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Topic: Differential hardening

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	HARDENING AND TEMPERING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hardening and tempering of steels (and I guess annealing should be included here) is a procedure for modifying the metal's characteristics to better suit the job it has to perform.
		The hardening, tempering and annealing of such tool steels ('high-speed' steels as they are known) are beyond the scope of the average home workshop and these steels are usually purchased as shaped bits in the ready hardened state.
		The art of hardening and tempering is to balance the very hard characteristics of iron carbide with the toughness, resilience and ductility (i.e., resistance to breakage) of the base metal.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /%7Echrish/t-ht.htm (2395 words)

	Modification of gelatin - Patent 5219992
		For example, the hardener may be added (a) to the melt containing the modified gelatin, (b) to another gelatin containing layer, (c) to a layer not containing gelatin, or alternatively can be applied in solution or as an overcoat to a previously dried multilayer element.
		The concentrations at which the hardeners according to the invention are required to be used may vary within wide limits and depend mainly on the particular hardening compound used, and the hardness desired.
		After coating, a solution of the vinylsulfonyl hardener (or other hardener or hardeners used in the process) is applied to the outermost coat, and allowed to seep or become imbibed by the gelatin-containing layers.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5219992.html (3804 words)

	Full rail drive enhancement to differential SEU hardening circuit - US Patent 6608512 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The hardening circuit of claim 34 wherein each of the transistors of the first and second n-channel transistor paths has a substrate, and wherein the substrate of each of the transistors of the first and second n-channel transistor paths is floating.
		The hardening circuit of claim 38 wherein each of the transistors of the first and second n-channel transistor paths has a substrate, and wherein the substrate of each of the transistors of the first and second n-channel transistor paths is floating.
		The hardening circuit is coupled to the data state reinforcing feedback path, and the hardening circuit provides extra drive to the data node Q and the data complement node QN so as to prevent the data node Q and the data complement node QN from changing states in the presence of radiation.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6608512.html (8345 words)

	Conca, James Louis (1985-04-21) Differential weathering effects and mechanisms. ...
		The physical and chemical characteristics of the two differential weathering effects, case hardening and core softening, are examined to determine their formation mechanisms by investigating several field areas exhibiting differential weathering effects.
		The terms differential weathering effects, factors, mechanisms, processes, morphologies and their cause and effect relationships are defined in the context of the overall problem.
		Because differential weathering effects are defined on the basis of spatial variations in relative and absolute hardness, a portable field instrument has been developed to measure rock hardness as manifested in the abrasion resistance of the material.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-04072004-154813 (1024 words)

	Heat treatment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The techniques include annealing, case hardening, tempering and quenching.
		Usually a heat hardened item (of iron or its alloys) is too brittle for use until further treated with heat.
		Depending on the alloy used, it will be evenly heated to 200-500 degrees, held at that temperature (soaked) for an appropriate time (seconds or hours), then cooled slowly over an appropriate duration (minutes or hours).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heat_treatment (269 words)

	Gas phase hardening of gelatin holograms - Patent 4904554
		A process for hardening gelatin holograms according to claim wherein the concentration of aldehyde vapor in the atmosphere surrounding said dehydrated hologram is between about 5 to 20 volume percent.
		A process for hardening gelatin holograms according to claim 1 wherein the transmission characteristics of said dehydrated hologram are measured during said hardening process in order to monitor the extent of hardening.
		Hardening of gelatins, in accordance with the present invention, after full hologram processing, provides hard gelatins which are resistant to moisture and heat and which have diffraction efficiencies in excess of 90%.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4904554.html (3270 words)

	faq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A sword blade can be hardened differential, e.g.: the blade can have a Rockwell C value of 50 and the edge of 60.
		Hardening is achieved by a series of heating to exact temperatures and slow and fast cooling processes.
		Furthermore, in order to have the same strength as a blade made of steel, a blade made of titanium (alloy) would have 3-4 times the volume of a steel-blade, it would still be lighter, though.
	www.claudiospage.com /faq.htm (655 words)

	Albion Swords, History In Your Hand
		Differential Tempering: In this process a blade is through hardened (see below) to a high degree, and then heat is applied to the spine of the blade to make it softer and more flexible.
		With through hardening, there needs to be a compromise between having an edge hard enough to retain its sharpness, and having a softer, more flexible body that won't break when it is used.
		Differential Hardening: Quenching a blade so that the edges are harder than the spine or body of the blade.
	www.albion-swords.com /swords/sword-terms.htm (3060 words)

	Differential fault analysis hardening apparatus and evaluation method - Patent 6108419
		Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) is an attack on a cryptosystem in the form of directed energy such as heavy ion bombardment, RF energy, temperature shock, barometric shock, UV light, and laser energy.
		Through the comparison of the ciphertext with the ciphertext with faults in task 22, a key of the cryptosystem for symmetric ciphers may be recovered, or a factoring modulus of the cryptosystem for a given asymmetric cipher may be recovered, both of which operate to compromise the cryptosystem.
		Improving or hardening the cryptosystem in task 26 may be carried out in a variety of ways depending upon the nature of the stress applied to the cryptosystem causing the fault.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6108419.html (3493 words)

	True Swords, Pt 3: True Swords are made by Skilled Smiths
		Differential Hardening – This technique is seen on traditional Japanese swords, but also can be applied to other designs.
		Differential hardening can be accomplished by quenching just the edge; or by using clay to insulate and retain heat in the spine while quenching the whole piece.
		Differential Carburization – This takes advantage of the fact that every flame has three zones – oxygen rich, neutral and carbon rich – and that, depending on where it is in a flame, steel may either lose or gain carbon at the same rate, to a depth of about 1/8 inch per hour.
	www.angelsword.com /truesword3.php (508 words)

	myArmoury.com - View topic - Modern blades, damast, mono-steel...
		Differential hardening next to the high-complex forging was the logical consequence in Europe as in Japan.
		In regards to differential hardening, to a large degree I think this is a natural occurence in the heat treating process.
		Differential hardening is the logical consequence, alongside a highly complex forging process - both in Europe and in Japan.
	www.myarmoury.com /talk/viewtopic.php?p=30245 (6131 words)

	Sword Forum International - Differential hardening question
		This is done by using a very shallow hardening steel and coating the back with a layer of clay so that during the quench the back misses the nose and stays soft.---it is a differential harden rather than a differential temper.
		Typically a knife is hardened throughout, while a sword is bigger, the width is still about the same as many knives.
		In general, a differentially heat treated blade is less likely to snap in half, but is more likely to bend if it is exposed to lateral forces.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?s=1aa42285137a55fe07e5429e770bca2e&postid=484071 (1950 words)

	"Differential Heat Treating" by Terry Primos - Knife Articles : Custom Knives / Custom Knife / Custom Made Knives
		It goes by many names, there is differential tempering, differential hardening, selective tempering, selective hardening, zone treating, soft-back draw, and the list goes on and on it seems.
		A blade in which the spine has been hardened to a lesser degree than the cutting edge will exhibit a great deal of strength and flexibility and still have exceptional cutting ability.
		That is, the blade is fully hardened, then tempered, and finally the spine is drawn back with a torch.
	www.knifeart.com /difbyterprim.html (771 words)

	The Davy Roll Company
		Di-Hard differentially hardened rolls were developed to overcome the compromise between strength and wear resistance which is so often a problem when manufacturing conventional rolls.
		In the differential hardening process, the rolls are first treated to produce the optimum structure for meeting the mechanical requirements of the mill and then the barrel surface layer is hardened to a controlled depth by means of a special rotary SELAS furnace.
		In the case of grooved rolls, by machining the pass grooves before SELAS treatment the hardness contour can be made to follow the barrel profile thus ensuring adequate hardness at the bottom of the passes at discard.
	www.davyroll.co.uk /docs/ds-dh.htm (175 words)

	BudoSeek! Martial Arts Community Forums - katana steel
		How the steel is heat treated to harden it after it's been shaped into a blade is as important as the quality of the steel used in the first place.
		The Europeans tended to use "case hardening" where the entire outer skin of the blade was made harder to hold a cutting edge, with the inner core of the blade softer to withstand the stresses of cutting.
		This is called "differential hardening", different parts of the blade are given different hardnesses in the one process.
	www.budoseek.net /vbulletin/printthread.php?t=8275 (1007 words)

	Sword Forum International - A Glossary of Commonly Used Terms
		Differential hardening: One method to achieve a blade with harder edges and a "softer", springier back.
		Differential tempering: One method to achieve a blade with harder edges and a "softer", springier back.
		Hardening: The process in which a blade is heated to the point where it becomes non-magnetic (around 1400 degrees) and is then immediately quenched (quckly cooled) in one of a variety of liquids.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?threadid=34440 (1553 words)

	Clay Temper
		Clay and other refractory glops used in tempering (Hardening) the Japanese style edge, are probably the most confusing part of the entire process.
		Water quenching also produces the most extreme differential between the size of the hardened edge and the soft back.
		Oil quenching a 5160 bowie with a hardened edge, will produce about one eighth of an inch of curve over a foot of length.
	www.knives.com /claytemp.html (1748 words)

	Sword Forum International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Differentially hardened, this steel is superior for a katana whose main requirement is toughness.
		Although it responds better to differential hardening than 5160, it has a fairly under-whelming hamon, is prone to rusting, and needs more control in the hardening than the previously listed steels.
		Due to its high alloy content, there is no proper way of differentially hardening steels like A2 or D2 in a way that provides for high quality results.
	SwordForum.Com / - !http://www.swordforum.com/sfu/japanese/modern-steels.html (1026 words)

	Differential Hardening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But the pressure on banks is for hardening of interest rates across the board...
		They capitalised on the differential yields between treasury bills and funds raised through...
		traders said, was unlikely to be sustained with the hardening yields...
	www.wikiverse.org /differential-hardening (144 words)

	PABU CBRB1
		It is one piece of steel which has been hardened differently in different regions.
		recently gave a lecture explaining a bit about metal hardening that touched on differential hardening.
		Differential hardening gives a blade the best of two worlds.
	www.balisongcollector.com /pabu/cbrb12.html (428 words)

	Strain Hardening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This effect is called strain hardening, and it is associated with an increased resistance to …
		true stress is plotted against true strain, the rate of strain hardening tends to become almost uniform, that is, the...
		Differential hardening A differential hardening is a method used in forging swords and knives to increase the hardness of the edge.
	www.bomills.com /Strain+Hardening.html (351 words)

	Blacksmithing and Metalworking Q&A : anvilfire Guru page : January 1 - 9, 2004
		Hardening only the edge could lead to warping and distortion as well as leaving the spine with a less robust microstructure.
		Differential Hardening with Clay QC, This is a common method of hardening used in traditional Japanese bladesmithing.
		Another method of differential hardening is to quench a narrow edge.
	www.anvilfire.com /FAQs/archives/g012004a.htm (13349 words)

	Blade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Various techniques were also employed to make the blade harder.
		In particular, case hardening (also known as Differential hardening) was popular - the sword was heated up and plunged into water.
		The outer layer of metal was thus made very hard but brittle, inner layers hopefully retaining some toughness to counteract the brittleness.
	www.bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/b/bl/blade.html (494 words)

	anvilfire Guru page for April 22 - 30, 2001
		The trick with the air hardening steels is that the tempering temperatures are rather high.
		It is a result of both oxidation and the change in crystal structure on the surface of the steel during hardening.
		IF it is high enough carbon to harden then all of it EXCEPT the striking face needs to be tempered soft to keep the part from breaking.
	www.anvilfire.com /FAQs/archives/g042001d.htm (14733 words)

	Knife Review : Valiant Survival Golok L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However the edge on the Golok rolled even on the light vegetation (some stalks were dry and hardened), and took visible dents on the rather light limbing (up to 1 mm or so deep ~0.030" thick), yet handled the knots fine and remained shaving sharp through about two hundred chops in the pine.
		The edge was then chopped into a few rocks and a concrete block (gripping the tang), this did little damage to the fully hardened region, much less than the shovel chopping, and just tended to mash it in.
		In short, this is a blade with a very powerful draw cutting ability, which can approach the whittling ability of very fine utility knife, handles as well as quality machetes on soft vegetation, and gets penetration in the same class as a quality hatchet on thick wood cutting with a fluid pace.
	www.physics.mun.ca /~sstamp/knives/valiant_golok.html (6299 words)

	Hardening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tabes dorsalis A late form of syphilis resulting in a hardening of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and marked by shooting pains, emaciation, loss of muscular coordination, and disturbances of sensation and digestion.
		Battle lines are hardening between interests for and against software patents in Europe, as the EU Parliament dismissed a bill that would have allowed software to be patented liberally.
		A caldera is a volcanic crater which usually has a flat surface, at the bottom, formed by the hardening of a lava lake.
	www.bonose.com /Hardening-40.html (635 words)

	Sword Forum International - Differential Hardening
		I've read that in chinese swords, specifically the jian, the edges were differentially hardened without using clay.
		There are a number of ways to approach that effect, in the context of period Chinese pieces Shane has it right, in heating the blade with care the edges can be brought to a somewhat higher temp than the body of the blade...
		Depending on a lot of factors, such as carbon levels overall in the seperate sections, the side-plates may not really harden at all, the core may harden up to the edges of the side-plates, or it might creep in under some lending some stiffness to the whole, there are a lot of variables.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?threadid=46067 (923 words)

	CA: Pyro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pyro also differentially hardens the emulsion in proportion to the density.
		When the differential hardening effect does take place it can result in a strong edge or border effect because it will change the rate of diffusion of the developer, and its reaction products, through the emulsion.
		In older emulsions this could result in the strengthening of the contrast at the borders between high and low density areas.
	www.cameraarts.com /pyro.html (733 words)

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