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	Difference feminism - FSFwiki
		Difference feminism is a strand of feminist thought that holds that there are inherent and significant differences between the genders, but that the masculine version is not better.
		Difference feminists are generally thought of as essentialists, although some strands of difference feminism see it not as a philosophical approach to gender difference but as a pragmatic response to actual differences, whatever they are.
		Difference feminist arguments in contemporary SF can be seen most strongly in Sheri Tepper's work of the 1980s and 1990s, particularly The Gate to Women's Country, which posited a world in which violence and other undesirable behaviors were genetically masculine, and that eugenics could solve the problems of patriarchy and violence.
	wiki.feministsf.net /index.php?title=Difference_feminism (1613 words)

	A Young Woman Theologian explores "Christian Feminism"
		Where she differs from man, a true feminism understands that these differences are constructive and complementary", Dr. de Solenni explained, echoing Pope John Paul II's well-known anthropology.
		Feminism can be divided into "about four basic categories", Dr. de Solenni told Zenit: equality feminism, difference feminism, anti-essentialist feminism and deconstructivist feminism.
		She said that Pope John Paul II has "most notably developed" a category of "difference feminism" that maintains complementarity, that is that man and woman are different but equal.
	www.wf-f.org /02-1-ChristianFeminism.html (826 words)

	Identity Politics, Feminism, and Social Change
		Difference feminism appeals to some feminists, she asserts, because it revalues previously devalued characteristics such as emotionality and social connectedness which women are thought to embody.
		Wolf argues that victim feminism "turns suffering and persecution into a kind of glamour." The attractiveness of this model is partially due to the fact that feminists understand all too well the discouraging reality that women have been and continue to be victims of sexism, male violence, and discrimination.
		Difference feminism makes the task for example of including men in the struggle against sexism almost impossible, and even trying to change men's behavior or attitudes is made to seem futile because of the assumption that the sexes share so little.
	research.umbc.edu /~korenman/wmst/identity_pol.html (4411 words)

	Risking Difference: Identification, Race, and Community in Contemporary Fiction and Feminism.(Book Review) - ...
		When one searches for the causes for feminism's difficulties in the last two decades, one undoubtedly soon encounters the word "difference." The powerful wave of feminism from the 1970s did not simply die out in the face of pressure from a patriarchal backlash; it also came up against its failure to theorize and acknowledge difference.
		Feminism has found itself constantly caught between asserting a coherent feminist politics and problematizing that politics with qualifications about feminine difference.
		For Wyatt, Lacan is an important thinker for feminism precisely because he refuses to apotheosize maternity and the maternal bond with the child.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-140561640.html (1372 words)

	Difference feminism
		Difference feminism is a branch of feminism that stresses that men and women are essentially very different beings, instead of past feminisms of equality that stress a fundamental sameness between men and women in some way.
		Feminisms of difference were popular in the so-called second wave of feminism.
		Difference feminism was important in responding to problems resulting to women not being given proper provision for differing needs that they may have; for example biological reasons such as for childbirth, and others.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/d/di/difference_feminism.html (106 words)

	Difference feminism
		Difference feminism is a branch of feminism that stresses that men and women are essentially different beings, instead of past feminisms of equality that stress an absolute sameness between men and women.
		Feminisms of difference were popular in the second wave feminism.
		Difference feminists subscribe to the belief of fundamental equality between men and woman, and acknowledge the different qualities between the genders due to biological, cultural, and hormonal differences.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Difference_feminism (462 words)

	feminist perspective (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Difference feminism acknowledges that there are fundamental differences among men and women while contesting that women have a distinctive way of viewing the world.
		With this, deconstruction feminism rejects the notion of “women”; as the foundation for feminine politics, for there are a field of differences among women and they cannot be grouped into one class.
		Of the three perspectives, diversity feminism is applicable and relevant to the exploration of prostitution as a feminist movement in that rather than generalizing what it is to be a woman, diversity feminism acknowledges and respects the differences among women.
	www.stolaf.edu /depts/womens-studies/ws399/ws399_04/Projects/Ortmann_Research/feminist_perspective.html (1645 words)

	Christian Feminism A Fuller View of Woman
		Where she differs from man, a true feminism understands that these differences are constructive and complementary.
		Within the feminism of difference, there are two major trends: polarity and complementarity.
		Anti-essentialist feminism grew out of mid-19th century existentialism and the increasing sensitivity/awareness of the differences between man and woman.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/feminism/fe0022.html (1456 words)

	weedon
		Biological theories of difference, which continue to play a large part in constructing relations of gender, are largely concerned with male and female reproductive roles, reducing gender relations and physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics to questions of genetics or reproductive fitness.
		As she notes, "[t]he appeal of psychoanalysis for feminism lies in its claims to see gender as a psychic and social construct rather than as the natural expression of biological differences between the sexes."(p.77) Language is a central concern here, as it appears to provide a site of resistance.
		Difference remained a material condition, and relations of difference were conceptualized as "relations of inequality and exploitation" which appear "innocuous" in much of the "postmodern market place." (p.147) Weedon traces the link between this new socialist feminism and the development of feminist standpoint theories, such as that of
	www.stumptuous.com /comps/weedon.html (3670 words)

	Starving Women's Studies
		Feminism at its core is about addressing the possibility of, and in my opinion reversing, inequalities between men and women.
		Difference feminism, in contrast, acknowledges an individual's position and the qualities, that have traditionally been allocated to men and women.
		Cultural differences as well as the particularly gendered expectations surrounding an individual's social performance, it could be argued, need to be considered within the wider context of the surrounding milieu described as the 'social'.
	www.spaceless.com /papers/5.htm (3503 words)

	Difference feminism
		Difference feminisms may have arisen due to issues with legislation - equality feminisms may have assured that women have gotten suffrage for one, as well as other rights, but for more important and influential changes (for example, medical related support), the assertion that women are different was necessary to make.
		Difference feminisms can stress either the assertion of a fundamental biological difference, or an emotional difference, or both.
		Difference feminists subscribe to a 'pro-woman' position, which holds that sex differences do have political and social importance.
	www.kiwipedia.com /difference-feminism.html (223 words)

	Elizabeth Grosz
		For patriarchs, difference is understood in terms of inequality, distinction, or opposition, a sexual difference modelled on negative, binary, or oppositional structures within which only one of the two terms has any autonomy; the other is defined only by the negation of the first.
		Difference viewed as distinction implies the pre-evaluation of one of the terms from which the difference of the other is drawn; pure difference refuses to privilege either term.
		Difference suggests major transformation of the social and symbolic order, which, in patriarchy, is founded by a movement of universalisation of the singular (male) identity.
	humwww.ucsc.edu /DivWeb/CultStudies/PUBS/Inscriptions/vol_5/ElizabethGrosz.html (4861 words)

	Understanding Feminism
		She said that feminism is not one theory but has many definitions and approaches.
		She named several frameworks of feminism to include, liberal, Marxist/socialist, radical, ecofeminism, psychoanalytic, multicultural, post colonial, lesbian, essentialism, nature/nurture, separatists, cultural, difference feminism, and victim feminism.
		My mother does not know the word feminism but was able to name violence as violence and she did not compromise it but reacted to it.
	www.smu.edu /Womens_studies/new_page_9.htm (1801 words)

	Luce Irigaray and the Philosophy of Sexual Difference - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This earlier work understands sexual difference as the difference between ‘male’ and ‘female’ as identities or positions made available within the symbolic order (that is, broadly, the linguistically articulated realm of culture and meaning).
		Irigaray’s early form of sexual difference feminism is important in focusing attention on the symbolic constitution of sexual difference and in opening up the project of transforming received patterns of symbolism by reconceiving female identity positively.
		But she insists that sexual difference, as a difference in rhythms which (among other things) regulate sexual energy and forms of perception and experience, remains culturally significant and erotically charged, and hence is a sexual, not narrowly biological, difference.
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521862701&ss=exc (2895 words)

	20th WCP: Gender Identity without Gender Prescriptions: Dealing with Essentialism and Constructionism in Feminist ...
		In her essay "Feminism, Postmodernism, and Gender-Scepticism", Susan Bordo suggests-citing Nancy Cotts-that the dilemma of twentieth-century feminism is "the tension between the preservation of gender consciousness and identity (as a source of political unity and alternative vision) and the destruction of 'gender prescriptions'...
		They point to the differences among women and argue that the political emphasis on sameness has suppressed difference and has excluded some women by maintaining that differences among women such as race, class, and sexual orientation are appurtenant to the more essential identity of gender.
		Historically, feminism has been based on the assumption that it represents the interests of women but if gender coherence is a regulatory fiction, it can no longer be the starting point for an emancipatory politics and the very project of feminist politics is seriously undermined.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Gend/GendWess.htm (4096 words)

	Difference feminism
		Difference feminism is a branch of feminism that stresses that men and women are essentially very different beings, instead of past feminisms of equality that stress a fundamental sameness between men and women in some way.
		Feminisms of difference were popular in the so-called second wave of feminism.
		Difference feminism was important in responding to problems resulting to women not being given proper provision for differing needs that they may have; for example biological reasons such as for childbirth, and others.
	www.infomutt.com /d/di/difference_feminism.html (94 words)

	Institute for Feminism and Religion - News
		To begin with, it claims of contemporary feminism that "a first tendency is to emphasise strongly conditions of subordination in order to give rise to antagonism: women, in order to be themselves, must make themselves the adversaries of men".
		What is now termed "difference feminism" (the attempt to speak respectfully of women across cultural differences) makes it almost impossible to speak of women as a generic category.
		The document states that feminism's apparent inability to acknowledge differences calls "into question the family, in its natural two-parent structure of mother and father, and makes homosexuality and heterosexuality virtually equivalent, in a new model of polymorphous sexuality".
	instituteforfeminismandreligion.org /picket.html (853 words)

	Mother blaiming and the fight for and against sex segregation
		Feminism can roughly be described as an almost continuous sliding between its two poles of Anglo-American equality feminism and Central-European difference feminism (M. Buhle 1998:14-15).
		Applied to the difference feminism of today his assessment might not have been that strong.
		Although Laura Marholm in the eyes of many of her contemporaries was seen as a traitor against feminism, the feminists of today are more interested of her and her view on the special features that womanhood consists of (K. Tuohela 2002:19-20, 37).
	klevius.info /sexsegrpro.html?1078690462897 (2126 words)

	Feminist History of Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		It is important to note that Lloyd and Bordo differ not only with regard to the historical story they tell concerning the maleness of reason, but also with regard to the way they understand that maleness.
		Despite their different historical stories, and the different ways that they understand the maleness of reason, each of these panoramic visions of the history of philosophy deliver the same moral, which is that the central norms that inform our philosophical culture today are gendered male.
		Feminists who view the philosophical canon as a resource to be mined for ideas useful to feminism are engaged in a potentially oppressive activity since the history of philosophy is replete with ideas and theories that are (or might be) oppressive of women today.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/feminism-femhist (5795 words)

	Drucilla Cornell
		Cornell argues that in order to ensure that chance three conditions must be furfilled; she calls them "minimum conditions of individuation." The degree zero for the imaginary domain entails the protection of bodily integrity, access to symbolic forms, and the protection of the imaginary domain itself.
		In her commitment to the possibility of an ideal, and to the endless work of theorizing that commitment, Cornell is carrying on that aspect of the tradition as well.
		Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Societies.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /feminism/Cornell.html (1447 words)

	PUM - Surfaces, Volume VI : Thinking Feminist Thought
		After all, feminism has been one institutional and intellectual place where the very hold on thought (and what one understands thought to be) exerted by logocentric culture has been attenuated and complicated.
		Yet this emphasis on difference has frequently resulted in precisely an approach whereby the operating presumption is that feminism knows what difference is. Here the difference of feminist thought becomes its concentration on and inquiry into the question of difference.
		The possibility that new universalism would be different (in all the "right" ways, e.g., in the case of the subject, would new universalism remember that not all subjects are the same) from universalism is held up against the risk that "new" might not be able to intervene concretely enough.
	www.pum.umontreal.ca /revues/surfaces/vol7/wu.html (1778 words)

	Feminism? You want feminism? Which brand would you like?
		Feminism is exhibited by a spirit of unrest among a comparatively small number of dissatisfied women.
		Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values and practices.
		Although it is obvious that feminism is far from a unified ideology, other than perhaps that the vast majority of its various factions is to varying extents united in its opposition to traditional moral standards and especially all things male, there is another reality to the vast number of variations amongst feminist factions.
	www.fathersforlife.org /feminism/feminism_terms_defined.htm (12172 words)

	Gender Studies
		Difference feminism: deep–rooted and partly biological gender differences.
		Regarding war, difference feminists argue that women, because of their greater experience with nurturing and human relations, are generally more effective than men in conflict resolution and group decision–making, and less effective than men in combat.
		The positions of difference and liberal feminists regarding war can be somewhat reconciled by acknowledging their different levels of analysis – the individual for liberal feminism and the gender group for difference feminism.
	www.warandgender.com /wggenstu.htm (4157 words)

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