Diffie-Hellman - Factbites

Diffie-Hellman - Factbites
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Topic: Diffie-Hellman

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	Diffie-Hellman key exchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 2002, Hellman suggested the algorithm be called Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange in recognition of Ralph Merkle's contribution to the invention of public-key cryptography (Hellman, 2002).
		The scheme was first published publicly by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976, although it later emerged that it had been discovered a few years earlier within GCHQ, the British signals intelligence agency, by Malcolm J. Williamson but was kept classified.
		Diffie-Hellman key agreement was invented in 1976 during a collaboration between Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman and was the first practical method for establishing a shared secret over an unprotected communications channel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diffie-Hellman (1212 words)

	Diffie-Hellman
		Diffie and Helman proposed a method which can also be used in the context of a given RSA crypto-system.
		A typical solution to this problem is for the two parties to agree about a method of concealing the contents of their communication by means of a public negotiation.
		An RSA system with encryption modulus R is given.
	math.boisestate.edu /~marion/teaching/m124f04/DiffieHellman.htm (255 words)

	Other algorithms
		Diffie Hellman is a key exchange algorithm based on modulo arithmetic, that can be used to securely exchange keys between two systems that don't share any mutual keys.
		Diffie Hellman operates in a large modulo number space, but doesn't rely on properties as exotic as RSA.
		The stolen key could be used to fabricate false credentials for future sessions, but couldn't be used to decrypt previous sessions because the session keys were exchanged using Diffie Hellman.
	www.freesoft.org /CIE/Topics/145.htm (471 words)

	ICS 54: History of Public-Key Cryptography
		The patent granted to Diffie and Hellman is the first of a group that emerged from scientists at Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the end of the 1970's.
		While Diffie was technically a graduate student at the time, both he and his nominal adviser, Hellman, both agree that this was more a convenient classification that made it easier for Hellman to use research money to provide support.
		By everyone's estimation, the invention by Diffie and Hellman was a pivotal moment in network security, a crucial component of public privacy, and also an elegant and simple mathematical solution.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~ics54/doc/security/pkhistory.html (3659 words)

	4200770.html
		Diffie and Hellman also distributed preprints of their ``New Directions in Cryptography'' paper, which disclosed the Diffie-Hellman system, at that conference and by mail.
		Diffie and Hellman would have published their system anyway.
		Diffie disclosed the idea of public-key cryptography at a conference in June 1976.
	cr.yp.to /patents/us/4200770.html (118 words)

	Some Quotes
		The 1976 publication of ``New Directions in Cryptography'', by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, was epochal in cryptographic history.
		Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E. New directions in cryptography.
		A review of Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking article is amusing, because the reviewer, J.S. Joel, says ``They propose a couple of techniques for implementing the system, but the reviewer was unconvinced.''
	math.stanford.edu /~rubin/110/stein/html/node3.html (240 words)

	Diffie Hellman
		The Diffie Hellman system works as follows: Two parties who wish to send encrypted messages to each other are going to agree on a secret symmetric encryption key by means of a public negotiation (i.e., open to any eavesdroppers).
		The first ever public key protocol was introduced by Diffie and Hellman.
		Intuitively, the prime number P acts as the container for the message, while the secret number DHS acts as a lock and the secret number UDHS acts as a key for unlocking the given lock.
	math.boisestate.edu /~marion/teaching/fallcrypto02/dhsystem.htm (438 words)

	pkcs-3.asc
		Scope This standard describes a method for implementing Diffie- Hellman key agreement, whereby two parties, without any prior arrangements, can agree upon a secret key that is known only to them (and, in particular, is not known to an eavesdropper listening to the dialogue by which the parties agree on the key).
		The input to the first phase shall be the Diffie- Hellman parameters.
		Copyright (C) 1991-1993 RSA Laboratories, a division of RSA Data Security, Inc. License to copy this document is granted provided that it is identified as "RSA Data Security, Inc. Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)" in all material mentioning or referencing this document.
	www.eecis.udel.edu /~mills/database/rsa/pkcs-3.asc (1488 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 2002, Hellman suggested the algorithm be called Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange in recognition of Ralph Merkle's contribution to the invention of public-key cryptography (Hellman, 2002).
		The scheme was first published publicly by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976, although it later emerged that it had been discovered a few years earlier within GCHQ, the British signals intelligence agency, by Malcolm J. Williamson but was kept classified.
		Diffie-Hellman key agreement was invented in 1976 during a collaboration between Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman and was the first practical method for establishing a shared secret over an unprotected communications channel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diffie-Hellman (1488 words)

	Cryptography:Diffie-Hellman - Wikibooks
		Diffie-Hellman, named for creators Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, was the first (publicly known, at least) public key algorithm and was published in 1976.
		Its security relies on the discrete logarithm problem, which is still thought to be difficult.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:Diffie-Hellman (182 words)

	The Diffie-Hellman Protocol - Maurer, Wolf (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: The 1976 seminal paper of Diffie and Hellman is a landmark in the history of cryptography.
		406 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (context) - Diffie, Hellman et al.
		2 the connection between discrete logarithms and the Diffie-He..
	citeseer.csail.mit.edu /maurer99diffiehellman.html (873 words)

	Diffie-Hellman (Linktionary term)
		However, Diffie and Hellman did not put their system to actual use.
		Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published the first public-key algorithm in 1976.
		Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman developed the first practical system based on Diffie and Hellman's concepts in 1978.
	www.linktionary.com /d/diffie.html (174 words)

	Untitled Document
		The authenticated Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol, or Station-to-Station (STS) protocol, was developed by Diffie, van Oorschot, and Wiener in 1992 to defeat the man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol.
		The Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol (also called exponential key agreement) was developed by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976 and published in the ground-breaking paper "New Directions in Cryptography." The protocol allows two users to exchange a secret key over an insecure medium without any prior secrets.
		Which is based upon W. Diffie and M.E. Hellman's New directions in cryptography from IEEE transactions on Information Theory, IT 22:644-654, 1976.
	www.cypherus.com /resources/docs/pirooz.htm (2774 words)

	RFC 2631 (rfc2631) - Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method
		Introduction In [DH76] Diffie and Hellman describe a means for two parties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way that the secret will be unavailable to eavesdroppers.
		The Diffie-Hellman variant described requires the recipient to have a certificate, but the originator may have a static key pair (with the public key placed in a certificate) or an ephemeral key pair.
		This secret may then be converted into cryptographic keying material for other (symmetric) algorithms.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2631.html (2700 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		It's been around since Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published it in their 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography." However, the recent surge of interest in cryptography and secure communications have increased awareness of the protocol.
		Alice and Bob communicate using the symmetric algorithm of their choice and the shared secret key, k, which was never transmitted over the insecure circuit.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /tip/1,289483,sid7_gci879100,00.html (491 words)

	Key Agreement Protocol Without Using A One-Way Function
		Diffie and Hellman [1] proposed the well-known public-key distribution scheme based on the discrete logarithm problem in 1976 to enable two parties to establish a common secret session key based on their exchanged public keys.
		But their original scheme still needs an authentication channel to exchange the public keys.
	www.cstp.umkc.edu /~harnl/paper11/paper11.htm (1420 words)

	The Diffie-Hellman system (in Technology > Encryption @ iusmentis.com)
		It was invented in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman (US patent 4,200,770).
		It allows two parties, commonly called Alice and Bob, to agree on a key that they can use to encrypt messages they want to send to each other.
	www.iusmentis.com /technology/encryption/diffie-hellman (402 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		The idea of Diffie and Hellman is that it's easy to compute powers modulo a prime but hard to reverse the process: If someone asks which power of 2 modulo 11 is 7, you'd have to experiment a bit to answer, even though 11 is a small prime.
		There is a theorem that if you take a prime modulus, then there is always some generator, and in fact 2 often works.
		If you use a huge prime istead, then this becomes a very difficult problem even on a computer.
	www.math.ucla.edu /~baker/40.1.99w/handouts/rev_DH/node1.html (1033 words)

	The Alternative History of Public-Key Cryptography
		When Diffie told Hellman about Ellis, Cocks and Williamson, his attitude was that the discoveries of the academics should be a footnote in the history of classified research, and that the discoveries at GCHQ should be a footnote in the history of academic research.
		At this point, Williamson was keen to go public and block Diffie and Hellman's application, but he was overruled by his senior managers, who were not farsighted enough to see the digital revolution and the potential of public-key cryptography.
		When Diffie and Hellman tried to file for a patent in 1976, however, it was evident that they could be patented.
	cryptome.quintessenz.at /mirror/ukpk-alt.htm (1033 words)

	Trapdoor function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trapdoor functions came to prominence in cryptography in the mid-1970s with the publication of asymmetric encryption techniques by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle.
		Indeed, Diffie and Hellman first coined the term (Diffie and Hellman, 1976).
		Several function classes have been proposed, and it soon became obvious that trapdoor functions are harder to find than was initially thought.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trapdoor_function (1033 words)

	ICS 54: History of Public-Key Cryptography
		The patent granted to Diffie and Hellman is the first of a group that emerged from scientists at Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the end of the 1970's.
		While Diffie was technically a graduate student at the time, both he and his nominal adviser, Hellman, both agree that this was more a convenient classification that made it easier for Hellman to use research money to provide support.
		By everyone's estimation, the invention by Diffie and Hellman was a pivotal moment in network security, a crucial component of public privacy, and also an elegant and simple mathematical solution.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~ics54/doc/security/pkhistory.html (1033 words)

	Public Key Cryptography (PKC), RSA, PKI
		Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle later obtained patent number 4200770 on their method for secure public key exchange.
		As so often happens in the scientific world, the two groups were working independently on the same problem -- Diffie and Hellman on public key cryptography and Merkle on public key distribution -- when they became aware of each other's work and realized there was synergy in their approaches.
		The first researchers to discover and publish the concepts of PKC were Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman from Stanford University, and Ralph Merkle from the University of California at Berkeley.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/is_crypt_pkc_inv.htm (1033 words)

	SecurityDocs: Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - A Non-Mathematician's Explanation
		The Diffie-Hellman algorithm, introduced by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976, was the first system to utilize “public-key” or “asymmetric” cryptographic keys.
		In a symmetric key system, both sides of the communication must have identical keys.
	www.securitydocs.com /library/2978 (1802 words)

	Application: Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		It may seem incredible at first, but it is possible and is the remarkable discovery of Whitfield Diffie, now at Sun Microsystems, and Martin Hellman, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University, in 1976.
		The idea is to first determine a shared secret key, which one could use (for example) to encrypt the messages between them.
		How do two people, Amelia and Ben, share a secret over an open channel of communications?
	web.usna.navy.mil /~wdj/book/node47.html (88 words)

	The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Protocol
		The system was discovered by GCHQ (British intelligence) a few years before Diffie and Hellman found it, but they couldn't tell anyone about their work; perhaps it was discovered by others before.
		That this system was discovered independently more than once shouldn't surprise you, given how simple it is!
	modular.fas.harvard.edu /edu/Fall2001/124/lectures/lecture8/html/node2.html (100 words)

	[10.0] Digital Ciphers & Public-Key Cryptography
		Diffie immediately packed up his things, drove from the East Coast to the West Coast, and quickly struck up a working relationship with Hellman, working as a graduate student.
		While Hellman actually dreamed up the scheme, he believed that he couldn't have got from here to there without resonating with Diffie and Merkle, and so this scheme has become known as the "Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange algorithm".
		All the ciphers that Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle knew about that were more than trivial would only work in this order:
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcodea.html (100 words)

	Diffie-Hellman
		Hellman, Lillian Biography of American playwright Lillian Hellman, plus links to all of her works currently in print.
		Lillian Florence Hellman (1905-1984) Biography of playwright Lillian Hellman.
		Diffie, Joe Official Home Page of Joe Diffie.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Diffie-Hellman.html (100 words)

	Cyber B
		The procedure created by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle marks the birth of the public key cryptography, used in conjunction with secret keys that are not exchanged.
		Until Diffie, Hellman e Merkle invented their two-key system, communication of ciphered messages required the exchange of one key.
		It inspired three young Americans, Whitefield Diffie, Martin Hellman e Ralph Merkle, to create a cryptography system according to which secret communication is secured by the use of two keys that the two involved parties never exchange.
	pascal.iseg.utl.pt /~ncrato/EMS/Crypto2.htm (100 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange system - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Diffie-Hellman key exchange system
		In computing, the basis of public-key cryptography, proposed by researchers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Diffie-Hellman+key+exchange+system (100 words)

	future.of.research.txt
		Thus it can be argued that even if Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle had not solved the problem in the 1970s, it would have been solved within a decade by somebody else, as soon as the problem became acute, in plenty of time for the serious applications that we see today.
		The Diffie-Hellman-Merkle invention was the fruit of unfettered research, supported by an NSF grant to Hellman that was based on a proposal in a different area (at least in the early stages).
		It was only after computer and communication networks had become widespread that the problems foreseen by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle became serious.
	www.dtc.umn.edu /~odlyzko/doc/future.of.research.txt (100 words)

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