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Topic: Diffusion of responsibility

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Pluralistic ignorance

Bystander apathy

Social loafing

Milgram experiment

Point of no return

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Bystander effect

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Stanley Milgram

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	Responsibility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look up responsibility in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
		"Responsibility", a song by Christian punk band MxPx.
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Responsibility (85 words)

	Past and Present Research
		The "correct" response for half of the subjects was the larger of the objects; for the other half the correct response was the smaller object.
		After selecting their response subjects were either presented with similar attitudes for correct responses and nonsense syllables for incorrect responses; nonsense syllables for correct responses and dissimilar attitudes for incorrect responses; or mixed similar and dissimilar attitudes (50% similar and 50% dissimilar) for correct responses and nonsense syllabus for incorrect responses.
		Diffusion of responsibility is closely related to the bystander effect.
	webusers.xula.edu /lschulte/Social_Psychology/PastandPresent.html (15950 words)

	Evaluating the National Outcomes: Youth--Social Competencies; Social Responsibility_Bibliographies
		In addition to detailed chapters on the development of social responsibility, consciousness and activism, and the processes that promote development, there are three chapters detailing educational interventions, policy and practice, and the teaching of social responsibility.
		The authors analyzed the responses of 218 adolescents of their self-reported predicted behavioral choices and anticipated emotional responses in situations involving a conflict between a socially responsible behavior and a socially irresponsible course of action.
		The authors suggest that integrative social competence, as embodied by the culturally desired outcome of social responsibility, may be somewhat removed from the traditional emphasis in the literature on social understanding and social inferencing capabilities.
	ag.arizona.edu /fcs/cyfernet/nowg/sc_sr_bibs.html (2780 words)

	social influence: diffusion of responsibility
		Although she was screaming for help in a densely populated neighbourhood, no one came to her assistance, nor even alerted the police, although police established afterwards that her screams were heard by at least 38 of her neighbours.
		Neither one of them is fully responsible for the decision taken and so they are free to take risky decisions without bearing the burden of responsibility for them.
		Various psychological experiments have been conducted and the results appear to support the hypothesis that people do feel that their responsibility is diffused amongst any others they know to be present.
	www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk /MUHome/cshtml/socinf/diffusion.html (613 words)

	Why Your E-mail Requests Are Ignored - HBS Working Knowledge
		Social psychologists have been studying the diffusion of responsibility effect ever since Darley and Latané's (1970) influential studies that were motivated in part by the murder of Kitty Genovese in full view of thirty-eight bystanders who did nothing to help.
		The results are consistent with recent findings demonstrating that diffusion of responsibility effects are not limited to the physical world but can also exist in a virtual world where the presence of others is indicated by the e-mails they generate (see Barron and Yechiam, 2002).
		One situation in which the diffusion of responsibility phenomenon within e-mail communities may not occur is the case where the response to the request for help is not only of private interest but of public interest as well.
	hbswk.hbs.edu /archive/3947.html (2400 words)

	Why your mass e-mail requests get ignored \| CNET News.com
		Social psychologists have been studying the diffusion of responsibility effect ever since Darley and Latane's influential studies that were motivated in part by the murder of Kitty Genovese in full view of 38 bystanders who did nothing to help.
		Economists model diffusion of responsibility as a "volunteer dilemma," for which the probability that a rational person will volunteer to produce a public good decreases with group size.
		The key to making the dilemma (and the diffusion of responsibility) disappear lies in increasing either the cost of not volunteering (i.e., of shirking) or the personal gain from choosing to respond.
	news.com.com /2030-1069-5187598.html (1278 words)

	P324 Social Psychology Humor Analysis 3
		Diffusion of responsibility was another topic we discussed in relation to the cartoon.
		Diffusion of responsibility is an explanation for the bystander effect.
		The Kitty Genovese case and another similar occurrence were discussed in class to help illustrate the concept of diffusion of responsibility.
	www.units.muohio.edu /psybersite/Humor/p324hum3.shtml (572 words)

	Meatball Wiki: DiffusionOfResponsibility
		Diffusion of responsibility is a tendency of individuals in large groups to avoid taking action to correct a problem because they assume someone else will.
		The SEP field is a device that simulates diffusion of responsibility.
		Another pop analysis of diffusion of responsibility is the "Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, Anybody" parable.
	www.usemod.com /cgi-bin/mb.pl?DiffusionOfResponsibility (529 words)

	Milgram experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		None of the participants who refused to administer the final shocks insisted that the experiment itself be terminated, nor left the room to check that the victim was well without asking for permission to leave, according to Milgram's notes and recollections when he was asked on this point by Zimbardo.
		It raised questions about the ethics of scientific experimentation itself because of the extreme emotional stress suffered by the participants (even though it could be said that this stress was brought on by their own free actions).
		Some recent variations upon Milgram's experiment have suggested an interpretation that requires neither obedience nor authority but suggest that Milgram's participants suffer from a specialised form of Learned Helplessness where they feel powerless to control the outcome and so abjugate their responsibility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Milgram_experiment (2801 words)

	SparkNotes: Social Psychology: Helping Behavior
		Diffusion of responsibility contributes to the bystander effect.
		A person does not feel as responsible for helping someone if several others are also present, since responsibility is distributed among all those present.
		The social responsibility norm is a societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/socialpsychology/section9.rhtml (355 words)

	Psychology History
		In part, this was to explain social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility.
		Diffusion of responsibility is the concept that each person is only responsible for an equal proportion of effort base on the number of people in a group.
		If you are one of two people you have a fifty percent responsibility, but if you are one of fifty people around you have a two percent responsibility to the situation at hand.
	muskingum.edu /~psychology/psycweb/history/latane.htm (1136 words)

	Tactical Hints for Succession Planning
		With family businesses, responsibility diffusion can occur because of the overlap of roles between family members who work in the business and those who do not.
		One of the reasons responsibility diffusion is so pervasive is that when something comes off the track, the assignment of responsibility is often used to embarrass, shame and humiliate individuals.
		In this environment, responsibility is considered a positive notion instead of a negative consequence.
	www.familybusinessexperts.com /responsibility-diffusion.htm (967 words)

	Welcome to Wisconsin Engineer Online!
		Social psychologists answered these questions by developing the concept of "diffusion of responsibility." This theory states that one's reactions to a situation changes depending on the number of people around.
		However, within a group, responsibility is shared (or diffused) and a single person is less likely to act.
		As the diffusion of responsibility theory suggests, the third step is the hardest when many people witness the event.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /wiscengr/november04/bystander.shtml (786 words)

	Diffusion of Responsibility - Marketing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Diffusion of Responsibility article will help answer your questions on Marketing.We at marketing-101.biz specialize in Marketing.
		The answer could be a phenomenon Bibb Latane and John Darley called diffusion of responsibility.
		So the responsibility of keeping them alive is shared with millions or billions of other shoppers.
	www.marketing-101.biz /article/diffusion-of-responsibility-91643.html (931 words)

	View from the Hill Online - Representative Jan Schakowsky, 9th District, Illinois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		But Ridge and the strategy must address the problem of the federal government's lack of focus and diffusion of responsibility and the confusion this has caused among local agencies, she said.
		Dalton said the federal government's diffusion of responsibility and lack of clear-cut guidelines and goals could mean that some of the huge sums budgeted for the anti-terrorism effort could be wasted--a concern shared by Mitch Daniels, White House budget director.
		This will "enhance the government's capacity to target areas of highest risk to better ensure that scarce federal resources address the most pressing needs, promote shared responsibilities by all parties and track and assess progress toward achieving national goals," she said.
	www.house.gov /schakowsky/article_04_03_02homelanddefense.html (452 words)

	Whose responsibility is it? \| BlogHer
		Having played a decisive role in the birth of the nation of East Timor, we recognise that Australia has a particular obligation to assist what is a small and poor country in its struggle for a stable democratic future.
		At the same time, I want to underscore the importance of states accepting their own responsibility for improving governance and reducing corruption as the path to a better future.
		Just like we have a responsibility to get people off a mountain safely, walking on by when our neighbours are in trouble is not an option.
	blogher.org /node/5744 (697 words)

	For the Diffusion of Arab Responsibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		According to the book I quoted earlier “diffusion of responsibility is the tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present.
		The greater the number of people who are present in an emergency, then, the lower is any one individual’s sense of responsibility- and the less likely it is that a person will feel obligated to help”.
		Furthermore, the same defeatist attitude towards Palestine as a result of Arab division has also been adopted by Arab states regarding their responsibilities towards the murderous siege on Iraq, the sanctions on Libya and Sudan, the strike on Ash-shifa factory in Sudan, and many other examples.
	www.freearabvoice.org /InResponseToDefeatistThought7.htm (1066 words)

	Social Psychology Comnprehensive Exam
		concerning the theoretical concept of the social diffusion of responsibility.
		Describe a realistic social situation that you believe supports “diffusion of responsibility,” clearly explaining the key factors.
		Describe a realistic social situation that you believe contradicts what we would predict from the “diffusion of responsibility” approach; clearly explaining specifically what it is in this situation that contradicts the theoretical prediction.
	www.calstatela.edu /academic/soc/compsocpsyspr05.htm (1014 words)

	Examples of Prosocial Investigations
		Are diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance really factors that affect helping in an emergency situation?
		Diffusion of responsibility: Darley and Latane (1968) asked college students to participate in a group discussion about the problems faced by college students.
		One interpretation of this finding is that the drunk received less help because he was seen as responsible for his misfortune.
	www1.appstate.edu /~beckhp/prosocial.htm (947 words)

	Sample Comprehensive Examination Questions in Social Psychology
		Consider the concept of diffusion of social responsibility.
		Explain what is meant by “diffusion of social responsibility.” b).
		Describe a realistic social situation that you believe supports “diffusion of social responsibility,” clearly explaining the key factors.
	www.calstatela.edu /academic/soc/compsocpsych.htm (640 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Social Psychology
		On more difficult tasks, people also conform because they lose confidence in their own ability to make decisions and prefer to trust the majority opinion instead.
		It turns out that you are much more likely to go to her assistance if you are alone.
		When other people are also around, a diffusion of responsibility occurs.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/humanbody/mind/articles/psychology/psychology_9.shtml (387 words)

	Americans and Climate Change: Diffusion of responsibility I \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist
		Evidence for the "diffusion of responsibility" thesis emerged most explicitly in the concurrent and then mixed discussions of scientists and news media professionals at the Conference.
		The scientists indicated that they and their peers are reticent at best about dancing with the media and, even when they are willing to try, often lack the media skills and training to do it effectively.
		There is also a market-specific variant of the "diffusion of responsibility" phenomenon.
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2006/6/1/205533/2488 (2146 words)

	Americans and Climate Change: Diffusion of responsibility II \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist
		Unlike many of the Conference recommendations calling for the launching of campaigns or new entities, the diffusion of responsibility problem requires a more open-ended type of activity in the form of organic, unscripted, and authentic dialogues between people who don't normally connect.
		The Conference recommended a number of dialogues and interfaces (religion-business; religion-science; science-news media through the bridging institution, etc.) that could help counter the diffusion of responsibility and create new kinds of connective tissue in our society in relation to climate change.
		This week would then serve as a focal period of activity, which would reduce the burden of top-down orchestration of the grassroots campaign since all organizations could be urged to independently plan events during this week but otherwise be left largely to their own devices.
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2006/6/1/205822/9599 (1310 words)

	Max Enrique Figueroa Esteva
		DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY AND AGENTIVITY IN MEXICAN SPANISH
		Mexican media provide a rich inventory of lexico-grammatical resources for the diffusion of responsibility and/or the agent.
		Based on a corpus of Mexican newspaper items, the present paper approaches the question paying particular attention to some of the strategies and tactics put to work by the speaker/writer in order to diffuse, or diffusely assign, responsibilities for the alleged facts presented, as well as for the defocalisation of an agent.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /tisp/viewpaper.php?id=139&print=1 (130 words)

	Obedience
		Soldiers are initially ordered to do seemingly trivial things, such as picking up the sergeant's hat off the floor, marching in just the right position, or aligning themselves directly.
		The orders gradually become more demanding, until a general's order to the soldiers to place themselves into the midst of gunfire gets a knee-jerk obedient response.
		response, Today, Humans, under, associated, Animal, willing, sergeants, feminist, person
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/ob/obedience.html (398 words)

	FACTORS INFLUENCING PROSOCIAL AND HELPING BEHAVIOURS.
		Match the items on the right to the items on the left.
		Social influence, diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, cost-benefit analysis, gender, altruism
		Noticing the situation, interpreting the situation, taking responsibility for helping
	www.teachers.ash.org.au /monkweb/psychology/unit1/prosocialhelping.htm (117 words)

	D. Bem Publications
		Wallach, M. A., Kogan, N., and Bem, D. Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups.
		Bem, D. Further deja vu in the search for cross-situational consistency: A response to Mischel and Peake.
		Bem, D. Toward a response style theory of persons in situations.
	www.dbem.ws /pubs.html (987 words)

	[No title]
		You should know what it means to say that children’s thinking is egocentric.
		You should also be familiar with the findings that suggest about the relationship between responsive parenting and secure attachment..
		You should be aware of the broader definition of Faith used by James Fowler, and should understand the differences between Fowler’s Stages 2-5 of faith development.
	www.bluffton.edu /courses/tlc/nathp/powerpoint/studyguideexam3.doc (718 words)

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