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Topic: Diffusionism

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	Diffusion (anthropology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term diffusion or diffusionism is used in cultural anthropology to describe the spread of cultural items — such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, etc. — between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.
		Evolutionary diffusionism -- the theory that societies are influenced by others and that all humans share psychological traits that make them equally likely to innovate, resulting in development of similar innovations in isolation.
		Biblical diffusionism -- all culture started with Adam; during the Renaissance, this theory was formalized as the great chain of being.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diffusionism (757 words)

	Diffusionism
		Diffusionism is the theory about the development of cultures and technologies, particularly in ancient history.
		This method has been used to trace back innovations to presumed starting points, and thus to locate their origin within distinct cultures and map the history of their spread.
		However diffusionism is a problematic theory for various reasons.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/di/Diffusionism.html (263 words)

	Thomas Hylland Eriksen & Finn Sivert Nielsen - A History of Anthropology : Chapter 2. Victorians, Germans and a ...
		In the early decades of the twentieth century, diffusionism was an attractive alternative to evolutionism, because of it had greater respect for the facts on the ground and more modest theoretical pretentions.
		Diffusionism was chiefly a Germanic specialisation, with centres in the great museum cities of Berlin and Vienna.
		Diffusionism was also important for East European anthropologists, not least for the large group of Russian anthropologists who followed the lead of Miklukho-Maklay.
	www.anthrobase.com /Txt/E/Eriksen_T_H_&_Nielsen_F_S_02.htm (8747 words)

	Untitled Document
		Diffusionism is the process by which inventions and innovations, allegedly all Greater Western (from the Inside) in origin, spread to the Outside, or non-Western world.
		In the examination of the relation between diffusionism and development, Bequi asked whether the notion of diffusionism existed prior to colonialism or was created to fulfill the purposes of colonisation.
		James added that the concept of diffusionism born of the Old Testament evolved in the colonial era with the appearance of the "myth of emptiness" that justified the removal of resources from the New World.
	www.macalester.edu /~guneratne/Courses/Anth63/reports/Blaut1-2000.html (1411 words)

	DIFFUSIONISM AS AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Evolutionism and diffusionism were paradigms in opposition, each attempting to explain cultural differences in the world.
		Indeed, diffusionism helped to undo evolutionism because it suggested there was no orderly series of stages by which culture develops everywhere.
		Diffusionism developed out of geography and anthropology in Germany and Austria in the late nineteenth century.
	courses.missouristate.edu /waw105f/DIFFUSIONISM.htm (1653 words)

	James Blaut's Critique of Diffusionism through a Neolithic Lens, C.M. Rodrigue, 2005
		Diffusion is a legitimate focus of geographical analysis; diffusionism is an ideology that disparages human intellectual abilities in general and those in marginalized lands in particular.
		Diffusionism represented all cultures as locally variable accretions of cultural innovations that had diffused to them from diverse and probably unknowable sources, thus inviting concrete local observation, grounded in cultural relativism and the "psychic unity of humanity." Indeed, diffusionism represented an empirical flight from the theoretical excesses of evolutionism.
		Fifth, diffusionism is a hallmark of the cultural geographic school in domestication studies.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/blaut.html (3197 words)

	Historicism
		Historicism is an approach to the study of anthropology and culture dating back to the mid nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and encompassing two distinct forms of historicism, diffusionism and historical particularism.
		Diffusionism was the first approach devised to accomplish this type of historical approach to cultural investigation and was represented by two different schools of thought, the German school and the British school.
		Graebner borrowed the idea of culture area and the psychic unity of mankind as developed by Adolf Bastian and used it to develop his theory of Kulturekreistehere (culture circles), which was primarily concerned with the description of patterns of culture distribution (Winthrop 1991:222).
	www.as.ua.edu /ant/Faculty/murphy/436/histor.htm (5124 words)

	005
		The problem is that Diffusionism, "Creation Science", astrology and the tenets of the Flat earth Society are all belief systems and are not, therefore, subject to scientific proof.
		In Mesoamerica, diffusionism found its Mother Culture during the 1940's, with the identification of Olmec civilization as a distinct and early culture situated midway between the Maya and Central Mexican regions.
		The disastrous results of diffusionism's profound confusion between formal properties, which are inherent to specific art styles, and iconographic or thematic elements, which are not inherent or unique to specific art styles forms a recurring theme in Graham's work, (1971, 1977, 1978:186, 1981:164, 1982:9-10, 1982a, 1989:229-230, etc.).
	members.fortunecity.com /mayaglyphs1/books/kju-10/005.html (9818 words)

	Cultural selection. Chapter 2: The history of cultural selection theory
		The difference between the two paradigms is that diffusionism focuses on the spatial dimension of reproduction, i.e.
		The most extreme form of diffusionism is built on the concept of a few culture centers, where innovations miraculously arise, and then spread in concentric circles from that center.
		Early diffusionism can hardly be said to be a theoretical school, since it first and foremost was a reaction against the excessive theorizing of the evolutionists.
	www.agner.org /cultsel/chapt2 (14704 words)

	The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History
		Blaut demonstrates that most "Western" scholarship is to some extent diffusionist and based implicitly in the idea that the world has one permanent center from which culture-changing ideas tend to emanate.
		Eurocentric diffusionism has shaped our attitudes concerning race and the environment, psychology and society, technology and politics.
		The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History is the first volume in a projected trilogy bearing the title "The Colonizer's Model of the World." Professor Blaut's publications include Volume 2 of the trilogy, Eight Eurocentric Historians.
	www.guilford.com /cgi-bin/cartscript.cgi?page=geo/blaut.htm&cart_id=414567.8519 (503 words)

	Hammerblow to Eurocentrism \| The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric...
		James Blaut's book "The Colonizer's Model of the World" attacks most of the common assumptions and beliefs about why the West "rose" to dominate much of the globe by the 19th century.
		He wishes to debunk the body of historical theory called diffusionism – the dubious Eurocentric view that all the advancements of civilization, from agriculture to cities to capitalism, originated amongst genius Europeans and then were disseminated to ignorant peoples around the world.
		This is the doctrine of European diffusionism, the belief that the rise of Europe to modernity and world dominance is due to some unique European quality of race, environment, culture, mind, or spirit, and that progress for the rest of the world results from the diffusion of European civilization.
	www.very-clever.com /information/dozoqhkeod (1285 words)

	Articles - Diffusion (anthropology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		* Heliocentric diffusionism -- the theory that all cultures originated from one culture.
		* Evolutionary diffusionism -- the theory that societies are influenced by others and that all humans share psychological traits that make them equally likely to innovate, resulting in development of similar innovations in isolation.
		* Biblical diffusionism -- all culture started with Adam; during the Renaissance, this theory was formalized as the great chain of being.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/Diffusion_(anthropology) (714 words)

	Cultural Anthropology, 4/E Chapter 6 -- Instructor's Manual
		Discuss the theoretical stance of the nineteenth-century evolutionism in terms of the question: "Why are societies at similar or different levels of evolution and development?" Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the work of Morgan on kinship and Tylor on societal evolution.
		Explain the basic tenets of diffusionism, and compare and contrast British and German diffusionism.
		Discuss how diffusionism has remained very strong in some quarters in explaining the archaeological record.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/scupin/chapter6/custom2/deluxe-content.html (1061 words)

	[No title]
		As far as the diffusionism, this is a very complex matter the discussion of which will take us far into the arcane areas of anthropological and psychological theory.
		From what I understand (and I don't claim to be too knowledgeable about these abstract theoretical issues), "Diffusionism" is an extremely complex theoretical position in anthropology that purports to postulate certain "truths" about human nature, psychology, and the nature of cultural change.
		Usually, but not always, diffusionism seems to be somehow opposed to "evolutionism" in the literature that I've looked at.
	www.globalserve.net /~yuku/dif/am.htm (1246 words)

	Films Media Group - Looking for One Beginning: The Fallacy of Diffusionism
		When explorers examined the remains of an advanced Mexican culture, they concluded that a superior race must have come from elsewhere to build the palaces and pyramids: the theory of diffusionism was born.
		This program charts the 150-year search for civilization’s origins, which most 19th and early 20th century archaeologists believed to be a single source.
		Films Media Group, Films for the Humanities and Sciences, Cambridge Educational, Meridian Education, Shopware and their respective logos are trademarks of Films Media Group, a PRIMEDIA company.
	www.films.com /id/1623/Looking_for_One_Beginning_The_Fallacy_of_Diffusionism.htm (397 words)

	Diffusionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		They believed that cultural traits diffused outward from a variety of cultural centers in circles to other regions and people.
		In the British version of Diffusionism, only one culture center existed from which all cultural traits were diffused.
		Diffusionism cannot explain all aspects of culture as early Diffusionists believed.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/anthropology/diffusionism.html (151 words)

	FUNCTIONALISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		century, the Boasians rejected evolutionism, mildly accepted diffusionism, and developed historical particularism, which attempted to carefully describe cultures and understand them through their unique historical development.
		Evolutionism and diffusionism faded away rather than being rejected, and a new paradigm called functionalism developed and reigned until the end of WWII.
		Functionalism built on the organic analogy of Spencer and Durkheim in that it likened society to an organism, with parts, organized relationships between the parts, and specific functions to play in the maintenance of the whole.
	courses.missouristate.edu /waw105f/FUNCTIONALISM.htm (361 words)

	Culture - MSN Encarta
		Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas.
		But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.
		Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561730_7____85/Culture.html (899 words)

	On diffusionism
		It was also a perfectly good, workable theory for use in archaeology, now hoisted overboard in the unseemly haste dump history, all to make room for other disciplines some were anxiously waiting to bring onto the good ship ARCHAEOLOGY.
		I’ve no recollection of my diffusionism piece to which you refer, and no idea where on line it might be.
		A more empirically-based critique of diffusionism, I think, is Mokyr’s Lever of Riches.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/10/030.html (2790 words)

	The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History - J.M. BlautThe Guilford Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History
		Extremely little – although Blaut throws in occasional reminders that he's still leading up to great findings about his initial thesis.
		Well, he never does give us any real insights into why historians still believe in Eurocentric diffusionism.
	www.drive-fly.com /flydrive-0898623480.html (2051 words)

	"Reflectionism" and "Diffusionism"
		Part of my Diffusionist goal is enhanced by finding everyday uses for wearable cameras---for example, cameras that automatically recognize faces, for individuals with visual or memory disability [40] (we all suffer from difficulty remembering faces), as well as wearable, tetherless computer-mediated reality for the public at large.
		While one might be inclined to think that the inevitable commercialization of this invention may mark the détournement of this détournement, Diffusionism is put forth as a détournement of a détournement of a détournement (as in the equation Diffusionism = détournement
		To this end, my goal is to turn WearCam into a useful and commercially viable everyday object that can help us see better, avoid getting lost (automatic directions combined with object recognition, global position systems [GPS] and video overlays), and remember names and faces better.
	www.eyetap.org /wearcam/leonardo (5453 words)

	IngentaConnect Diffusion a or delusion? Challenging an IS research tradition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Purpose â–“ This paper seeks to critique the notion of diffusionism.
		This model is pernicious, as it privileges an Ã?lite few over the majority, with the innovator/imitator dichotomy presented as natural, moral and inevitable.
		Empirical examples demonstrate both the ubiquity of the diffusionist mindset in IS research and practice, and its linkage to pseudo-colonial activities in the home domain.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/mcb/161/2005/00000018/00000004/art00004 (236 words)

	EPIGRAPHY FORUMRelated Websites
		Diffusionism, Pyramidal mounds in Fl, Copper trade 1500 BC http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/3457/diffusionism.htm
		Cultural Diffusionism Africa, Asia, Egypt, Europe, Misc, the Americas
		The author, who died in 1991 at 101 years old, was an investigator of history and diffusionism, using materials he found in Europe and many American sites.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/6726/websites.htm (5129 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 99045362
		Alan Barnard has written a clear, detailed overview of anthropological theory that brings out the historical contexts of the great debates, tracing the genealogies of theories and schools of thought.
		His book covers the precursors of anthropology; evolutionism in all its guises; diffusionism and culture area theories, functionalism and structural-functionalism; action-centered theories; processual and Marxist perspectives; the many faces of relativism, structuralism and poststructuralism; and recent interpretive and postmodernist viewpoints.
		This is a balanced and judicious survey, which also considers the problems involved in assessing anthropological theories.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam0210/99045362.html (150 words)

	Amazon.com: The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History: Books: J.M. Blaut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		I have adopted this provocative new book for my graduate colloquium on theories of world history and think that undergratuates too would enjoy Blaut's clarity of analysis and passionate writing.
		He depicts Eurocentric diffusionism as a pernicious ideology justifying European and United States colonial and neocolonial domination of the rest of the world.
		His largest chapter refults 'the myth of the European miracle,' the decisive superiority that Western Europe allegedly had achieved independent of outside help.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0898623480?v=glance (3587 words)

	The Plott Project: Diffusionism
		The first major complication that arises for diffusionism is that some things got where they presently are through diffusion and some through independent invention or creation.
		In what follows I shall be using China, India, and the West (Euroamerica, the Middle East, and North Africa) as the primary areas in which to investigate the intriguing issues of intellectual diffusionism, though Plott himself makes reference to many other geographical and cultural areas.
		For a context in which to discuss civilizational diffusionism see ISCSC publications, particularly The Boundaries of Civilizations in Space and Time, ed.
	www.sckans.edu /~gray/diff_complex.html (8216 words)

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