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Topic: Digital cash

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	Electronic money - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main focus of digital cash is being able to use it through a wider range of hardware, such as secured credit cards, linked bank accounts that would be generally used over an internet-means of exchange to a secure micropayment system such as in large corporations (PayPal).
		Future evolvements of networking in terms using digital cash, a company named DigiCash is on the focus of creating an e-cash system that would allow an e-cash issuer to purchase electronic coins at some value.
		When spending this cash, since it is linked to the e-cash company, it secures anything that is purchased in terms that it goes through the issuer at all times, therefore only the company knows your information, and will properly direct purchases to your location.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Digital_cash (997 words)

	NOVA Online \| Secrets of Making Money \| Digital Cash \| PBS
		Digital cash acts much like real cash, except that it's not on paper.
		Money in your bank account is converted to a digital code, stored on a microchip, a pocket card, or on the hard drive of your computer, and can be used for anonymous transactions by any vendor who accepts it.
		But the use of digital cash, though convenient, may bring with it complex problems.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/moolah/digitalcash.html (635 words)

	Consequence_E-cash 1.4e
		If digital cash circulated only within a traditional national border and was controlled under a central money authority, there would be no economic implications, because, in that case, digital cash would be nothing more than a convenient transaction method such as a credit card or prepaid card.
		Since digital cash is a proxy of real currency, there has to be an exchange rate applied to it, or there must be a foreign exchange market in cyberspace.
		If a bank issues digital cash within limits of the real cash which customers have deposited and the bank does not lend it as digital cash again (that is, 100% reserve system), a bank can respond to refunding demand from customers even when all customers want to convert all the digital cash to real cash.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/ElectronicProperty/EconomicConseqDigiCash.html (7334 words)

	Concepts in Digital Cash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Digital cash represents a transfer to the retail banking sector of practices that have long been present in wholesale banking.
		Digital signatures, and hence digital cash, raise new issues with respect to law and economics.
		Digital cash which is encrypted with the public key of the person intended to receive it is hard to steal: no one else will be able to read the message and determine whether it is $1,000 in digital cash or a sexy note from a girlfriend.
	orlingrabbe.com /digiprin.htm (4973 words)

	Cashless Society or Digital Cash? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An obstacle to the widespread use of digital cash is the complexity of the mathematical procedures necessary for the customer to request issuance of the electronic money and for the authentication of it as it is used.
		Digital cash is an intriguing alternative which conceivably could speed the move to a cashless society.
		The role of digital cash is likely to be that of a supplement to, rather than replacement for, physical cash for many years to come.
	www.sfasu.edu /finance/FINCASH.HTM (2716 words)

	The End of Cash by James Gleick
		Cash is heavy -- $1 million in $20 bills weighs more than you can lift, and drug dealers have been disconcerted to note that their powdered merchandise is handier for smuggling than the equivalent money.
		Cash is inequitable -- if you are one of the 50 million Americans poor enough to be "unbanked," you pay extortionate fees to seedy, bulletproofed check-cashing operations (even more extortionate than the fees charged for automatic teller machines, often up to 1 or 2 percent and rising).
		Cash is expensive -- tens of billions of dollars drain from the economy each year merely to pay for the printing, trucking, safekeeping, vending, collecting, counting, armored-guarding and general care and feeding of our currency.
	www.around.com /money.html (7116 words)

	digital cash - Ecommerce Guide - Terms You Need to Know to Do Business on the Internet
		That is, when a digital cash amount is sent from a buyer to a vendor, there is no way to obtain information about the buyer.
		Digital cash transactions are expected to become commonplace by the year 2000.
		Most digital cash systems start with a participating bank that issues cash numbers or other unique identifiers that carry a given value, such as five dollars.
	e-comm.webopedia.com /TERM/d/digital_cash.html (318 words)

	Exploring Digital Cash -- Introduction -- SIMS 204 -- Fall, 1997 -- U.C. Berkeley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This exploration of digital cash is a project for Information Systems 204, "Information Users and Society." Our group has delved into the issues surrounding digital cash and electronic commerce, both to investigate issues raised by these new developments, and to look at some specific products and proposals in these fields.
		The prospect of digital cash as a developing method of payment is both exciting and worrisome.
		But just examining digital cash raised an important problem for our group: this is such a rapidly developing field right now that any information and links we've provided may quickly become dated.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /courses/is204/f97/GroupE (354 words)

	Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living With Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases
		Thus, it is conceivable that an otherwise legitimate regulation on anonymous digital cash may have such extreme effects on the ability of citizens to use the Internet to receive information without having their reading habits recorded as to call into question the regulation's constitutional propriety, not to mention the wisdom, of such regulation.
		Digital cash promises to solve the problem of moving value, but it is too early to say which if any type of digital cash is likely to find wide acceptance in the marketplace.
		Digital cash can be stored in any one of a number of places: in the financial institution's computer, in Alice's and Bob's computers, or on smart cards carried by the customer and the merchant.
	osaka.law.miami.edu /~froomkin/articles/oceanno.htm (16977 words)

	Digital Cash and Monetary Freedom
		Beyond encryption, this optional untraceability feature of digital cash promises to be one of the major points of competition as well as controversy between the various providers [7].
		The theme of this paper: the digital cash is denominated in market-determined, non-political monetary units.
		After initial issuance and circulation, the digital cash providers must turn their attention to the management of the monetary unit if it is to survive in an ultra-competitive environment.
	www.isoc.org /HMP/PAPER/136/html/paper.html (3907 words)

	EFF: Privacy/Online Commerce - Digital Money & Transactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		October 1993 paper attempting to describe Chaum's digital cash in lay terms, and outlining how Chaum avoids the notorious "double-spending" problem.
		This paper describes the differences between mere encrypted credit card schemes and true digital cash, which presents a revolutionary opportunity to transform payments.
		The nine key elements of an electronic, digital cash are outlined and a tenth element is proposed which would embody digital cash with a non-political unit of value.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Digital_money (544 words)

	Digital Cash
		Freelance Writers and Digital Cash, by the National Writers Union, is a scenario of empowerment, how writers will utilize small transactions from their pages to support independent writing.
		If digital cash evolves as it should, people will be freed to persue publishing, independent of institutions.
		From a digital cash transaction standpoint, the threshold on credit card transactions is too high to permit the type of nickel and diming that will generate online publishing fortunes.
	www.links.net /webpub/digicash.html (901 words)

	WHY ANONYMOUS DIGITAL CASH CAN NEVER WORK
		A cash transaction, whether it be at a store, with a vendor, or just on the street, always involves two parties.
		Truly anonymous transactions (where neither party is capable of identifying the other) with cash in today’s market are rare and require a great deal of effort and creativity (you can not, after all, walk around with a sack over your head).
		A blinded digital cash system does not closely represent the current payment system that exists in the world market today, which is perceived as anonymous but which, in reality, is not.
	www.lclark.edu /~loren/cyberlaw97/hahn1.html (1169 words)

	Tim May, Untraceable Digital Cash, Information Markets, and BlackNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Whether digital cash is going to be deployed or not, whether it will be allowed to come or not, how various countries will react, etc., is of course unknown to any of us at this time.
		The extortionist can demand that blinded digital cash be bought from the one of the few banks that do offer digital cash: the victim is incentivized to cooperate (he can refuse, but...) and will make other arrangements, possibly including travelling to the country in which the bank is located.
		That is, parties in a contract using digital cash will not be able to use the courts to enforce performance on contracts (just as participants in illegal markets, such as gambling or prostitution, cannot use the courts).
	www.privacyexchange.org /iss/confpro/cfpuntraceable.html (4315 words)

	Digital Cash and Net Commerce Contents
		Digital cash is not necessarily a form of _currency_, but is instead a transfer mechanism.
		The cachet of digital cash is such that many people are claiming their systems are "digital cash," when of course they are not (at least not in the Chaum/Cypherpunk sense).
		Remailers, digital cash, etc. won't become part of this Internet commerce way of life unless they are deployed soon, theoretical flaws and all, instead of waiting until The Perfect System comes along.
	www.cypherpunks.to /faq/cyphernomicron/chapter12.html (7990 words)

	Cyberlaundering
		Other than flying cash out of one country and depositing it in a foreign bank with less stringent banking laws,5 bribing a bank teller, or discretely purchasing real or personal property, the classic approach was for a "smurf"6 to deposit cash at a bank.
		If anonymous digital cash becomes a practical reality, the scenario of a far away beach, a portable "laundering laptop" and one creative launderer may be more fact than fantasy.
		Electronic Cash, digital cash, digital currency and cybercurrency are synonyms for an electronic medium of exchange which has no intrinsic value, and the barest trace of physical existence.
	osaka.law.miami.edu /~froomkin/seminar/papers/bortner.htm (6227 words)

	[No title]
		Brands' off-line cash system is just one instance of a general technique: namely a credential-sharing system in which credentials that are shown only once can be transferred between "organizations", while privacy is guaranteed.
		Restrictive blind signatures are used in the protocol to withdraw digital cash from the bank.
		Recall that a blind signature allows one to obtain a signature on a message (on digital cash, in this case) in such a way that the message itself remains unknown to the signer.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/stefbrdc.htm (5603 words)

	A Brief Guide to Digital Cash Articles on My Webpage
		Concepts in Digital Cash, published in the Laissez Faire City Times, which explains many of the terms used in digital cash, and clarifies their importance.
		Yet a third introduction to digital cash, this one from the point of view of monetary economics, is found in Digital Cash and the Future of Money.
		Any digital cash system has to please its customers and inspire user confidence, but regulated digital cash is corrupted digital cash.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/dcguide.htm (1075 words)

	Electronic money -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Electronic money (or digital money) refers to (Money in the form of bills or coins) cash and associated transactions implemented using electronic means.
		Another success is the Canadian (Click link for more info and facts about Interac) Interac network, which, as of the year 2000, surpassed cash as a payment method at retail in Canada.
		The main focus of digital cash is being able to expend it through many means such as
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electronic_money.htm (758 words)

	E-C Logix Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Computers, advanced cryptographic mathematics, and the Internet combine to make it possible to create unforgeable, virtually theft-proof electronic computer files, called E-Cash Digital Depository Receipts (DDR's) that faithfully represent money or other valuable, fungible commodities that are safely stored in reserve accounts or other secure locations.
		By its very nature, E-Cash can be transacted over the Internet as easily as cash can be spent in a convenience store, and in amounts as small as one-tenth of a cent, with virtually zero overhead costs.
		It combines computerized convenience with security and privacy that improve on paper cash and is an order of magnitude cheaper and more reliable than the book-entry methods of exchange that it will replace.
	www.e-clogix.com (339 words)

	NCash - an experimental digital cash system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This corner of the WWW is devoted to information, documentation and source for the NCash digital cash experiment.
		The idea is to design and implement an bare-bones off-line digital cash system, meeting rather high standards for security and privacy.
		An excellent introduction to digital cash and related matters are
	www.lysator.liu.se /~nisse/NCash (275 words)

	Wired News: Feds: Digital Cash Can Thwart Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"It sounds as though FinCEN has walked into the digital age like a kid in a candy store with millions of dollars stuffed in his pocket," says Greg Nojeim, legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.
		Both economists and libertarian cypherpunks have predicted that digital cash will pose difficulties for law enforcement attempts at surveillance.
		"Digital monetary and financial products are 'disruptive' technologies, in that their creation upsets the existing legal and public policy order as to how money and financial products and institutions are regulated and organized," Richard Rahn, author of
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,38955,00.html (857 words)

	Amazon.com: Digital Cash: Commerce on the Net: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In this second edition of his highly acclaimed book, Wayner has added more information on the latest tools available for digital transactions, making this book a necessity for anyone planning on setting up shop over the Internet.
		This comprehensive guide to exchanging money over the Net includes detailed algorithms for producing and implementing monetary systems like digital checks, digital coupons, digital cashier's checks, and divisible cash.
		Several systems for creating secure credit cards transactions are described as well as the many commercial digital cash systems available today.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0127887725?v=glance (440 words)

	Commerce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Provides a global knowledge medium for researchers in the field of EC to exchange ideas, conduct collaborative research, and serve as a digital library for that domain.
		The goal of this publication is to inform executives, professionals, entrepreneurs, government employees and other key players on principal developments and trends in the rapidly evolving electronic commerce area all over the World.
		An article by Howard Anderson on the impact of electronic cash.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /resources/infoecon/Commerce.html (1218 words)

	X-Cash: Executable Digital Cash (Extended Abstract) (ResearchIndex)
		In this paper, we propose a new financial instrument known as executable digital cash, or X-cash.
		X-cash is a means of binding an offer to the accompanying goods or payment, enabling the processes of searching and paying to be unified.
		66 Trustee-based Tracing Extensions to Anonymous Cash and the M..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /317725.html (585 words)

	InternetCash(TM) Secure Payment Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		So seriously, in fact, that we decided to build a new Internet Payment Network offering digital signatures and PIN-protected transactions!
		To that effect, our security, cryptography and electronic cash experts have designed and implemented a completely new payment infrastructure, with two goals in mind:
		™ Payment Network is similar to the PIN-based ATM/Debit Networks that exist in the physical world, but it is even more secure: customers not only can enter a PIN for extra security, but in addition every payment is digitally signed.
	www.internetcash.com (376 words)

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