Diffie-Hellman key exchange

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Topic: Diffie-Hellman key exchange

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	Key-agreement protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anonymous key exchange, like Diffie-Hellman, does not provide authentication of the parties, and is thus vulnerable to man in the middle (MITM) attack.
		Hybrid systems use public keys cryptography to exchange secret keys which are then used in a symmetric key cryptography systems.
		Password-authenticated key agreement protocols require the separate establishment of a password (which may be smaller than a key) in a manner that is both private and integrity-assured.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Key-agreement_protocol (654 words)

	PlanetMath: Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		The Diffie-Hellman key exchange is a cryptographic protocol for symmetric key exchange.
		This is version 3 of Diffie-Hellman key exchange, born on 2003-07-17, modified 2005-03-18.
		Thus, the security of the exchange depends on the hardness of that problem, known as the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/DiffieHellmanKeyExchange.html (228 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 2002, Hellman suggested the algorithm be called Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange in recognition of Ralph Merkle's contribution to the invention of public-key cryptography (Hellman, 2002).
		Diffie-Hellman key exchange is a cryptographic protocol which allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel.
		Diffie-Hellman key agreement was invented in 1976 during a collaboration between Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman and was the first practical method for establishing a shared secret over an unprotected communications channel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diffie-Hellman (1361 words)

	draft-ietf-mobileip-regkey-03.txt
		Security Considerations Whenever a key is exchanged by use of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm, the process is susceptible to the "man-in-the-middle" attack, as detailed in Appendix A. This attack is not known to produce further difficulty, and susceptibility is already inherent in the operation of the base Mobile IP specification [11].
		Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange in Elliptic Curve Groups In order to multiply a generating point (X,Y) by a large number N, it is necessary to add the point to itself N times.
		If p is the value of the prime used for this Diffie-Hellman exchange, the generator should be less than p, and should be a primitive root [14] of p.
	www.ietf.org /proceedings/00dec/I-D/draft-ietf-mobileip-regkey-03.txt (8749 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 2002, Hellman suggested the algorithm be called Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange in recognition of Ralph Merkle's contribution to the invention of public-key cryptography (Hellman, 2002).
		Diffie-Hellman key exchange is a cryptographic protocol which allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel.
		Diffie-Hellman key agreement was invented in 1976 during a collaboration between Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman and was the first practical method for establishing a shared secret over an unprotected communications channel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diffie-Hellman (1284 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040064694
		The transmitter device 302 includes a pre-existing transmitter unit 310 that follows a certain encryption protocol that does not utilize a public key during authentication or key exchange, or in other words the protocol is a non-public-key authentication and key exchange protocol, or NPKAKE protocol.
		However, the authentication and key exchange capabilities of the NPKAKE Transmitter Unit 310 and NPKAKE Receiver Unit 312 may be based on a cryptographic method that can only provide a certain level of protection.
		A public key system is more secure because even if an outside user were to obtain the shared part of the key, the secret part is still secret and doesn't ever have to be known by anyone other than the creating user.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040064694".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040064694&RS=DN/20040064694 (4821 words)

	Secret Key Distribution
		does not yield x, and thus, does not yield the key, K. The Diffie/Hellman key exchange does not provide authentication.
		Key Translation Centers are used when two parties require the key management functions provided by the center, but one or both of the parties want to generate the KKs and DKs.
		The Center encrypts the key using the KKM shared between the Center and the recipient, and returns the encrypted key to the originator.
	csrc.nist.gov /publications/nistpubs/800-7/node209.html (981 words)

	47260.010614&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, keys sa and sb are sessions keys determined according to a Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and are thus equivalent to one another.
		The session key is determined by the receiver using a private key of the receiver and a public key of the sender.
		The session key is determined by a sender based on a private key of the sender and a public key of a receiver.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/47260.010614&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7083 words)

	Glossary
		The key length refers to the number of digits of bits in the key, and thus indicates the biggest number that can be used as a key, thereby defining the number of possible keys.
		Key distribution was a major problem in terms of logistics and security before the invention of public-key cryptography.
		A form of cryptography in which the key required for encrypting is not the same as the key required for decrypting.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~stotts/COMP145/homes/crypt/userManual/user_gloss.html (1140 words)

	Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This method of exponential key exchange, which came to be known as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, was the first published practical method for establishing a shared secret key over an unprotected communications channel without using a prior shared secret.
		Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key, by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically.
		Whatever the cryptographic assurance of the protocols themselves, the association between a public key and its owner is ultimately a matter of subjective judgement on the part of the trusted third party, since the key is a mathematical entity whilst the owner and the connection between owner and key is not.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetric_key (2973 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive
		In the second chapter we study two key exchange protocols similar to the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol using an abelian subgroup of the automorphism group of a nonabelian group.
		We also motivate the reader to think about the Diffie-Hellman key exchange in terms of group automorphisms.
		In the first chapter we talk about the discrete logarithm problem, more specifically we concentrate on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol.
	eprint.iacr.org /2005/223 (138 words)

	FreeS/WAN glossary
		The groups used as the basis of Diffie-Hellman key exchange in the Oakley protocol, and in IKE.
		The discrete log problem is the basis of several cryptographic systems, including the Diffie-Hellman key exchange used in the IKE protocol.
		This contrasts with symmetric or secret key cryptography in which a single key known to both parties is used for both encryption and decryption.
	www.freeswan.org /freeswan_snaps/CURRENT-SNAP/doc/glossary.html (10741 words)

	The Diffie-Hellman key exchange procedure
		Diffie and Hellman suggest the procedure can also be used in a situation in which
		A and B want to agree on a number, without C knowing what the number is. It may be, for example, that A and B plan to use the number as the key for future encoded messages.
		A and B agree on a (large) prime
	www.math.sunysb.edu /~scott/blair/Diffie_Hellman_key_exchange.html (112 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		When Public Key Partners’ patent on the Diffie-Hellman algorithm expired on April 29, 1997, crypto-cognoscenti worldwide held parties, then began incorporating the protocol, along with extensions by such people as Taher ElGamal, into their programs.
		The 1976 publication of “New Directions in Cryptography,” by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, was epochal in cryptographic history.
		Diffie, W., and Hellman, M.E., New Directions in Cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.
	gauss.ececs.uc.edu /Users/Franco/Project/dh.htm (423 words)

	Applying the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange to RSA An Application of Mathematical Groups to Structures of Human Groups
		Applying the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange to RSA An Application of Mathematical Groups to Structures of Human Groups
		One fact of particular interest regarding RSA is that it is a public-key system, meaning that two parties using RSA to exchange secret messages can make their encryption key e public without compromising the security of the system.
		To find the decryption key, the intruder would first have to find the prime factors of n, a problem which at this time is essentially impossible provided these factors are sufficiently large.
	www.comap.com /product?idx=653 (207 words)

	Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
		The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange is the process in which “session keys” may be distributed between communicating parties across a public network.
		The process involves setting up a secure tunnel using PKE (Public Key Encryption), through which session keys are passed.
		As PKE is employed, this process is prone to “man in the middle” attacks; consequently digital certificates should be employed as part of this process.
	www.mpirical.com /companion/IP/Diffie-Hellman_Key_Exchange.htm (65 words)

	draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-exchange-05.txt
		The security of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange is based on the difficulty of solving the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP).
		The Diffie-Hellman key exchange provides a shared secret that can not be determined by either party alone.
		[WALDVOGEL] Waldvogel, C. and J. Massey, "The probability distribution of the Diffie-Hellman key", Proceedings of AUSCRYPT 92, LNCS 718, Springer-Verlag, pp.
	www.ietf.org /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-exchange-05.txt (900 words)

	Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
		I posted a follow up to this message to sci.crypt in which I mail dropped nobody a message using the 1024 bit Diffie-Hellman key exchange he/she initiated.
		Alice then takes Joe's public key and her secret random number and calculates: alice% dh C366 4C20 10001 DED4 She uses this result as a session key to encrypt her message to Joe.
		To generate a key, Joe selects a public generator (3 in this example), a public prime modulus (10001 hexadecimal), and a secret exponent (9A2E hex).
	www.cypherspace.org /adam/rsa/dh-in-C.html (673 words)

	Authenticated group Diffie-Hellman key exchange: theory and practice
		Authenticated two-party Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows two principals A and B, communicating over a public network, and each holding a pair of matching public/private keys to agree on a session key.
		Over the years several papers have extended the two-party Diffie-Hellman key exchange to the multi-party setting but no formal treatments were carried out till recently.
		In light of recent developments in the formalization of the authenticated two-party Diffie-Hellman key exchange we have in this thesis laid out the authenticated group Diffie-Hellman key exchange on firmer foundations.
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-51150 (218 words)

	Diffie-Hellman Method For Key Agreement
		Which is based upon W. Diffie and M.E. Hellman's New directions in cryptography from IEEE transactions on Information Theory, IT 22:644-654, 1976.
		4) The two host now exchange the public keys ('y') and the exchanged numbers are converted into a secret key, 'z'.
		'z' can now be used as the key for whatever encryption method is used to transfer information between the two hosts.
	postdiluvian.org /~seven/diffie.html (247 words)

	Crypt::DH - Diffie-Hellman key exchange system
		Given the public key $public_key of Party B (the party with which you're performing key negotiation and exchange), computes the shared secret key, based on that public key, your own private key, and your own large prime value (p).
		The shared secret key is generated based on the exchanged public key, the private key, and p.
		Generates the public and private key portions of the Crypt::DH object, assuming that you've already filled p and g with appropriate values.
	www.stupidfool.org /perl/docs/perldoc/Crypt/DH.html (422 words)

	Diffie-Hellman in 2 lines of perl
		Typically D-H is used to exchange a randomly generated conventional encryption key, the rest of the exchange is then encrypted with the conventional cipher.
		You advertise your public generator g, and public prime modulus m as your "public key" in the same way that you would advertise an RSA public key, you give this to anyone you wish to exchange messages with.
		(where [a] and [m] are the large numbers above cut and pasted in, and [y] is your large random number.) and then calculate key exchange number b:
	www.cypherspace.org /adam/rsa/perl-dh.html (718 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		The Diffie-Hellman method illustrates the concept of "public-key cryptography", where people can give out public information that enables other people to send them encrypted information.
		The idea of Diffie and Hellman is that it's easy to compute powers modulo a prime but hard to reverse the process: If someone asks which power of 2 modulo 11 is 7, you'd have to experiment a bit to answer, even though 11 is a small prime.
		Suppose two people, Alice and Bob [traditional names], want to use insecure email to agree on a secret "shared key" that they can use to do further encryption for a long message.
	www.math.ucla.edu /~baker/40.1.99w/handouts/rev_DH/node1.html (1033 words)

	SecurityDocs: Comment on Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - A Non-Mathematician's Explanation
		Once secure exchange of the symmetric key is complete (and note that passing that key is the whole point of the Diffie-Hellman operation), data encryption and secure communication can occur.
		Asymmetric key systems alleviate that issue because they use two keys – one called the “private key” that the user keeps secret and one called the “public key” that can be shared with the world.
		The longer a symmetric key is in use, the easier it is to perform a successful cryptanalytic attack against it.
	www.securitydocs.com /library/2978 (1528 words)

	Report
		After key exchange, both sever and client will use the shared key to encipher and decipher the sensitive data such as customer credit number, SSN etc using IDEA algorithm.
		Constructs a randomly generated BigInteger X as the private key, and then calculate the peer public key based on X and a common large prime.
		It has eight rounds.The method of subkey generation is regular, the 128-bit key of IDEA is taken as the first eight subkeys.
	www.cs.purdue.edu /homes/jiangx/02spring/cs555/report.html (2008 words)

	Provably authenticated group Diffie-Hellman key exchange - The dynamic case (Extended abstract)
		Dynamic group Diffie-Hellman protocols for Authenticated Key Exchange(AKE) are designed to work in scenario in which the group membership is not known in advance but where parties may join and may also leave the multicast group at any given time.
		Emmanuel Bresson, Olivier Chevassut, and David Pointcheval, "Provably authenticated group Diffie-Hellman key exchange - The dynamic case (Extended abstract)" (September 20, 2001).
		In this paper, we define a security model for this problem and use it to precisely define Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) with "implicit" authentication as the fundamental goal, and the entity-authentication goal as well.
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-48202 (204 words)

	Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, prepared by doug@mscs.mu.edu
		You might even make an initial exchange, and then have one call the other on the phone so that they can exchange fingerprints of the keys supplied: Malicious lets hope has not tapped their phones, or cannot imitate both voices if he has.
		So it will be nice if there will be a "spontaneous" way to both suddenly agree on a key, exchanging only information that will not compromise the knowledge of the key to those who might eavesdrop electronically on their conversation.
		They do not exchange these numbers directly, but they exchange mathematical transformations of the numbers, by a trapdoor function.
	spectral.mscs.mu.edu /NetworksClass/DHKeyExch.html (1064 words)

	Password-Based Public-Key Cryptography: Submissions and Research Contributions
		SPEKE and the closely-related Diffie-Hellman Encrypted Key Exchange (DH-EKE) are examined in light of both known and new attacks, along with sufficient preventive constraints.
		We show an efficient, 3-round, password-authenticated key exchange protocol with human-memorable passwords which is provably secure under the Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption, yet requires only (roughly) 8 times more computation than "standard" Diffie-Hellman key exchange [14] (which provides no authentication at all).
		Bob verifies this result to confirm that Alice knows C. Implementation issues are summarized, showing the potential for improved performance over Bellovin & Merritt's comparably strong Augmented-Encrypted Key Exchange.
	grouper.ieee.org /groups/1363/passwdPK/contributions.html (2257 words)

	Diffie-Hellman key exchange
		In order for pure private key systems to remain truly secure, offline key exchange techniques (such as a floppy diskette) must be used.
		It's been around since Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published it in their 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography." However, the recent surge of interest in cryptography and secure communications have increased awareness of the protocol.
		From a key exchange point-of-view, public key algorithms are much simpler to administer.
	whatis.techtarget.com /tip/1,289483,sid7_gci879100,00.html (528 words)

	CS 513 System Security -- Lecture Notes for April 23, 1998
		B sends this encrypted string back to A. A trys each of the million keys on the message it receives from B. The one that decrypts the message and obtains the pre-arranged string is the secret key that A will use henceforth to communicate with B. A wiretapper C could steal the million puzzles.
		It uses a variable key length (usually 512 bits) and a variable block size that is not greater than the key length.
		The basic idea of a public key cryptosystem is to have two keys: a private (secret) key and a public key.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /html/cs513-sp99/L26.html (1361 words)

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