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Topic: Diggers (True Levellers)

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Commonwealth of England

Peter Coyote

Grinnell College

	Qwika - Diggers (True Levellers)
		The Diggers were a group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.
		The harassment from the lord of the manor, Francis Drake, was both deliberate and systematic: he organised gangs in an attack on the Diggers, including numerous beatings and an arsonous attack on one of the communal houses.
		The True Levellers Standard A D V A N C E D: or, The State of Community opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men William Everard, John Palmer, John South, John Courton.
	wikipedia.qwika.com /wiki/The_Diggers (1671 words)

	Diggers (True Levellers) - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Diggers were a group begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, which became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.
		The Diggers' beliefs were informed by Gerrard Winstanley's writings, which encompassed a worldview that envisioned an ecological interrelationship between humans and nature, and acknowledged the inherent connections between people and their surroundings.
		The harassment from the lord of the manor, Francis Drake, was both deliberate and systematic, he organised gangs to attack the Diggers which included numerous beatings and an arsonous attack on one of the communal houses.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/The_Diggers (1127 words)

	Stand up now, Diggers all!
		The Diggers were systematically harassed by the landlords’ enforcer gangs, who illegally imprisoned them, beat them up, trashed their crops, tools and huts, and stole their cattle and timber, so that "those diggers that remain have made little hutches to lie in like calf-cribs".
		The Diggers’ programme for the collective cultivation by the poor of the commons and the confiscated lands of the ruling class was a powerful and rational solution to the needs of the expanding population.
		The Diggers would no doubt be the first to laugh with us at the irony that modern socialists struggle desperately for the preservation of those last remaining commons (that they sought to cultivate) as reservoirs of wild nature against the "improvements" of productivist agriculture.
	www.labournet.net /so/24diggers.html (1576 words)

	The Levellers
		The Levellers were one of the largest factions on the Parliamentarian side during the English Civil War.
		The Levellers political ambitions were fundamentally middle-ground, and involved a remodelling of the English political process along the lines of a more egalitarian and less class-driven regime.
		Their views were in stark contrast to groups such as The Diggers, also known as The True Levellers led by Gerrard Winstanley[?], which called for a total destruction of the existing order and replacement with a communistic and agrarian lifestyle based around the precepts of the early Christians[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leveller.html (225 words)

	The Diggers
		These Diggers apocryphally claimed that the original Diggers were so named because they were being killed by the king's men, and were constantly being seen digging graves for their brethren.
		In their publications, the Diggers coined such phrases as "Do your own thing" and "Today is the first day of the rest of your life".
		Diggers were seen to possess the characteristics of hardiness, democratic spirit, mateship and resourcefulness.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/th/The_Diggers.html (705 words)

	1642-1652: The Diggers and the Levellers \| libcom.org
		The Levellers’ ideas found most support in the ranks of the ’New Model Army’, formed by Oliver Cromwell in 1645 and were largely responsible for the defeat of the Royalist forces led by Charles I, particularly in the decisive Battle of Naseby in June 1645.
		The Levellers were essentially radical idealists; their demands could be seen as a form of early socialism [they were pretty much the same as the demands of the Chartists some two hundred years later], but they had little or no understanding of the workings of a capitalist economy.
		Leveller ideas mainly appealed to the dispossessed in society; that is, those who were most threatened by what the Levellers were proposing were unlikely to be persuaded by appeals to the ‘common good’.
	libcom.org /history/articles/diggers-levellers-1642-52 (1907 words)

	Diggers (True Levellers) Information
		The Diggers were an English group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.
		The Iver Diggers 'Declaration of the grounds and Reasons' revealed that there were further Digger colonies in Barnet in Hertfordshire, Enfield in Middlesex, Dunstable in Bedfordshire, Bosworth in Gloucestershire and a further colony in Nottinghamshire.
		The Digger colonies, consisting in all of only about 100-200 people throughout England, were finished by 1651; this was no doubt largely due to the concerted efforts of local landowners backed by the Council of State to crush the Digger colonies whenever they arose.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Diggers_(True_Levellers) (2041 words)

	English Commonwealth and Protectorate - MSN Encarta
		The army leadership, the rank and file, and the Levellers (London civilian radical agitators and pamphleteers) accused the King of bad faith, plotting a foreign invasion, and trying to overturn the judgment of the Lord in the first war.
		The leading London Levellers, including the best known, John Lilburne, were thrown into the Tower of London.
		Another radical group, the Diggers or True Levellers had founded an agrarian community in Surrey on Old Testament lines, with wealth and produce held in common: they were dispersed by troops.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781532227_1/English_Commonwealth_and_Protectorate.html (1155 words)

	English Dissenters: Levellers
		The name Levellers was probably coined by Charles I as a derogatory term for their radical social democratic philosophy.
		The Leveller leaders were all soon released except for Lilburne who would face charges alone of treason and inciting the populous with his political writings.
		Levellers had little or no real political support outside their own numbers, the middling-sort in London and the dissident rank and file members of the New Model Army.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/levellers.html (3697 words)

	St Georges Hill :: The Diggers Trail, Surrey, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Diggers first broke the ground on St George's Hill on 1st April 1649 as they set out to make the earth a 'common treasury for all'.
		The Diggers hoped that many would join them in their work, and for months their activity was one of the biggest news stories of the day -- ''the talk of the whole Land' as one of their letters put it.
		Drake hoped that the army would help him to suppress the Diggers, but after visiting their settlement General Fairfax concluded they were doing no harm.
	www.diggerstrail.co.uk /st_georges_hill.cfm (292 words)

	The Diggers
		In July 1649 the government gave instructions for Winstanley to be arrested and for General Thomas Fairfax to "disperse the people by force" in case this is the "beginning to whence things of a greater and more dangerous consequence may grow".
		Oliver Cromwell is reported to have said: "What is the purport of the levelling principle but to make the tenant as liberal a fortune as the landlord.
		What is the purport of the levelling principle but to make the tenant as liberal a fortune as the landlord.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /STUdiggers.htm (974 words)

	Christopher Hill: "Levellers and True Levellers"
		"Levellers and True Levellers", from The World Turned Upside Down in Cultural Resistance: A Reader ed.
		Laid out in the Diggers' actions and Winstanley's words are nearly all the possibilities and pitfalls of cultural resistance that will be played out for centuries to come - and explored in the readings that follow" (9).
		The article itself is a compelling narrative of resistance brought on by frustration and exasperation during a time of starvation and severe class battles between the poor and the elite.
	www.zephoria.org /alterity/archives/2004/11/christopher_hil.html (353 words)

	The Struggle for the land
		This wandering priest had been touring the country for 20 years preaching radical doctrines of levelling and the land to be shared in common.
		During the Jack Cade revolt against Henry VI in 1450, levelling elements met in the woods outside Hastings led by a carpenter, John Clipsham, demanding that all goods and the land be held in common.
		This group, known as the Diggers or True Levellers, issued a call for the people to have access to the forests and common lands.
	flag.blackened.net /af/org/issue51/land2.html (1922 words)

	Militant Seedbeds Of Early Quakerism By David Boulton
		The Digger's war was a "Lamb's War" against the dragon of property, the principle of selfishness which was the devil incarnate.
		True Levellers and Quakers each subscribed to a realised eschatology which rested on a metaphorical interpretation of the Second Coming.
		True, both Henry Cromwell in Ireland and General Monck in Scotland moved against Quakers and tried to purge them from their armies, but not because they were pacifist; on the contrary, because they were considered dangerously militant and potentially mutinous.
	www.universalistfriends.org /boulton.html (11139 words)

	Diggers (theater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Diggers were a radical community-action group of Improv actors operating from 1966-68, based in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco.
		The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers (1649-50) who had promulgated a vision of society free from private property, and all forms of buying and selling.
		Their publications, notably the Digger Papers, are the origin of such phrases as "Do your own thing" and "Today is the first day of the rest of your life".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_diggers_(theater) (684 words)

	pamphlet index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Diggers were groups of agrarian communists who flourished in England and were led by Gerrard Winstanley and William Everard and lasted just under one year.
		The Diggers were denounced as 'Royalists, atheists, libertines and polygamists.' Several Diggers tried promoting the scheme in neighbouring counties, especially in areas that had experienced recent conflict over enclosure, but were arrested at Wellingborough.
		The Diggers' venture came to an end when Parson Platt, who had continued to persecute them, burned their houses, belongings and threatened death if they resumed activities and a twenty-four hour vigil was kept as a prevention.
	www.wcml.org.uk /culture/songs_diggers.htm (589 words)

	The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		A Declaration by the Diggers of Wellingborough - 1650
		And thus we have declared the truth of our necessity; and whosoever will come in to us to labor with us, shall have part with us, and we with them, and we shall all of us endeavor to walk righteously and peaceably in the Land of our Nativity.
	www.rogerlovejoy.co.uk /philosophy/diggers/diggers3.htm (209 words)

	English Dissenters: Diggers
		Surrey Diggers were usually arrest and fined by the local authorities for trespassing and would than have them removed from the property in question.
		The Diggers were grudgingly tolerated at the local level until the wealthy land owners became involved.
		The True Leveller Standard Advanced, or the State of Community opened and presented to the Sons of Man. By William Everard, Iohn Palmer, Iohn South, Iohn Courton.
	www.exlibris.org /nonconform/engdis/diggers.html (3067 words)

	94 LETS abolish money?
		For example, the Leveller leader, Lilburne, in March 1648 wrote that the Levellers had “been the truest and constantest asserters of liberty and property (which are quite opposite to communitie and levelling)”.
		The Diggers stood not for state ownership but COMMON OWNERSHIP: “The earth with all her fruits of Corn, Cattle and such like was made to be a common Store-House of Livelihood, to all mankinde, friend and foe, without exception” (A Declaration From the Poor Oppressed People of England).
		As Winstanley stated: “True freedom lies where a man receives his nourishment and preservation, and that is in the use of the Earth”.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/etheory/Early90's/html/95Diggers.html (542 words)

	Diggers (True Levellers) \| Latin \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		For other meanings see Diggers (disambiguation) and Levellers (disambiguation) The Diggers were an English group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" due to their activities.Their original name came from their belief in economic equality based upon a specific passage in the Book of Acts.
		Les Bêcheux, ou Piocheurs (Diggers en anglais) sont une faction chrétienne de la Première révolution anglaise, fondée en 1649 par Gerrard Winstanley.
		Os Diggers ou cavadores foram um movimento de trabalhadores rurais pobres, liderado por Gerrard Winstanley entre os anos de 1649 e 1650 na Inglaterra, e que pretendia substituir a ordem feudal recentemente derrotada na Guerra civil inglesa por uma sociedade socialista, agrária e cristã anticlerical.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Diggers_(True_Levellers)/Latin (260 words)

	John Milton
		“The Levellers thought that the state had broken down in the course of the civil war; until it was legitimately refounded a state of nature existed in which the sword was the only remaining authority.
		The aim of the Diggers was to create a commune on the wastes where all could be fed, housed and clothed with all members working together to support each other.
		The True Levellers Standard Advance: Or, The State of Community Opened and Presented to the Sons of Men soon after joining the men of St. George’s Hill.
	www.library.fau.edu /npb/deweese.htm (1726 words)

	Early Modern Resources » Winstanley
		It is an example of a remarkable integration of form and content: an independent film, made on the tiniest of budgets with an almost entirely amateur cast (and yet sticking to rigorous standards of authenticity), its makers’ philosophy and methods resonantly match the story they tell - as does their subsequent obscurity despite critical acclaim.
		It is at once historically accurate (the late 1640s were marked by bad weather and harvest failures, phenomena that alongside the social and political turmoil of the decade could be seen as part of the context for the Digger movement) and symbolic of the social situation that the Diggers tried to change.
		The Diggers have come to life once again in the imaginations and actions of later socialists and communists, hippies and (most recently) direct action groups such as The Land is Ours, seeing in them the first statements of recognisably modern political radicalism.
	www.earlymodernweb.org.uk /emr/index.php/early-modernity-on-film/winstanley (863 words)

	Manufacturing Consent: Pages 38-39 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Even more remarkable were the Diggers, or True Levellers, who established the clear outlines of democratic socialism, including a demand for the common ownership of land, for equal rights for women, for an accountable Parliament and for the provision of public services in health and education.
		The Levellers not only advocated democracy for society, they applied it to their own organization, again extraordinary in the far-away seventeenth century when authoritarianism and bureaucracy were the order of the day...
		With the resounding defeat of the democrats, the remaining question, in the words of a Leveler pamphlet, was "whose slaves the poor shall be," the King's or Parliament's.
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/mc/mc-supp-038.html (451 words)

	diggers
		Tractors, Diggers and Fire Engines Educational and Fun Uncle Nick invites us to join him and his friends at digger school, on the farm and at the fire station.
		The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		The Diggers' vision to reclaim the Land - April 1649.
	www.uksiteguide.com /diggers.html (255 words)

	The Ultimate Level - American History Information Guide and Reference
		In construction, a level (as a noun) is a tool used to measure and obtain a leveled surface, such as flooring or countertop, so that a ball will not roll around; see spirit level and laser line level.
		In politics, to bring/force all members of society to the same level of status and wealth.
		In music, a level is similar to but more general and basic than a chord.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Level (180 words)

	The True Levellers' Standard Advanced, The Diggers' Manifesto - Gerrard Winstanley, 1649.
		Declaration from the Diggers of Wellingborough - from the poor inhabitants of the town
		The Levellers and the Diggers were inextricably connected, not just in time or in their social and political vision.
		The Levellers are only now being acknowledged as the first political faction on either side of the Atlantic to organise itself on a pattern of democratic self-government.
	www.bilderberg.org /land/diggers.htm (7051 words)

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