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Topic: Dikaryon

	Dikaryons of the Basidiomycete Fungus Schizophyllum commune: Evolution in Long-Term Culture -- Clark and Anderson 167 ...
		dikaryon, the component progenitor haploids, and the experimental
		the progenitor dikaryons, and the evolved dikaryons, hyphal
		Six dikaryons evolved in culture for 18 months and their recovered haploid components are represented.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/167/4/1663 (6569 words)

	Teaching the Fungal Tree of Life-Home
		The dikaryon produces diagnostic clamp connections at the septa.
		Fusion of primary mycelia produces a dikaryon, which gives rise to the fruiting body, as in basidiomycetes.
		The dikaryon produces an asexual reproductive structure, the aecium, on the underside of the barberry leaf.
	www.clarku.edu /faculty/dhibbett/TFTOL/content/2folder/2life_cycles.html (556 words)

	Dikaryotic Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A dikaryotic cell or biological structure (there is some debate as to whether these structures are cells) is characterized by having two nuclei.
		An example of a dikaryotic organism is Dikaryomycota, a phylum of fungi which have an extended dikaryon period in their life cycle.
		This dikaryotic stage in fungi involves the formation of two haploid nuclei, which later merge into a single nucleus in a later state.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Dikaryotic_Cell (225 words)

	Basidiomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Then the nuclei divide and the daughter nuclei pair so that each hyphal compatment comes to contain two nuclei - one of each mating type.
		At this stage the fungus is termed a dikaryon (i.e.
		Many basidiomycota grow for most of their lives as dikaryons, until environmental signals induce them to produce fruibodies, such as a toadstool.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/basidio.htm (1422 words)

	Life History and Developmental Processes in the Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus -- Kües 64 (2): 316 -- ...
		monokaryon and the fertile dikaryon ( 71, 176).
		Dikaryons arise upon fusion of monokaryons of different mating types (Fig.
		For a discussion of A and B mating-type control in the process of hyphal fusion and dikaryon formation, see references 79, 172, 410, and the text.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/2/316 (10404 words)

	MSN Encarta - Fungus
		Initially the nuclei of the two hyphae remain separate, producing an intermediate stage called the dikaryon, meaning âtwo nuclei.â The dikaryon stage can last from weeks to years, depending upon the species.
		The two nuclei in the dikaryon eventually fuse to produce a diploid cellâ”that is, a cell that contains one nucleus with two sets of chromosomes.
		This cell immediately undergoes meiosis, a type of nuclear cell division that produces offspring with half the genetic material as the parents.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551534/Fungus.html (1275 words)

	TECPUBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The DNA of each of 30 single-basidiospore progeny of a dikaryon of Heterobasidion annosum exhibited unique fingerprints after Pst I restriction, electrophoresis and in-gel hybridization with the oligonucleotide.
		Twelve of 28 scored bands were heterozygous in the parent dikaryon.
		Two new bands were observed among the progeny but not the parent dikaryon, suggesting a high mutation rate (> 0.3%), consistent with other reported VNTR loci.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tcharrin/CATABS.html (270 words)

	Uredinomycetes
		The spermogonia are visited by flies which are attracted by the nectar secretions, and as they visit different spermagonia, spermatia of both mating types, adhere to their bodies and are transferred to receptive hyphae of the other mating types.
		The dikaryon of the rusts produces three spore stages: aeciospore,urediospore and teliospore, with a change in host from barberry to wheat following the aecium stage.
		The dikaryon in the mushroom life cycle does not produce additional spore stages prior to basidia and basidiospore formation unless an asexual stage is present, in which case conidia are produced.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/webb/BOT201/Myxomycota/Uredinomycetes.htm (866 words)

	Coprinus1
		Formation of the dikaryon is controlled by two mating type loci, A and B.
		Due to the action of the heterologous mating type genes, oidia formation in the dikaryon is strongly repressed during dark unlike in monokaryons that constitutively produce oidia in high numbers.
		Biased oidia production on the dikaryon is a special consequence of the fungal life cycle in that karyogamy does not directly follow plasmogamy and that the dikaryotic stage is maintained through long vegetative periods of the life cycle.
	wwwuser.gwdg.de /~uffb/mhb/coprinus4.htm (412 words)

	Mushroom Life Cycle
		It is thought that sexual organs of Basidiomycetes were lost during their evolution and that vegetative hyphae have taken over the function of sexual organs.
		Dikaryon formation begins with the fusion of hyphal cells between compatible monokayons (Fig.
		The dikaryon is the mycelium that produces the basidiocarp, and as in the Ascomycota, only certain dikaryotic cells will function in basidia and basidiospore formation, e.g.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Mushroom_Lifecycle.htm (351 words)

	Basidiomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Since each cell of the dikaryon has a paternal and a maternal nucleus, it is necessary that when they divide, one be able to pass by one of the others, to maintain the maternal/paternal nuclear presence in each daughter cell.
		Most of the dikaryons result from fusion of heterothallic hyphae of different mating types, (-) and (+) for example.
		Once infection of the new corn plant occurs, a small haploid mycelium develops, and soon plasmogamizes with a mycelium of opposite mating strain, thus establishing the dikaryon.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~tfutcher/Basidiomycota.html (2127 words)

	Coprinus1
		Formation of the dikaryon is controlled by two mating type loci, A and B.
		Due to the action of the heterologous mating type genes, oidia formation in the dikaryon is strongly repressed during dark unlike in monokaryons that constitutively produce oidia in high numbers.
		Biased oidia production on the dikaryon is a special consequence of the fungal life cycle in that karyogamy does not directly follow plasmogamy and that the dikaryotic stage is maintained through long vegetative periods of the life cycle.
	www.gwdg.de /~uffb/mhb/coprinus4.htm (412 words)

	Chapter 28: Fungi
		dikaryon may persist for extended period (months to years), dividing but not fusing
		shortest-lived stage as a dikaryon (in zygosporangium only)--Fig.
		long-lived dikaryon mycelium--may be perennial, increasing in diameter annually, creates a ‘fairy ring ‘ as pushes up basidiocarps ("mushrooms") at edges of subterranian mycelium (one in Michigan app.
	ppl.nhmccd.edu /~lcc/Chapter_31.html (951 words)

	Identification of a motor protein required for filamentous growth in Ustilago maydis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The wild-type dikaryon showed rapid tip growth, with all the cytoplasm being moved to the tip compartment.
		Formation of the dikaryon by fusion of yeast-like haploid cells is associated with a morphological switch to filamentous growth.
		In the dikaryon, the pheromone genes continue to be expressed, leading to an autocrine stimulation of the pheromone signaling cascade that activates b gene expression ( Hartmann et al., 1996 ; Urban et al., 1996).
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/emboj/journal/v16/n12/full/7590325a.html (6708 words)

	Ukraine, Kaniv, Biodiversity Conference, 1997: M.N. Sukhomlhyn, abstract of paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The influence of mineral elements on growth of different monokaryons was noted, and the viability of different monokaryons stored in pure culture was ascertained.
		Physiological features of monokaryons and dikaryons obtained by dikaryon crossing were studied.
		Thus, monokaryotic cultures can be used to select fungi and to create a collection of rare and species in danger of extinction, to conserve their diversity.
	www.biodiversity.ac.psiweb.com /kaniv/00000072.htm (279 words)

	Biotrophic plant pathogens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In this condition, the fungus is termed a dikaryon (i.e.
		The teliospores also are dikaryons, with two nuclei in each cell.
		Then the nuclei pair in the hyphae, forming a dikaryon which gives rise to sporing pustules on the lower surface of the barberry leaf ( Figures O and P).
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/biotroph.htm (1612 words)

	Microbiology :: Life History and Developmental Processes in the Basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus :: Pharmaceutical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This property of the dikaryon enables an easy exchange of nuclear partners in further dikaryotic-monokaryotic and dikaryotic-dikaryotic mycelial fusions.
		Fruiting bodies normally develop on the dikaryon, and the cytological process of fruiting-body development has been described in its principles.
		Both monokaryons and dikaryons can form multicellular resting bodies (sclerotia) and different types of mitotic spores, the small uninucleate aerial oidia, and, within submerged mycelium, the large thick-walled chlamydospores.
	www.pharmainfo.net /displayarticle2227.html (222 words)

	Molecular Genetics of Mating Recognition in Basidiomycete Fungi -- Casselton and Olesnicky 62 (1): 55 -- Microbiology ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Roles of the A and B mating-type genes in regulating the formation and maintenance of the dikaryon of C.
		Both A and B mating-type genes of the mushroom fungi are required for the development and maintenance of the dikaryotic state.
		Growth of the basidiomycete dikaryon requires the coordinated activities of genes activated by the pheromone response and
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/62/1/55 (8939 words)

	Palaeos Fungi: Fungi
		A mating event results from end-to-end fusion of hyphae, as in Zygomycota, or fusion of a hypha with an oidium, a specialized mating spore.
		Then the resulting dikaryon divides through clamp connections so that the dikaryon state is maintained.
		Like Basidiomycota, ascomycotes remain indefinitely in the dikaryon state, with the fungal filaments (hyphae) partitioned into cells each containing two haploid nuclei -- one from each parent.
	www.palaeos.com /Fungi/default.htm (2189 words)

	Basidiomycota
		A long-lived dikaryon, in which each cell in the thallus contains two haploid nuclei resulting from a mating event, is another characteristic feature.
		Thus, the dominant phase of the life cycle in most Basidiomycota is a dikaryon, in which the two nuclei brought together in mating exist side-by-side in each cell (Fig.
		Sexually reproducing Ascomycota also form dikaryons, although they are not as long-lived as those of Basidiomycota.
	www.tolweb.org /tree?group=Basidiomycota&contgroup=Fungi (2420 words)

	[No title]
		A dikaryon culture of this collection was fruited and produced additional SBIs.
		Although these cultures included SBIs, a reconstituted dikaryon was fruited on sawdust and new SBIs were established from the spores of those basidiomata.
		A few of these "hybrid" dikaryons were fruited and yielded fertile basidiomata, thus supporting that such hybrids might survive in nature.
	fp.bio.utk.edu /mycology/Flammulina/default.html (9302 words)

	Coprinus2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Next to the main life cycle, Coprinus cinereus possesses a number of auxiliary reproductive cycles on both the monokaryon and the dikaryon.
		Oidiophores in the aerial mycelium of a monokaryon (right) and a dikaryon (left).
		Note the clamp cells at the septa of the dikaryon.
	wwwuser.gwdg.de /~uffb/mhb/coprinus2.htm (177 words)

	A Homokaryotic Derivative of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium Strain and Its Use in Genomic Analysis of Repetitive ...
		Dikaryons were recognized by bands at 2,236 bp and 479 bp, which
		to that of the dikaryon, suggesting that some lip genes are redundant.
		Kraft pulp bleaching and delignification by dikaryons and monokaryons of Trametes versicolor.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/4/1629 (3178 words)

	Re: Are there any species on Earth that have three parents?
		When conditions are right, the dikaryon fungus can produce dikaryon fruiting bodies (the large, visible dikaryon fruiting bodies are called mushrooms) that contain specialized sexual cells, which undergo karyogamy followed immediately by meiosis to produce spores.
		This is relevant to your question, because a single anamorph can form dikaryons with multiple "partners" simultaneously, such that the whole fungus can be composed of more than two different haploid nuclei.
		As well, there is a certain amount of "parasexual" recombination in the dikaryon (pictured here), whereby the different nuclei can fuse, recombine, and divide through mitosis instead of through meiosis in the fruiting bodies.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/oct2000/971203346.Ge.r.html (869 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		Within BSP 17 a dikaryon was found with two divergent types of the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1 and 2).
		The two ITS types segregated in monokaryotic progeny of that dikaryon, showing that these different ITS types represent different alleles at homologous rDNA loci in the two nuclei.
		RFLP analysis of a number of strains of BSP 17 showed that the polymorphism is widespread in Europe.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/latest01/01_4aanen1.htm (280 words)

	homo + homo = hetero ???? - Advanced Mycology - Shroomery Message Board
		This would be a hybrid of the two dikaryons that were present, resulting in a third distinct Dikaryon.
		Imagine a dikaryon with A1B1 and A2B2 nuclei running into a false dikaryon with A1B2 and A1B1 nuclei.
		The only dikaryon that will result in Fruiting is the one formed by A1B1 and A2B2, this is a compatable mating, because they monokaryons differ in both factors A and B. A1B1 will mate with A2B1, because the A factors differ, but this is not a fertile match as it stands.
	www.shroomery.org /forums/showflat.php/Number/609502 (1219 words)

	Life History and Ecology of the Fungi
		The single hypha produced by fusion typically has two nuclei per "cell", and is known as a dikaryon, meaning "two nuclei".
		The dikaryon may live and grow for years, and some are thought to be many centuries old.
		Eventually, the dikaryon forms sexual sporangia in which the nuclei fuse into one, which then undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores, and the cycle is repeated.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /fungi/fungilh.html (691 words)

	Ustomycetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Following dispersal of the basidiospores, the spores typically germinate by budding to produce yeast cells, which are saprobic.
		When the yeast cells contact a compatible mating strains, dikaryon formation will occur.
		Once the dikaryon has formed, it becomes an obligate parasite and must have a host.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/wong/Bot201/Basidiomycota/Ustomycetes/Ustomycetes.htm (269 words)

	Hi-res box window (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There are two distinct mycelial stages: the asexual homokaryon (or monokaryon, as it is more commonly called), which produces uninucleate asexual spores, and the fertile dikaryon, on which fruiting bodies develop and which forms when monokaryons of compatible mating types fuse.
		In the sexual cycle, nuclei from each mate remain paired and divide synchronously in each dikaryotic tip cell and are partitioned equally at cell division.
		Karyogamy occurs in specialized cells (basidia) that lie on the under surface of the mushroom and the four meiotic spores develop (basidiospores) on the outside of each basidium.
	www.nature.com /nrg/journal/v3/n9/slideshow/nrg889_bx2.html (355 words)

	A homokaryotic derivative of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain and its use in genomic analysis of repetitive elements
		Under standard nitrogen-limited culture conditions, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and glyoxal oxidase activities of the homokaryon were equivalent to those of the parental dikaryon.
		We used the homokaryon to determine the genomic organization and to assess transcriptional effects of a family of repetitive elements.
		The distribution of elements was nonrandom; all localized to the same 3.7-Mb chromosome, as assessed by segregation analysis and Southern blot analysis of the homokaryon.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=5943 (333 words)

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