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Topic: Digitigrade locomotion

	Digitigrade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While humans usually walk with the soles of their feet on the ground (plantigrade locomotion), digitigrade animals walk on their distal and intermediate phalanges.
		Digitigrade locomotion is responsible for the distinctive hooked shape of dog legs.
		Digitigrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which would correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Digitigrade (219 words)

	Locomotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, locomotion is the self-powered, patterned motion of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual customarily moves itself from place to place.
		Locomotion No. 1 is the name of an early steam railway locomotive, even older than Stephenson's Rocket.
		"Locomotion" is a museum in the town of Shildon, County Durham, England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Locomotion (241 words)

	Dr. Hay and his Diplo-Commotion.
		On the Manner of the Locomotion of the Dinosaurs 1 2 3 4 5
		The evidences that they were digitigrade are found in the belief, probably correct, that the upper ends of the metatarsals and metacarpals were not arranged in a straight line, but in an arc of a circle; further, that the feet were entaxonic, that is, had the inner digits more strongly developed than the outer ones.
		Hay perceives the evolution of locomotion as a gradual progression from the sprawling, lizard-like quadruped to the birdlike, upright biped, with dinosaurs falling rather uncomfortably in between.
	www.hmnh.org /library/diplodocus/hay1910.html (1618 words)

	Terrestrial locomotion in animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Movement on appendages is the most common form of terrestrial locomotion, it is the basic form of locomotion of two major groups with many terrestrial members, the vertebrates and the arthropods.
		Most vertebrates, the amphibians, the reptiles, and most birds, and some mammals such as humans and bears are plantigrade, walking on the whole of the underside of the foot, this is considersed the least specialised way of moving.
		Many mammals, such as cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, the greater stride length allowing more speed.
	www.losaltoshillscaus.com /details/Terrestrial_locomotion_in_animals (1645 words)

	Lab 5
		The axial skeleton is comprised of the vertebral column and ribs, whereas the appendicular skeleton consists of the appendages used for locomotion.
		Except for the cetaceans (whales) and sirenians (manatees and sea cows), mammals are tetrapods and have four appendicular limbs, although the limbs of the marine carnivores (seals, sea lions, and walruses), cetaceans (whales), and sirenians (manatees and sea cows) are highly modified.
		Digitigrade mammals often exhibit a reduction in number of toes and the metacarpals and metatarsals are elongated.
	www.wtamu.edu /~rmatlack/Mammalogy/lab5.htm (1057 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		plantigrade locomotion, digitigrade animals walk on their distal and intermediate phalanges.
		Digitigrade locomotion is responsible for the distinctive hooked shape of dog legs.
		Digitigrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which would correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=digitigrade (250 words)

	Definition of Digitigrade locomotion
		Digitigrade locomotion is the sort of walking cats, dogs, and most other mammals engage in, excepting humans, bears, and a few others.
		While humans usually walk with the soles of their feet on the ground (plantigrade locomotion), digitigrade animals walk on the tips of their toes, or, in more precise terms, their distal phalanges and middle phalanges.
		Digitigrade locomotion is responsible for the distictive hook shape of dog legs, for there are anatomical differences between a plantigrade and digitigrade limb.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Digitigrade_locomotion (268 words)

	Group I disynaptic excitation of cat hindlimb flexor and bifunctional motoneurones during fictive locomotion -- Quevedo ...
		In the absence of locomotion oligosynaptic EPSPs were evoked by 6 of the 53 nerves stimulated in 4 of the 28 flexor motoneurones, and by stimulation of 4 of 17 nerves in 2 of the 10 bifunctional motoneurones.
		EDL stimulation was delivered at 4 Hz throughout the bout of fictive locomotion during both the flexion (indicated by dots) and extension phases (dashes) of the step cycle and was not synchronized to the phase of the step cycle.
		Thus during fictive locomotion in decerebrate cats, all of the motoneurone pools that have been examined are subject to a disynaptic excitation upon stimulation of group I afferents in homonymous or close synergist muscle nerves.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/525/2/549 (10162 words)

	Untitled Document
		The stance of the elephant is digitigrade, however, elephants could also be considered functionally plantigrade.
		When you look at the elephant skeleton, it looks digitigrade because, as you can plainly see, the metatarsals are not in contact with the substrate.
		The elephant is resting on the phalanges, and is therefore digitigrade under the strictest definition of stance.
	www.msu.edu /~mcelhinn/zoology/mammalreviews/postcranialans.htm (431 words)

	digitigrade ADW: Legs, Feet, and Cursorial Locomotion
		Digitigrade species walk with most of the length of their digits, but not the soles of their feet, in contact with the ground.
		Tubulidentata Locomotion is digitigrade, with the weight being borne along the length of the digits.
		Birds are digitigrade, meaning they walk on their toes instead of on their feet.
	rhinovirus.host1.ranusa.com /1140994125.html (1492 words)

	Caitian Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Caitians describe it as being able to 'feel' what another Caitian is feeling, purely by subconsciously picking up tail motions from others and responding in kind, mentally, and should be considered a more highly developed sense of 'body language'.
		Digitigrade legs involve a shorter femur, fibula and tibia.
		The strong, digitigrade leg muscles and keen balance make it possible to support full weight on one leg until a firm footing can be established.
	www.otaking.org /~washu/cpg/Biology.htm (1498 words)

	Ungulate Primer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, it is sometimes convenient to speak of "ungulates", because both major groups have developed digitigrade locomotion with enlarged claws that form hoofs.
		To lengthen the legs, ungulates evolved digitigrade locomotion: that is, they walk on their toes.
		The hoof of a horse or cow is anatomically an enlarged toe.
	www.mjkelly.info /hoofs.html (337 words)

	Comparative three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb for high-speed bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of lizards ...
		digitigrade foot posture and large foot size of the lizards contributed
		Locomotion of lizards on inclines and perches: hindlimb kinematics of an arboreal specialist and a terrestrial generalist
		The effects of speed on the in vivo activity and length of a limb muscle during the locomotion of the iguanian lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/202/9/1047 (827 words)

	FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLES AND FASCIAS OF THE MANUS OF THE LLAMA [Lama glama]
		The southamerican camelids own the particularity to have a digitigrade locomotion, with digital cushion like in the dog making a great difference with the other Arthiodactyla.
		Muscular and facials elements involved in the locomotion mechanic are descripted.
		We conclude that the deep fascia of the metapodium have a relevant role in the weight support system contributing in the diversity of movements and reducing the muscular stress.
	proteus.dna.uba.ar /biologia/19arzone.htm (128 words)

	foot, in anatomy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term is also applied to any invertebrate appendage used either for locomotion or attachment, e.g., the legs of insects and crustacea, and the single locomotive appendage of the clam.
		In digitigrade animals, e.g., the dog and cat, the weight is supported on a pad behind the toes, while the ankle and wrist areas remain elevated.
		Such animals as horses and cows that walk on a naillike structure (hoof) at the end of one or more toes are known as unguligrades.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/fo/foot-an.html (352 words)

	Elongate Dinosaur Tracks by Glen J. Kuban
		Traditionally bipedal dinosaurs have been viewed as strict digitigrade walkers, since the vast majority of known tridactyl dinosaur tracks are unquestionably digitigrade, and the anatomy of most bipedal dinosaurs appears well suited to digitigrade locomotion.
		The idea that the posterior extensions may have been a thick "metatarsal pad" supporting an essentially digitigrade foot, as in elephants (or as suggested for an isolated Hadrosaur track by Langston, 1960), is inconsistent with the length and narrowness of many of the posterior extensions.
		One possibility is that even a foot held in a normal digitigrade fashion might incidentally record some or all of the metatarsus if the foot sank deeply in soft sediment.
	paleo.cc /paluxy/elong.htm (5148 words)

	Abstract #1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gatesy, S.M. Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion.
		Bipedal, digitigrade locomotion on fully erect limbs is an avian feature inherited from theropod ancestors.
		However, the primitive saurian mechanisms of balancing the body (with a large tail) and retracting the limb (with the caudofemoralis longus) were abandoned in the course of avian evolution.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/EEB/Gatesy_abstracts/gatesy.abstract.1.html (394 words)

	Matthew F. Bonnan Disseration Abstract -- Sauropod Locomotion
		Although sauropods are diagnose primarily on limb and foot characters related to locomotion, the evolution and functional morphology of these characters remains poorly understood.
		The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the evolution and functional morphology of sauropod locomotion utilizing primary osteological and ichnological data in combination with statistical analyses of bone shape.
		Sauropod gigantism may be correlated, in part, with a reversion to quadrupedal locomotion from a bipedal ancestor and the rigid joint morphology of their limbs.
	www.wiu.edu /users/mfb100/diss_abstract.html (383 words)

	Adaptation for Cursorial Locomotion
		Carnivores are fast because they have flexible trunks, which is possible because they have a meat diet (which is why they need multipurpose limbs in the first place).
		Herbivores, with roughage diets and bulky abdominal viscera, have relatively limited trunk flexion, but their limbs are freed to be devoted entirely to locomotion.
		Locomotor anatomy and behavior are linked to diet, the nature of the digestive tract in the abdomen has implications for locomotion.
	vanat.cvm.umn.edu /run (689 words)

	Ungulates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The common ancestor of the two groups of hoofed mammals alive today was also the ancestor of several groups which don't have hooves at all, notably the Proboscidea (elephants), Sirenia (manatees and dugongs), and Cetacea (whales and dolphins).
		however, it is sometimes convenient to speak of "ungulates," because both major groups have developed digitigrade locomotion with enlarged claws that form hoofs.
		To lengthen the legs, ungulates evolved digitigrade locomotion: that is, they walk on their toes.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/eutheria/ungulate.html (345 words)

	How do you increase speed of quadrupedal cursorial locomotion
		Serpentine motion with the outer edge of the "S" shape lying flat on the burrow wall and is pressed against it while the rest of the body is extended forward.
		The two complementary halves of understanding locomotion are the skeletal system and the muscular system.
		What are the three different foot postures and which bone(s)/portion of bones of autopodium (foot or hand) are in contact with the ground for each stance.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/302/Lecture162003.htm (635 words)

	COMP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		locomotion using the 4 limbs; and in particular,
		(running) locomotion, as seen in many mammals such as carnivores (cats) and ungulates (deer, horses, etc).
		True cursorial locomotion is seen mainly in mammals, because limbs are under body: less lateral undulation
	www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu /Bio-home/Pratt/anatwk8.htm (1168 words)

	New Page 1
		For example, the external anatomy of a rat, a cat, a whale and Biology 1115 student are all very different.
		Features such as the appearance of the limbs, the method of locomotion and characteristics of the teeth enable us to differentiate these mammals.
		The rat is a tetrapod with digitigrade locomotion, meaning the animal walks on the digits only, with the remainder of the foot elevated.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/lb7pg3.htm (617 words)

	Tubulidentata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof.
		Locomotion is digitigrade, with the weight being borne along the length of the digits.
		The clavicle or collar bone is well developed.
	www.ultimateungulate.com /Tubulidentata.html (432 words)

	Dinosaur Locomotion - ZoomDinosaurs.com
		Dinosaurs usually walked on their toes; the scientific term for this is digitigrade.
		There is a pad of tissue on the back of the feet on these animals that acts like a shock absorber.
		The distance between prints is measured together with the size of the tracks.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /subjects/dinosaurs/anatomy/Locomotion.shtml (991 words)

	Alex Badyaev - Lab Scans for BIOL 306 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Pay particular attention to the differences which are apparent in the long bones (forelimb and hindlimb) of the deer and bear as well as the skeletons shown appended to this exercise.
		Mammals which have plantigrade feet place the foot flat against the ground; this lends no increase in the effective length of the leg as far as locomotion is concerned.
		This trend is maximized by mammals such as the artiodactyls and perissodactyls which locomote on the tips of their digits, a posture termed unguligrade.
	biology.umt.edu /dbs/mammal.htg/mammal.htg/labscan.html (6868 words)

	locomotion - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Locomotion : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include locomotion: cell locomotion, a ticket for perpetual locomotion, chattanooga locomotion, chris sawyers locomotion, digitigrade locomotion, more...
		Words similar to locomotion: motivity, travel, motive power, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=locomotion&ls=a (226 words)

	Sommerland: Glossary of Biological Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Dentary: bone of the lower jaw (may also be called the mandible).
		Digitigrade: locomotion stance where only the toes make contact with the ground; the ball of the foot, instep and heel are all held clear of the ground.
		Plantigrade: locomotion stance where the entire foot from toe to heel makes contact with the ground.
	sommerland.org /ondragons/biology/glossary.html (530 words)

	Aardvark Forelimb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Nor are the metacarpals very elongate as in the ungulates.
		Aardvarks walk on their digits and thus have digitigrade locomotion.
		The nails are actually somewhere between true nail and hoof in form.
	sunsite.wits.ac.za /mus/zoo/aardvark/aardvark_forelimb.htm (182 words)

	Theropod Locomotion -- Farlow et al. 40 (4): 640 -- American Zoologist
		locomotion cannot be observed directly; rather, the paleontologist
		unanswered is when this compliant form of avian locomotion evolved.
		Carrano, M. Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: Integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology.
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/40/4/640 (7185 words)

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