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Topic: Digital multiplex hierarchy

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	Technology Watch - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH or SONET)
		The use of synchronous digital transmission by PTOs in their backbone fibre-optic and radio network will put in place the enabling technology that will support many new broad-band data services demanded by the new breed of computer user.
		Unlike E1 2.048Mbit/s bearers, higher rate bearers in the hierarchy are operated plesiochronously, with tolerances on an absolute bit-rate ranging from 30ppm (parts per million) at 8Mbit/s to 15ppm at 140Mbit/s.
		The introduction of synchronous digital transmission in the form of SDH will eventually revolutionise all aspects of public data communication from individual leased lines through to trunk networks.
	www.gare.co.uk /technology_watch/sdh.htm (1742 words)

	Digital signal 0
		Digital signal 0 (DS0): In T-carrier, a basic digital signaling rate of 64 kb/s, corresponding to the capacity of one voice-frequency[?]-equivalent channel.
		Note 1: The DS0 rate forms the basis for the North American digital multiplex transmission hierarchy.
		To carry a typical phone call, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate using 8-bit pulse code modulation.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ds/DS0.html (124 words)

	Digital multiplex hierarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, a digital multiplex hierarchy is a hierarchy consisting of an ordered repetition of tandem digital multiplexers that produce signals of successively higher data rates at each level of the hierarchy.
		Digital multiplexing hierarchies may be implemented in many different configurations depending on (a) the number of channels desired, (b) the signaling system to be used, and (c) the bit rate allowed by the communications media.
		In the design of digital multiplex hierarchies, care must be exercised to ensure interoperability of the multiplexers used in the hierarchy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Digital_multiplex_hierarchy (148 words)

	The Guide to Digital Television: Chapter Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Second, the circuitry required to digitize even a simple telephone call didn't exist until shortly before that feat was achieved in 1939 (analog-to-digital converters slowed things down; digitally generated speech and music predated the digitization of sound, just as computer graphics predated the digital video timebase corrector and international standards converter).
		But the word digital definitely comes from the Latin digitus, which means fingers and toes, making the first digital effects finger shadow puppets on a wall, and the first digital compression a squeezed finger or toe.
		Digital is a binary language represented by zeros (an "off" state) and ones (an "on" state).
	www.digitaltelevision.com /dtvbook/ch2.shtml (20908 words)

	CHAPTER 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The output from a multiplexer may serve as a tributary to a multiplexer at the next - higher level in the hierarchy, or it may be sent directly over a line or radiolink.
		This process is to enable the multiplexer and demultiplexer to maintain correct operation, although the input signals of the tributaries entering the multiplexer may drift relative to each other.
		Consequently, further additional digits, called justification service digits, must be added to the frame for the multiplexer to signal to the demultiplexer whether a justification digit has been used for each tributary.
	www.dsp.pub.ro /leonardo/ipa/Chapter1/Level1/SubChapter1.7/Subchapter1_7.htm (1562 words)

	Glossary Section D Call:727-398-5252 - For your BEST source of data communication equipment
		Digital Access and Cross-connect System is equipment that allows control of individual DS0 s in a DS1 data stream.
		Digital Loop Carrier is the local loop infrastructure that connects customers located more than 18,000 feet from the central office.
		Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer This device is generally found at the Telco terminating multiple DSL lines.
	www.bestdatasource.com /Glossary/networking_D.htm (1278 words)

	DIGITAL MULTIPLEX HIERARCHY digital
		Pleisosynchronous Digital Hierarchy abbreviation for pain-drug-hypnosis, a behavioral modification technique used by military and intelligence services in which pain, drugs or hypnosis, or any combination of these, are administered to drive an individual into a state whereby he can be given suggestions or commands subconsciously.
		SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy is an ITU standard used in Europe.
		Description of the Prior Art Digital transmission networks and a multiplex hierarchy are known from the periodical "Telcom Report", Vol.
	digilander.libero.it /a_digital/Digital_multiplex_hierarchy.html (876 words)

	Telephony Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A standard term describing the 1.544 Mbps digital signal carried on a T-1 facility or the 2.048 Mbps digital signal carried on an E-1 facility.
		The digital voice channels are time division multiplexed into a single serial data stream of 1.544 Mbps.
		In time division multiplexing, the data received on the high speed line is de-multiplexed from the individual time slots and directed to each of the lower data rate channels respectively.
	home.comcast.net /~mroth01/telephony-glossary.html (1829 words)

	Digital multiplex hierarchy Information - Digital multiplex hierarchy
		In telecommunication, a digital multiplex hierarchy is a hierarchy consisting of an ordered repetition of tandem digital multiplexers Digital multiplex hierarchy that produce signals of successively higher data rates at each level of the hierarchy.
		Some currently available digital multiplexers have been designated as Dl-, DS-, or M-series, all of which operate at T-carrier rates.
		The study of new semiconductor devices and their technology is sometimes considered as a branch of physics.
	www.inanot.com /Ina-Electronics_Topics_D-/Digital_multiplex_hierarchy.html (203 words)

	TelecomCareers.Net - Dictionary D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Digital transmission refers to a particular kind of transmission facility implementation.
		This is in contrast to analog microwave, in which a digital bit stream would be converted to an analog carrier by a voice grade modem and then frequency shifted up to the appropriate carrier frequency.
		Any item of information, whether it is in a data format or not, can be converted to a digital signal, e.g., voice and video, which are usually originated in analog (continuous signal) form, can be converted to digital signals.
	www.telecomcareers.net /Resources/Dictionary/diction_d.htm (2201 words)

	synchronous digital hierarchy@Everything2.com
		SDH was designed as to be an answer to solve the flaws and problems of its predecessor plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), but SDH itself will be replaced newer technologies and other demands that come about with the evolving internetwork.
		Technically, it made the multiplex mountain of PDH obsolete with the introduction of add/drop multiplexers (ADMs) so that a path can be extracted from a frame and routed to another destination without the need of de- and re-multiplexing the whole frame.
		SDH still requires allocation of resources like connecting ports in a digital cross-connect (DXC), but it would be more ideal when the management system only would have to bother with setting policies and leave the implementation intelligence to the network elements.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=448991 (760 words)

	Tektronix MBD: Technical Brief > SDH Digital Radio Networks
		Most digital radio system manufacturers already have, or are developing, equipment based on these rates to suit their customers' differing requirements.
		SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) has been designed to accommodate the plethora of existing and future data transmission methods and to provide a standard method of transporting any type of bulk data traffic around the world.
		SDH digital radio systems have their own special architectures and performance characteristics, so they need special facilities in test equipment to allow testing to be carried out efficiently and productively.
	www.tek.com /Measurement/App_Notes/Technical_Briefs/SDHdigital (3749 words)

	[No title]
		This is a 1 to 4 digit number which counts the number of blocks with the same traffic relation and the same function code.
		Groups, supergroups, etc., which are converted into digital paths at some point are designated in the same way as conventional groups or supergroups (see § 5.1), but have a letter C included in the function code and placed after the nominal number of channels.
		This means that digital blocks from a digital multiplex hierarchy, with a format defined in Rec.
	www.nmedia.net /docs/ccitt/1988/4_1/4_1_06.html (6602 words)

	Yenra Glossary D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In a digital form, this information is seen in a binary state as either a one or a zero, a plus or a minus.
		digital phase modulation - Modulation in which the instantaneous phase of the modulated wave is shifted between a set of predetermined discrete values in accordance with the significant conditions of the modulating signal.
		digital slip - In the reception of a digital data stream, the loss of a bit, or the insertion by the receiver of a bit that was not transmitted, because of a difference in the bit rates of the incoming data stream and the local clock.
	www.yenra.net /glossary/d.html (12166 words)

	Basic pulse frame and method for a digital signal multiplex hierarchy - Patent 4975908
		A basic pulse frame is disclosed that is employable in a synchronous network for digital signals of both the CEPT hierarchy as well as of the US hierarchy while maintaining maximum transmission capacity.
		Proceeding on the basis of such a basic pulse frame, this object is inventively achieved for the envelope-structured part in that either 16 main blocks for 16 columns or 12 main blocks for 21 columns and further columns for auxiliary blocks are provided in the envelope-structured part.
		It is especially advantageous when the column plurality 264 for the CEPT hierarchy is divisible by 4 and is divisible by 3 for the U.S. hierarchy.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4975908.html (2205 words)

	Digital Communication
		The analog to digital conversion is done by sampling the sound wave and denoting the level of the wave by a number which is transmitted over the digital link.
		This method is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) because the multiplexer took the 1/8000 sec needed for transferring a single byte of a single channel, and divided it between the 32 channels by increasing the rate so that each byte of a channel will take 1/(8000 * 32) sec to send.
		The upside for transmitting digital data or video is that no analog to digital conversion is needed.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1995/digcom/digcom.htm (880 words)

	Glossary
		The first three digits (NXX) of a seven-digit telephone number under which up to 10,000 telephone numbers are grouped; exchange area boundaries are associated with the central office code.
		In the time-division multiplexing hierarchy of the telephone network, DS1 is the initial level of multiplexing.
		A form of communications where characters or bits are sent in a continuous stream, with the beginning of one signal continuous with the end of the preceding one; separation of one from the other requires the receiver to maintain a synchronization to a master timing signal.
	www.datapointinc.com /support/glossary.htm (6961 words)

	An Overview of Digital Hierarchies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Slip rates requirements between End-User multiplex equipment must still be met, for adequate performance of voice and (particularly) data.
		The North American Digital hierarchy starts off with a basic Digital Signal level of 64 KBPS (DS0).
		The CCITT Digital hierarchy's basic level is the DS0 rate of 64 KBPS.
	telecom.tbi.net /dighier1.html (448 words)

	Complete Protocol dictionary, glossary and reference - D
		Digital Network Architecture (DNA), defined by Digital Equipment Corporation now part of HP, is essentially a set of documents which define the network architecture in general, states the specifications for each layer of the architecture, and describes the protocols which operate within each layer.
		Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC), Part 6 of MPEG-2, is an ISO/IEC standard developed to provide the control functions and operations specific to managing MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 bitstreams.
		Digital Signal Level n (DSn), also known as Tn, is a group of classification of digital circuits.
	www.networkdictionary.com /protocols/d.php (2368 words)

	DSx (Digital Signal-x) (Linktionary term)
		Digital signal refers to the rate and format of digital telecommunication circuits.
		DS is related to the T designations; but DS refers to multiplexing techniques while the T designations refer to the underlying equipment and signaling.
		SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is the European equivalent of SONET.
	www.linktionary.com /d/dsx.html (185 words)

	IEC: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
		Cross-connects are known in the United States as digital cross-connect switches (DCSs) and as DXCs elsewhere.
		They are classified as DCS p/q or DXC p/q, where p is the hierarchical order of the port bit rate and q is the hierarchical order of the traffic component that is switched within that port bit rate.
		ADMs conventionally allow traffic to be in PDH form, such as at 2 or 34 Mbps on their add-drop ports, and also may provide the transmultiplexer function.
	www.iec.org /online/tutorials/sdh/topic06.html (397 words)

	Wiki - PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) basics
		PDH is now being replaced by Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) equipment in most telecommunications networks.
		The transmitting multiplexer combines the four data streams assuming that they are running at their maximum allowed rate.
		This allows the receiving multiplexer to correctly reconstruct the original data for each of the four 2 Mbit/s data streams, and at the correct, different plesiochronous, rates.
	www.ng-sdh.com /ng-sdh-forum/viewtopic.php?t=7 (644 words)

	Dtv multiplex table - MythTV
		Because numerous digital streams can be multiplexed into one source/frequency/modulation, this table aggregates the information necessary to tune the hardware to a particular source, except for choosing the particular stream.
		For North American digital cable reception of non-encrypted channels (whether Standard Definition or High Definition) using a pcHDTV HD3000 or similar, the only fields which need data are sourceid,frequency,modulation and sistandard.
		For digital cable, the modulation (qam_256) and the sistandard (atsc) are important.
	www.mythtv.org /wiki/index.php/Dtv_multiplex_table (648 words)

	Digital TV and HDTV - MPEG-4
		In other words, it makes compressed digital video behave similarly to analog video in terms of robustness while maintaining all the advantages of digital video.
		The coded bitstream is also intended for downloading of the image resolution hierarchy into the terminal to be formatted as ‘MIPmap texture’ as used in 3-D rendering systems.
		With the intent of identifying a suitable digital audio broadcast format to provide improvements over the existing AM modulation services, several codec configurations involving the MPEG-4 CELP, TwinVQ, and AAC tools have been compared to a reference AM system.
	www.intechlabs.com /ourfaqs/tv/digital/digitalstandards4c_3.htm (9277 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 4197 Requirements for Edge-to-Edge Emulation of Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuits over ...
		It is aligned to the common architecture for Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) as defined in [RFC3985].
		CCS (Common Channel Signaling) CCS signaling uses a separate digital channel to carry asynchronous messages pertaining to the state of telephony applications over related TDM timeslots of a TDM trunk.
		Note: For the TDM network, we use the terms "jitter" and "wander" as defined in [G.810] to describe short- and long-term variance of the significant instants of the digital signal, while for the PSN we use the term packet delay variation (PDV) (see [RFC3393]).
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc4197.html (4369 words)

	Juniper Networks :: Technical Documentation :: Glossary
		Portions of the hierarchy marked as inactive using this command are ignored during the router's commit process as if they were not configured at all.
		Portions of the hierarchy marked as disabled (mainly router interfaces) cause the router to use the configuration but stop the pertinent operation of the configuration.
		DSU converts digital data from a router to voltages and encoding required by the phone line.
	www.juniper.net /techpubs/glossary/d.html (1513 words)

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