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Topic: Digital Signature Algorithm

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ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem

Digital signature

RSA

Elliptic Curve DSA

Certificate authority

Topics in cryptography

Key distribution center

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	DSA: Digital Signature Algorithm. DSS: Digital Signature Standard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		DSA is for signatures only and is not an encryption algorithm, although Schneier describes encryption mechanisms (ElGamel encryption and RSA encryption) based on DSA.
		DSA is a public key algorithm; the secret key operates on the message hash generated by SHA-1; to verify a signature, one recomputes the hash of the message, uses the public key to decrypt the signature and then compare the results.
		It is possible to implement the DSA algorithm such that a "subliminal channel" is created that can expose key data and lead to forgable signatures so one is warned not to used unexamined code.
	home.pacbell.net /tpanero/crypto/dsa.html (292 words)

	Digital signature Summary
		Handwritten signatures rely on the fact that it is very hard to find two people who have the same signature; digital signatures similarly rely in the fact that unless two people have the same public and private keys, any signature they produce for a given piece of data will be different.
		Digital signatures are often used in the context of PKI) schemes in which the public key used in the signature scheme is tied to a user by a digital identity certificate issued by a certificate authority, usually run by a commercial firm.
		Adoption of technical standards for digital signatures have lagged behind much of the legislation, delaying a more or less unified engineering position on interoperability, algorithm choice, key lengths, etc and so on what the engineering is attempting to provide.
	www.bookrags.com /Digital_signature (4077 words)

	FIPS 186 - (DSS), Digital Signature Standard
		A digital signature is an electronic analogue of a written signature in that the digital signature can be used in proving to the recipient or a third party that the message was, in fact, signed by the originator.
		The DSA is used by a signatory to generate a digital signature on data and by a verifier to verify the authenticity of the signature.
		Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory.
	www.itl.nist.gov /fipspubs/fip186.htm (3753 words)

	[No title]
		The signature algorithm with SHA-1 and the RSA encryption algorithm is implemented using the padding and encoding conventions described in PKCS #1 [RFC 2313].
		DSA was developed by the U.S. Government, and DSA is used in conjunction with the SHA-1 one-way hash function.
		ECDSA is the elliptic curve mathematical analog of the Digital Signature Algorithm [FIPS 186].
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3279.txt (4350 words)

	Signature (Java 2 Platform SE v1.4.2)
		Digital signatures are used for authentication and integrity assurance of digital data.
		A parameter may be any settable parameter for the algorithm, such as a parameter size, or a source of random bits for signature generation (if appropriate), or an indication of whether or not to perform a specific but optional computation.
		The returned parameters may be the same that were used to initialize this signature, or may contain a combination of default and randomly generated parameter values used by the underlying signature implementation if this signature requires algorithm parameters but was not initialized with any.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/security/Signature.html (2037 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 4359 The Use of RSA/SHA-1 Signatures within Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and ...
		With asymmetric algorithms, the sender generates a pair of keys, one of which is never shared (called the "private key") and one of which is distributed to other group members (called the "public key").
		A receiver of the digital signature uses the public key, the signature value, and an independently computed hash to determine whether or not the claimed origin of the packet is correct.
		The digital signature allows the receiver of the message to verify that it was exactly the same as when the sender signed it.
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc4359.html (3032 words)

	Java Security API Overview
		A Signature instance is used to sign and verify digital signatures, a MessageDigest instance is used to calculate the message digest of specified data, and a KeyPairGenerator is used to generate pairs of public and private keys suitable for a specified algorithm.
		These algorithms, also called one-way hash algorithms, are useful for producing "digital fingerprints" of data, which are frequently used in digital signatures and other applications that need unique and unforgeable identifiers for digital data.
		The Signature class is an engine class designed to provide the functionality of a digital signature algorithm such as DSA or RSA with MD5.
	heim.ifi.uio.no /~samvsys/javatutorial/security1.1/overview (1408 words)

	Digital Signature Presentation
		A digital signature is a code attached to an electronic document that uniquely identifies the sender (i.e., authentication), allows for nonrepudiation, and provides for message integrity.
		A digital signature, on the other hand, is a secure electronic signature which uses encryption to authenticate the entity who signed the document.
		Digital Signature Standard - Digital Signature Standard (DSS) is the digital signature algorithm (DSA) developed by the US National Security Agency (GSA) to generate a digital signature for the authentication of electronic documents.
	ils.unc.edu /~johnk/Digital_Signature.htm (1183 words)

	Standard Cryptographic Algorithm Naming
		A generalisation of the Digital Signature Algorithm, as defined in IEEE Std 1363-2000.
		This algorithm is specified by the ECSSA signature scheme used with the ECSP-NR signature primitive, and the ECVP-NR verification primitive.
		This algorithm is specified by the DLSSA signature scheme used with the DLSP-NR signature primitive, and the DLVP-NR verification primitive.
	www.amasci.com /~weidai/scan-mirror/sig.html (4539 words)

	EFF: Privacy - Digital Signature, ID & Authentication
		The proposed DSS uses a public key to verify to a recipient the integrity of data and the identity of the sender of the data.
		Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the user who generates the signature.
		In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature in proving to a third party that the signature was in fact generated by the signer of the data.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Digital_signature (396 words)

	Digital signatures - GNU TLS 1.6.1
		Since the data may be arbitrary it is not suitable input to a cryptographic digital signature algorithm.
		For this reason and also for performance cryptographic hash algorithms are used to preprocess the input to the signature algorithm.
		That means the algorithm must be one way and given the output of the hash function H(x), it is impossible to calculate x.
	www.gnu.org /software/gnutls/manual/html_node/Digital-signatures.html (836 words)

	cars - Digital Signature Algorithm
		It was proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in August 1991 for use in their Digital Signature Standard (DSS), specified in FIPS 186, adopted in 1993.
		DSA is covered by, filed July 26, 1991, and attributed to David W. Kravitz, a former NSA employee.
		DSA is similar to Elgamal discrete logarithm cryptosystem signatures.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/DSA (221 words)

	main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A digital signature is a more specific term, and it is generally used in reference to an electronic signature created with a special technology designed to create secure, binding signatures on electronic documents.
		The most common digital signature technology currently in use is the Digital Signature Standard (DSS), which was accepted by the US Government as the official technology for federal electronic communications.
		In much the same way as handwritten signatures function, digital signatures are used to indicate the signer's acceptance of the document being signed (see the discussion of legal acceptance for further information).
	www.unc.edu /~dvb/cyberlaw/digitalsignatures/main.html (826 words)

	DSS Signature Suite
		It specifies a combination of algorithms: DSA for generating the signature on a hash of the data, calculated using the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1).
		The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the Digital Signature Standard (DSS).
		DSA is based on the discrete logarithm problem and is a variant of the Schnorr and ElGamal signature algorithms.
	www.w3.org /TR/1998/REC-DSig-label/DSS-1_0 (1024 words)

	Howstuffworks "How do digital signatures work?"
		A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file, etc.) is authentic.
		The Digital Signature Standard (DSS) is based on a type of public key encryption method that uses the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA).
		The DSA algorithm consists of a private key that only the originator of the document (signer) knows and a public key.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /question571.htm (934 words)

	[No title]
		Algorithm and Mode The RSA Public Key Algorithm [RSA] is a widely deployed public key algorithm commonly used for digital signatures.
		The signer's RSA private key is passed as K. Summarizing, the signature generation process computes a SHA-1 hash of the authenticated packet bytes, signs the SHA-1 hash using the private key, and encodes the result with the specified RSA encoding type.
		The RSA asymmetric key algorithm is best suited to protect network traffic for which: o The sender has a substantial amount of processing power, and o The network traffic is small enough that adding a relatively large authentication tag (in the range of 62 to 256 bytes) does not cause packet fragmentation.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc4359.txt (3330 words)

	perl.com: Asymmetric Cryptography in Perl
		DSA is the Digital Signature Algorithm, an algorithm developed by the U.S. government for use as the Digital Signature Standard.
		DSA is by many opinions an inferior standard to RSA: It is difficult to implement, more complicated mathematically and slower than RSA for signature verification (though faster for signing).
		Schnorr is both a signature scheme and an interactive identification scheme that makes extensive use of lookup tables for generating signatures, thereby minimizing the computational effort on part of the signature computing device.
	www.perl.com /pub/a/2001/09/26/crypto1.html?page=3 (708 words)

	Private and Secure Incremental Signature Scheme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		However, it is not private: incremental digital signature give information on the history of the document.
		The resulting digital signature scheme is still tamper proof secure and it also achieves privacy: the digital signature of a document does not give any information about how the document has been written.
		In particular, digital signatures are updated to reflect a basic edit operation (the insertion or deletion of a block of characters) in time O(log(n)) where n is the length of the document.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /~miccianc/inccrypto/privatesign.html (480 words)

	Using Digital Signatures and Certificates in Java
		For the purposes of digital signing of documents, verification of digital signatures, and handling digital certificates in the Java platform, the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is used.
		Algorithms are accessed by names and it is possible one and the same algorithm to have several implementations available in several different service providers.
		The algorithm name is usually obtained by combining the name of some hashing algorithm with the name of some encrypting algorithm.
	www.developer.com /java/ent/print.php/3105261 (743 words)

	B2B is ideal test bed for XML Digital Signatures
		There's nothing stopping an e-marketplace operator from implementing a digital signature approach for transactions in its environment, as long as the community's membership agreement describes that approach, and participants assent to it by signing the membership agreement - an act that may represent a participant's only pen-and-paper signature in the community.
		On commercial contracts in these communities, legally binding digital signatures would be whatever the members have agreed to accept, cognizant of the risks and without regard for whatever signing technologies and practices are accepted in other e-marketplaces.
		Digital signatures deliver critical authentication, tamperproofing and nonrepudiation services for legally enforceable transactions, so it's only a matter of time before they're adopted everywhere in the business-to-business arena.
	www.networkworld.com /columnists/2000/1002kobielus.html (968 words)

	Class java.security.Signature
		This Signature class is used to provide the functionality of a digital signature algorithm, such as
		Also like other algorithm-based classes in Java Security, Signature provides implementation-independent algorithms, whereby a caller (application code) requests a particular signature algorithm and is handed back a properly initialized Signature object.
		The signature bytes are expected to be X.509-encoded.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/help/jdk/docs/api/java.security.Signature.html (1980 words)

	Digital Signature
		The message digest can then be input to the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), which generates or verifies the signature for the message.
		The same hash algorithm must be used by the verifier of a digital signature/hash as was used by the creator of the digital signature/hash.
		The Huffman algorithm is based on statistical coding, which means that the probability of a symbol has a direct bearing on the length of its representation.
	www.verycrypt.com /hashing.htm (479 words)

	07 Feb 2001: Entrust Solution Remedies Newly Found Digital Signature Algorithm Vulnerability
		The anticipated risk from the DSA algorithm vulnerability is very low.
		By performing this operation, the key pair used to generate DSA digital signatures can be renewed minimizing the possibility that an attacker would gain access to the significantly large number of digital signatures required to attack the algorithm.
		Optionally, the certificate roll over can also be conducted to replace DSA with an algorithm not subject to the same vulnerability.
	www.entrust.com /news/files/02_07_01_696.htm (565 words)

	DSA, RSA, ECDSA (FIPS 186-2)
		All three digital signature techniques in FIPS 186-2 (with Change Notice 1 dated October 5, 2001) make use of the Secure Hash Algorithms specified in FIPS 180-2 (with Change Notice 1 dated February 25, 2004), Secure Hash Standard (SHS) accessible via the hashing section of this webpage.
		Algorithm specifications included in this standard are the DSA, the RSA and the ECDSA algorithms.
		Beginning September 28, 2006: Validation testing for RSA algorithm implementations of the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5, as specified in Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1 v2.1: RSA Cryptography Standard-2002, and the RSA X9.31 algorithms include additional testing to assure the encoded message EM and the intermediate integer IR are in the correct formats.
	csrc.nist.gov /cryptval/dss.htm (809 words)

	Administration to relax digital signature policy
		The government's move to accept commercial signature algorithms gained momentum this spring when the Environmental Protection Agency became the second agency to issue a waiver exempting itself from DSS to use a digital signature algorithm from RSA Data Security Inc. of Redwood City, Calif.
		Roback acknowledged that the costs and inconvenience of having agencies use DSS internally while letting their suppliers and the public choose commercial signature tools were prime factors in the decision to revise the standard.
		Once changes are made, Commerce officials are counting on the extra algorithms to provide agencies and vendors with the message integrity and authentication guarantees needed to spur more electronic commerce and electronic service initiatives.
	www.gcn.com /print/16_15/32619-1.html (509 words)

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