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Topic: Cell differentiation

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	What are adult stem cells? [Stem Cell Information]
		An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, can renew itself, and can differentiate to yield the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ.
		Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are defined by their origin (the inner cell mass of the blastocyst), the origin of adult stem cells in mature tissues is unknown.
		Also, a single adult stem cell should be able to generate a line of genetically identical cells—known as a clone—which then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/basics/basics4.asp (1338 words)

	What are embryonic stem cells? [Stem Cell Information]
		Specifically, embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.
		The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocyst; the blastocoel, which is the hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; and the inner cell mass, which is a group of approximately 30 cells at one end of the blastocoel.
		Embryonic stem cells that have proliferated in cell culture for six or more months without differentiating, are pluripotent, and appear genetically normal are referred to as an embryonic stem cell line.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/basics/basics3.asp (1114 words)

	Cell Differentiation by Gram's Stain
		In Gram's method, which is based on the ability of a cell in retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment, it is the difference in the microbial cell wall that is amplified.
		In contrast, the solvent dehydrates the thicker gram-positive cell wall, closing the pores as the cell wall shrinks during dehydration.
		Thus, the length of the decolorizer treatment is critical in clearly differentiating the gram-positive cells from the gram-negative cells.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~nsw/ench485/lab9b.htm (1389 words)

	GROWTH III
		Non-lignified plant tissues are supported by the pressure of cell contents against the (primary) cell walls of their tissues.
		Water tends to move into the cell because of the osmotic effect of the low-molecular weight solutes in the vacuole.
		Cells in the roots of such plants may show plasmolysis: as the cytoplasm shrinks the plasmamembrane pulls away from the cell wall leaving a fluid-filled space.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs300/cell3.htm (825 words)

	PA-05-043: Directed Stem Cell Differentiation for Cell-Based Therapies for Heart, Lung, And Blood, and Aging Diseases ...
		The long range goal of this program is the development of methods to direct the differentiation or development of stem cells along specific cell lineages to yield replacement cells for clinical use, whether the replacement cells are formed in vitro for delivery or formed in vivo in the tissue or organ environment.
		Cells suitable for cell based therapy need to 1) provide robust and persistent engraftment to repair injury or correct genetic disease; 2) undergo tissue specific differentiation, either prior to transplantation or in vivo, and; 3) be expandable to the scale required for clinical application.
		Therefore, the influence of resident cells on the stem cell in the microenvironment of the niche must be assessed.
	grants2.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-05-043.html (5412 words)

	Authors Guidelines
		Differentiation is a multidisciplinary journal that broadly covers the fields of cell differentiation and developmental biology.
		The author should bear in mind that Differentiation is a multi-disciplinary journal and that the abstract should not be a mere summary but should be comprehensible to those who are not familiar with the author's discipline.
		All authors agree that as a condition of publication in Differentiation they will make available all reagents such as DNA constructs, genetic strains of organisms, and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the scientific community for research purposes.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /submit.asp?ref=0301-4681 (1521 words)

	Adler Lab
		The hypothesis that the product of each gene may be necessary for the differentiation of particular nonphotoreceptor neuron subsets and that their absence may be required for progenitor cells to differentiate as photoreceptors was tested in this study.
		Lens cell elongation in epithelial explants was stimulated by treatment with FGF1 or FGF2, alone or in combination with BMP2, but not to the same extent as vitreous humor.
		Abrams L, Politi LE, Adler R. (1989) Differential susceptibility of isolated mouse retinal neurons and photo-receptors to kainic acid toxicity: in vitro analysis of cell survival and neurotransmitter-related activities.
	www.jhu.edu /~adlerlab/new/publictions.html (2163 words)

	Multilineage Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines -- Odorico et al. 19 (3): 193 -- Stem Cells
		C) Hematopoietic stem cells and a second tissue generated from the same parental ES cell line could be transplanted simultaneously or successively to the same recipient after administration of a nonmyeloablative conditioning drug regimen.
		Muscle cell differentiation of embryonic stem cells reflects myogenesis in vivo: developmentally regulated expression of myogenic determination genes and functional expression of ionic currents.
		Differentiation of endoderm derivatives, pancreas and intestine, from rhesus embryonic stem cells.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/19/3/193 (6540 words)

	HHMI News: Gene Triggers Stem Cell Differentiation
		A gene that governs development of neuronal cells has now been shown to be involved in regulating differentiation of stem cells into secretory cells in the intestine.
		These were goblet cells that secrete mucous important for food movement; enteroendocrine cells that secrete regulatory peptides, and Paneth cells that secrete microbe-fighting peptides.
		Also, since these intestinal cells depend on these regulatory pathways to signal them to stop proliferating, understanding those pathways could yield insights into the mechanisms of colon cancers." In the longer term, said Zoghbi, understanding the regulatory control of intestinal stem cells could lead to treatments to regenerate damaged intestinal tissue.
	www.hhmi.org /news/zoghbi4.html (817 words)

	Cell Rewind
		Harvard cell biologist Mark Keating has been asking this question for eight years, and this winter he made a discovery that not only helps answer the question but also brings re-growth of human limbs into the realm of possibility.
		But it is possible, he says, that de-differentiation, the process of reversing cell differentiation, could someday redirect how we think about the permanence of cell development and even the definition of a stem cell.
		This is a report on the scientific, ethical and policy issues related to stem cell research from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute for Civil Society.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/cell_rewind.html (495 words)

	Cell differentiation: reciprocal regulation of Apaf-1 and the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins -- Lindholm and ...
		Cell differentiation: reciprocal regulation of Apaf-1 and the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins -- Lindholm and Arumäe 167 (2): 193 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		cells have increased resistance to cell death that is IAP dependent.
		Cloning of a novel Apaf-1-interacting protein: a potent suppressor of apoptosis and ischemic neuronal cell death.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/167/2/193 (1673 words)

	New insight into regulation of blood stem cells
		A research study published in the February issue of Developmental Cell expands on previous studies by using adult animals to examine the role of a key gene known to be required for blood cell formation.
		The genes that control proliferation and differentiation have been difficult to study using traditional gene disruption methods because loss of genes thought to be critical for this process often results in embryonic death, making it impossible to study the role of the gene of interest in mature animals.
		The ability to influence stem cell fate decisions would be expected to have a major impact on the field of stem cell therapy and to provide important in vitro model systems for the identification of genes and compounds that can be used to regulate the process of stem cell differentiation."
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/cp-nii012705.php (515 words)

	A fork in the road of cell differentiation in the kidney tubule -- Al-Awqati and Schwartz 113 (11): 1528 -- Journal of ...
		A fork in the road of cell differentiation in the kidney tubule -- Al-Awqati and Schwartz 113 (11): 1528 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		A fork in the road of cell differentiation in the kidney tubule
		Acid incubation reverses the polarity of intercalated cell transporters, an effect mediated by hensin.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/113/11/1528 (1541 words)

	Cell Differentiation Section [NEI Laboratories]
		This section studies the signaling mechanisms that regulate adhesion, proliferation and differentiation in epithelial cells of the lens and cornea.
		Cdk5 and its regulatory subunit, p35 are expressed in epithelial cells of both tissues, and a second regulatory subunit, p39, is also expressed in lens.
		Since cell migration depends on the proper balance between assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions, changes in Cdk5 activity also alter the rate of cell migration.Studies to investigate the mechanism by which Cdk5 regulates adhesion and migration have shown that Cdk5 regulates the subcellular localization and activity of c-Src.
	www.nei.nih.gov /intramural/celldiff.asp (557 words)

	Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin -- Pera et al. 117 (7): 1269 ...
		Gene expression in spontaneously differentiating and BMP-2-treated ES cells, spontaneously differentiating and BMP-2- or retinoic acid-treated EC cells, and noggin-treated ES cells.
		The immunophenotype of the noggin-treated cells was distinguished
		Gremlin produced in feeder cells partially offsets extra-embryonic differentiation locally; addition of noggin to medium completely inhibits this differentiation and allows the formation of neural progenitor through a default mechanism.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/7/1269 (6446 words)

	Cell Differentiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Terminal differentiation - cell has fully matured to terminal phenotype (neurons)
		Once cells start down pathway they don't change to other pathway.
		When proliferation is continuous there is little differentiation
	www.bmb.psu.edu /courses/biotc489/notes/different.htm (237 words)

	Nfat: ubiquitous regulator of cell differentiation and adaptation -- Horsley and Pavlath 156 (5): 771 -- The Journal of ...
		Differentiation of primary keratinocyte cells in vitro is associated
		Vascular endothelial growth factor activates nuclear factor of activated T cells in human endothelial cells: a role for tissue factor gene expression.
		Differential localization of NFAT isoforms and induction of NFAT-mediated transcription by phospholipase C-coupled cell surface receptors.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/156/5/771 (3127 words)

	Th1/Th2 cell differentiation of developing CD4 single-positive thymocytes -- Kikkawa et al. 14 (8): 943 -- ...
		Tg T cells were performed as described (22).
		The cultured cells were stimulated with IL-12 for 5 min, and phosphorylated STAT4 molecules were detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-STAT4 mAb and anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting.
		Scollay, R., Bartlett, P. and Shortman, K. T cell development in the adult murine thymus: changes in the expression of the surface antigens Ly2, L3T4 and B2A2 during development from early precursor cells to emigrants.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/8/943 (3929 words)

	Gene Found That Triggers Stem Cell Differentiation
		Previous work by Zoghbi and her colleagues revealed Math1's role in governing differentiation of neuronal cells, including sensory cells in the inner ear.
		"This told us that Math1 was important for basic stem cell differentiation, and that Math1-negative progenitor cells gave rise to the enterocytes, whereas Math1-expressing cells give rise to goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth cells," she said.
		In the longer term, said Zoghbi, understanding the regulatory control of intestinal stem cells could lead to treatments to regenerate damaged intestinal tissue.
	unisci.com /stories/20014/1207012.htm (741 words)

	Cell Death & Differentiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		CDD is devoted to the cell biology, molecular biology and biochemistry of cell death and disease.
		Bax limits adult neural stem cell persistence through caspase and IP3 receptor activation
		Correlation between differentiation plasticity and mRNA expression profiling of CD34+-derived CD14- and CD14+ human normal myeloid precursors
	www.nature.com /cdd (209 words)

	M T LING et al.: Androgen induces prostate cell differentiation in culture (Journal of Endocrinology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the present study, AR was stably transfected into HPr-1 cells by replication- defective retrovirus.
		Treatment of HPr-1AR cells with androgen resulted in cell differentiation and growth retardation accompanied with an up-regulation of cytokeratins K8 and K18, PSA, p21, and p27 and down- regulation of c-myc, bcl-2 and telomerase activity.
		Our results suggest that androgen promotes the process of differentiation in a human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 immortalized prostate epithelial cell line which may reflect the normal effects of androgen on prostate cells.
	journals.endocrinology.org /joe/170/joe1700287.htm (264 words)

	PPARgamma : a Nuclear Regulator of Metabolism, Differentiation, and Cell Growth -- Rosen and Spiegelman 276 (41): 37731 ...
		PPARgamma : a Nuclear Regulator of Metabolism, Differentiation, and Cell Growth -- Rosen and Spiegelman 276 (41): 37731 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		was cloned as a transcription factor important in fat cell differentiation; it was also isolated in screens seeking
		cells from ES cells and from embryonic fibroblasts (29, 31).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/41/37731 (4565 words)

	Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease -- Owens et al. 84 (3): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease -- Owens et al.
		and even in adult organisms the cell is not terminally differentiated.
		cells in association with vascular injury and atherosclerotic
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/84/3/767 (1572 words)

	Differentiation - Journal Information
		Differentiation is a multidisciplinary journal dealing with all problems relating to cell differentiation, development, cellular structure and function, and cancer.
		Differentiation of eukaryotes at the molecular level and the use of transgenic and targeted mutagenesis approaches to problems of differentiation are of particular interest to the journal.
		The journal will publish full-length articles containing original work in any of these areas.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /journals/dif (127 words)

	Cell Growth & Differentiation
		Complete Back Issues of Cell Growth & Differentiation (January 1990-September 2002) Now Available Online
		For faster access to CG&D Online from these locations use this URL:
		Copyright © 2005 by the American Association of Cancer Research.
	cgd.aacrjournals.org (61 words)

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