not a revelation of the scapegoat mechanism since philosophy is immune to it.
	www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu /AP0201/interv.htm (7148 words)

	why study?
		The most striking difference from other disciplines is that philosophy varies from culture to culture.
		English-language philosophy is not the same as Continental philosophy, or the philosophy that is studied in Catholic seminaries; and the European tradition is very different from Islamic, Indian, or Chinese philosophy.
		Although the diversity of philosophies doesn’t prove that philosophy is a pseudo-science, it is still possible that it is one — it could be like astrology, in which none of the competing schools are correct.
	www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk /GMR/hmp/modules/hdc0405/handbook/whystudyhp.html (7148 words)

	Philosophy
		The reason of this preference is to comprehend the difference between philosophy as it was understood in their period, and as it is most often understood today, at least in USA/Britain and in counties under their “control”.
		The other reason is that every philosophy is ultimately a way of life and every way of life implies some philosophy, for after all, philosophy is nothing more or less than the effort to think as clearly, as rigorously, as coherently and as effectively as we can about the matters most important to us.
		Philosophy of Mathematics (The Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University)
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/Philosophy/philosophy.html (1425 words)

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In the News (Wed 23 Dec 09)