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Topic: Differential (mechanical device)

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January 28 - Today in Science History It was because Burroughs began his career as a bank clerk that he was inspired to invent such a mechanical device. Though the motorwagen was awkward and frail, it incorporated some essential elements that would characterize the modern vehicle: electrical ignition, differential, mechanical valves, carburetor, engine cooling system, oil and grease cups for lubrication, and a braking system. In 1878, the first commercial telephone exchange in the U.S. was installed at New Haven, Connecticut, and served 21 subscribers connected by a single strand of iron wire. www.todayinsci.com /1/1_28.htm

Claude Shannon (1916 - 2001) In the best tradition of grad students, Shannon was short of money, and happy to be recruited by his professor, Vannevar Bush, to tend Bush's unwieldy mechanical computing device - the Differential Analyser. Encouraged by Bush to base his master's thesis on the logical operation of the Differential Analyser, Shannon inevitably considered ways of improving it, perhaps by using electrical circuits instead of the present cumbersome collection of mechanical parts. The Differential Analyser, while a marvel of scientific engineering for its time, was a lot of hard work to maintain. www.kerryr.net /pioneers/shannon.htm   (533 words)

difanal.html The use of mechanical integrators for solving differential equations had been suggested by Kelvin, and various special-purpose integrating devices were constructed at various times. Bush's differential analyzer was, however, the first device of sufficiently general application to meet a genuine need, and in the period immediately before and during World War II quite a number of these devices were constructed. However, during the decade that followed, competition from electronic analog computers and from digital computers began to build up, and, although the new machine ran for a number of years at M.I.T., by 1955 the mechanical differential analyzer was already obsolete. tardis.union.edu /~hemmendd/Encyc/Articles/Difanal/difanal.html   (533 words)

The educational encyclopedia, displacement sensors Linear and rotary encoders an encoder is an electrical mechanical device that can monitor motion or position. Strain gauge measurements - a tutorial a strain gauge is a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to the amount of strain in the device. Strain gauges the most common form of strain gauge is the electrical resistance strain gauge – originally invented by Lord Kelvin in circa 1856. users.pandora.be /educypedia/electronics/sensorsdis.htm   (533 words)

MIT Differential Analyzer The motor-like devices on the left are "Nieman Torque Amplifiers," capstan-driven devices which act as mechanical amplifiers to keep the remaining calculations from loading the integrators (and hence losing accuracy). It was an analog computer, primarily used for evaluating and solving differential equations by mechanical integration. Jane Pickering of the MIT Museum and I are working on a project to build a working replica of the device for historical and educational purposes. web.mit.edu /mindell/www/analyzer.htm   (274 words)

History of Computers Abacus, the original mechanical counting device - may be up to 5000 years old 1930 The Differential Analyzer - a mechanical calculator that solved calculus problems - the first "computer" - invented by Vannevar Bush of MIT Computers A History of Mechanical Calculating Machines and Computers. members.aol.com /annfwms/seniorcc/history.htm   (638 words)

difanal.html Bush's differential analyzer was, however, the first device of sufficiently general application to meet a genuine need, and in the period immediately before and during World War II quite a number of these devices were constructed. In 1945, Bush and S. Caldwell described a new differential analyzer in which interconnection between the integrators was effected electrically instead of mechanically. However, during the decade that followed, competition from electronic analog computers and from digital computers began to build up, and, although the new machine ran for a number of years at M.I.T., by 1955 the mechanical differential analyzer was already obsolete. engineering.union.edu /~hemmendd/Encyc/Articles/Difanal/difanal.html   (638 words)

Historical Sketch, ENIAC Trial Exhibits Guide Though the Bush analyzer was able to perform many mathematical equations, it was still at its core a mechanical device with an electric drive and thus could not produce the greater precision and accuracy desired by scientists. The catalyst that advanced electrical engineering and the computer beyond the differential analyzer and to the ENIAC was the demands of the army during the 1930's and particularly the Second World War. The practical need that the differential analyzer could not solve effectively was the preparation of firing tables—charts that showed how to aim artillery accurately. www.archives.upenn.edu /faids/upd/eniactrial/eniac4.html   (638 words)

Glossary of Printed Circuit Design and Manufacturing As an interconnect, the main advantages of flex over traditional cabling are greater reliability, size and weight reduction, elimination of mechanical connectors, elimination of wiring errors, increased impedance control and signal quality, circuit simplification, greater operating temperature range, and higher circuit density. differential signaling—A method of signal transmission through two wires which always have opposite states. Any device that switches or amplifies by the application of low-level signals. www.goldengategraphics.com /pcgloss.htm   (9643 words)

History of Numerical PDEs Claude Shannon (1916 -) "...Shannon was short of money, and happy to be recruited by his professor, Vannevar Bush, to tend the unwieldy entrails of Bush's mechanical computing device - the Differential Analyser. The tradition of computation was continued by Sir David Bates FRS, who used a differential analyser when he was a student at Queen's in the 1930s. Douglas R. Hartree (1897-1958) Hartree built a differential analyzer based upon the machine of the American, Vannevar Bush. www.mcs.dundee.ac.uk /~dfg/histlinks.html   (9643 words)

Slip Limited Differential Install LSD: a mechanical gear device which used to ensure that some power is always applied to each of the wheels, even when one is on a slippery surface. I also re-sealed the valve cover of the differential, since the diff is used. The TRD LSD is a standard type LSD in that it uses clutch packs to transfer torque from one wheel to the other. lexusmodz.netfirms.com /GS_DIY/LSD   (1053 words)

SEMINAR It is an electro-mechanical device designed to produce an AC voltage output proportional to the relative displacement of the transformer and the armature, as illustrated in the figure below. Since the number of coil windings is uniformly distributed along the transformer, the voltage output is proportional to the iron core displacement when the core slides through the transformer. Capacitive sensors can directly sense a variety of things—motion, chemical composition, electric field—and, indirectly, sense many other variables which can be converted into motion or dielectric constant, such as pressure, acceleration, fluid level, and fluid composition. www.geocities.com /styrene007/sensors/SEMINAR.html   (1053 words)

Wall Clock, Station & unusual large repro antique clocks by Thomas Kent & Newgate Members of the school of Posidonios created a device to compute the positions of the sun and the moon--what we now call "The Antikythera Mechanism." Challenged by the same, mechanical difficulty Archimedes faced in representing the synodic month, these scientists developed the first differential gear to solve the problem. Archaeological evidence suggests that after the Antikythera Mechanism was lost in a shipwreck, the differential gear essentially disappeared from western knowledge until 1575, when it reappeared in a globe clock designed by Jobst BĂĽrgi. The differential gear later became a critical component of the cotton gin, a late 18th century invention that marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. www.curioshop.co.uk   (3054 words)

Driveshaft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A driveshaft or driving shaft or Cardan shaft is a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied. A driveshaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a propeller shaft (or more commonly a "prop-shaft") and a driveshaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel is usually called a halfshaft. A pair of short driveshafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential, transmission, or transaxle to the wheels. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Driveshaft   (425 words)

United States Patent Application: 0040263028 Thus, as a result of the differential pre-strain of the polymer 206 and the geometry of the frame 202, the bow device 200 is able to provide a larger mechanical displacement and mechanical energy output than an electroactive polymer alone for common electrical input. Polymer material properties and parameters related to the ability of the polymer to convert between mechanical energy and electrical energy include, for example, the dielectric breakdown strength, maximum strain, dielectric constant, elastic modulus, properties associated with the visco-elastic performance, properties associated with creep, response time and actuation voltage. The pre-strain improves the mechanical response of an electroactive polymer relative to a non-strained electroactive polymer. appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040263028".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040263028&RS=DN/20040263028   (19310 words)

Linear regulator with output current and voltage sensing - US Patent 6750638 The linear regulator of claim 3, wherein the energy storage device comprises at least one of a capacitor, inductor, spring, and other storage device of one of mechanical, chemical and electrical energy. The linear regulator of claim 14, wherein the energy storage device comprises at least one of a capacitor, inductor, spring and other storage device of one of mechanical, chemical and electrical energy. The linear regulator of claim 1, wherein the control loop circuit comprises a differential amplifier and a voltage divider. www.patentstorm.us /patents/6750638.html   (3156 words)

Vannevar Bush: The History of his Moment, His Moment in History Bush's role as an inventor par excellence is portrayed through various accomplishments, in particular his milestone work on the differential analyzer-a mechanical device used to solve differential equations by analogue means. In the article, Bush describes a new machine, dubbed a "memex," which at one level was a mechanical memory aid of enormous proportions but at another offered "a breathtaking vision. Bush's work on machines that today would be called personal computers and on the field of study now called "human-computer interaction" was truly visionary. www.siam.org /siamnews/12-98/bush.htm   (1294 words)

Robo The name refers to the fact that the motion vector of the robot is sum of the independent wheel motions, something that is also true of the mechanical differential (however, this drive system does not use a mechanical differential). In the case of small robots such as the ones used in the Robo-Rats competition, a rolling device is not strictly necessary if the floor is smooth--some robots have used fixed rounded Lego parts in place of captive balls. To ensure that the robot is traveling in a straight line, it may be necessary to adjust the motor RPM very often (many times per second). www.cs.dartmouth.edu /~robotlab/robotlab/courses/cs54-2001s/diffdrive.html   (520 words)

Vannevar Bush's Analog Computer -- The Differential Analyser The Differential Analyzer was based on the use of mechanical integrators that could be interconnected in any desired manner. In 1935 Bush developed a second version, in which the gears were shifted electro-mechanically and which employed paper tapes to carry instructions and to set up the gears. This device, which Bush dubbed a Product Intergraph, was subsequently built by one of his students. www.maxmon.com /1927ad.htm   (283 words)

Driveshaft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A driveshaft or driving shaft or Cardan shaft is a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied. A driveshaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a propeller shaft (or more commonly a "prop-shaft") and a driveshaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel is usually called a halfshaft. On a power-driven ship, the driveshaft, or propeller shaft, usually connects the transmission inside the vessel directly to the propeller, passing through a stuffing box or other seal at the point it exits the hull. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Driveshaft   (473 words)

Transmission An automobile transmission is an intermediary device for transmitting the rotary energy of the car's engine at a suitable rotation speed, to the differential and from there to the driving wheels. There are two main transmission designs in common use - the manual transmission, an entirely mechanical gearing system, and the automatic transmission, which uses hydraulics as well as mechanical gearing, and partially automates the gear selection process. Synchronized transmissions began to appear in the 1930s, and incorporated synchronizers that were capable of bringing the countershaft up to speed, and aligning the gears in phase, prior to engagement. www.websters-online-dictionary.org /tr/transmission.html   (473 words)

CLOCK1A.html Members of the school of Posidonios created a device to compute the positions of the sun and the moon--what we now call " The Antikythera Mechanism." Challenged by the same, mechanical difficulty Archimedes faced in representing the synodic month, these scientists developed the first differential gear to solve the problem. By integrating stereography with the Clepsydra and the celestial sphere, humanity was capable of creating more practical and accurate devices for measuring time--the anaphoric clock and the astrolabe. The Clepsydra, as it is called, consisted of four major parts: a vessel for providing a constant supply of water (B), a reservoir and notched floatation rod (F), a display (G), and a device for adjusting the flow of water into the vessel (D). www.perseus.tufts.edu /GreekScience/Students/Jesse/CLOCK1A.html   (473 words)

The Differential Analyser Explained In an analogue computer the process of calculation is replaced by the measurement and manipulation of some continuous physical quantity such as mechanical displacement or voltage, hence such devices are also called continuous computers. The Differential Analyser is a mechanical analogue computer. When an analogue device can be “programmed” in some way to perform different functions at different times, it can be called an analogue computer. www.dalefield.com /nzfmm/magazine/Differential_Analyser.html   (1785 words)

Modeling/Forecasting Information Sciences Mechanical device technology in the ball and disk differential analyzer had been taken to its limit and was inadequate. The fifth generation development program with its emphasis on human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence, and the sixth generation research program with its emphasis on knowledge science are natural developments in the foci of attention indicated by the model. In the sixth generation era we may expect product innovation based on machine learning to affect simulation, such as the use of inductive inference to allow real-time learning simulations to be developed as major new modeling tools. ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /articles/BRETAM/InfSci   (5551 words)

Future of Information Technology 3-5 Mechanical device technology in the ball and disk differential analyzer had been taken to its limit and was inadequate. One interpretation of the timing of the generations is that they relate to the underlying business cycle of capital equipment purchase, the Juglar cycle originally identified in the nineteenth century (Juglar 1889) and apparent as a definite eight year cycle through to the current times (Lewis 1978). However, as more data were gathered the discrete nature of each era became more and more pronounced, both subjectively in relation to recollections of the ethos of those eras, and objectively as in relation to the critical events at the boundaries. ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /articles/BRETAM/FCS_IT/FCS_IT2.html   (5551 words)

Ultra micro precision fluid metering device - Patent 4484698 The Bourdon tube is the basis of many mechanical pressure gages and is also widely used in electrical transducers by measuring the output displacement with potentiometers, differential transformers, etc. The basic element in all the various forms is a tube of noncircular cross section. Also, similar to the text of the Cook patent, this E.P.O. application does not mention any element being a Bourdon tube; and the non-flattening and circumferential compression which is said to be necessary in the E.P.O. application indicates that it is perhaps further removed from the present invention than is the Cook device. In doing this the Bourdon tube device 12 is in a compressed state. www.freepatentsonline.com /4484698.html   (3572 words)

Antikythera mechanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The device is all the more impressive for its use of a differential gear, which was previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century AD. Another reconstruction was made in 2002 by Michael Wright, mechanical engineering curator for the Science Museum in London, working with Allan Bromley. The mechanism is the oldest known surviving geared mechanism, made from bronze in a wooden frame, and has puzzled and intrigued historians of science and technology since its discovery. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antikythera_mechanism   (3572 words)

8W - How? - Four-wheel drive In this awkward cigar-shaped device the driver would sit behind the rear differential, a seating position that was briefly tested by Consalvo Sanesi in an adapted 159. Also the mechanical 'traction-control' form of four-wheel drive that was intended to be part of the Mercedes W196 never materialized. 8w.forix.com /4wd.html   (3572 words)

Differential quantum efficiency Quantum Alliance QXCI Contains excerpts of The Promorpheus, written by Professor William C. Nelson, inventor of the Quantum Xrroid Consciousness Interface Device. Quantum Unitary Field Dynamics (QUFD) A new Quantum Mechanical Formulation of human and cosmic consciousness. PDEase2D 3.0 Solves partial differential equations numerically by finite element analysis for use in such problems as heat transfer, reaction diffusion, solid and fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, groundwater flow, and quantum mechanics. www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Differential_quantum_efficiency.html   (3572 words)

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