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Topic: Dimorphism

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	Sexual dimorphism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sexual dimorphism is particularly apparent in game birds such as the pheasant, with males possessing bright plumage while females are usually a drab brown.
		Some cases of sexual dimorphism in birds are so striking that males and females of a same species were originally taken to be members of entirely different species, as in the case of the eclectus parrot, where the male is predominantly green with an orange beak and the female mainly scarlet with a fl beak.
		Sexual dimorphism is sometimes quantified by biologists through the dimorphism index, which is usually the ratio between the average adult male mass and average adult female mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sexual_dimorphism (1113 words)

	Dimorphism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sexual dimorphism is differences in the body appearance of a species based on gender.
		Nuclear Dimorphism is when a cell's nuclear apparatus is composed of two structurally and functionally differentiated types of nuclei.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dimorphism (135 words)

	ISGS Sexual Dimorphism of Dinosaurs
		Scientists have inferred sexual dimorphism, or variation between sexes because it is a common phenomenon in living vertebrates.
		Sexual dimorphism has been postulated for a relatively large number of dinosaur species, especially for a number of saurichian and orthnithischian dinosaurs.
		In living vertebrates (and other animals) sexual dimorphism is typically associated with body size and /or secondary sexual characters such as horns, antlers, frills, pelage and plumage.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /faq/dino-faqs/pdq233.html (859 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Allelic dimorphism of the erythocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175) gene of Plasmodium ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		This dimorphism is characterized by an insertion of either a 342 bp segment in FCR-3 strains (F-segment) or a 423 bp segment in CAMP strains (C-segment) [7,10].
		In a study conducted in Laos, the dimorphism was unequally distributed in distinct ethnic minorities [18].
		Since the eba-175 dimorphism appears not to be involved in the binding to neuraminidase- or trypsin-sensitive erythrocyte receptors [22] it may recognize other, as yet unknown, receptors.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/3/1/11 (2700 words)

	Anthropological research on sexual dimorphism
		In the study of sexual dimorphism, various body parts of college students were measured and compared to draw conclusions about human variation and sexual dimorphism (size/shape differences).
		Less sexual dimorphism often indicates a species with mutual care of the young and monogamy, such as birds, whereas greater sexual dimorphism is often demonstrated by species which practice polygamy and have sharply defined gender roles regarding the rearing of offspring.
		The greatest sexual dimorphism is shown in the measurements for height and weight due to the widely practiced gender roles throughout evolution.
	ndnd.essortment.com /sexualdimorphis_rcgt.htm (794 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism and Heterochronic Theory
		They are not strikingly dimorphic for size as are the other two species (Fig 2), but male chimpanzees have enormous scrotal testes, proportionately about 5 and 10 times larger than Pongo and Gorilla, respectively, and a specialized penis more than twice as long as that on the much larger gorilla.
		"In their discussion of A. afarensis, Johanson and White (17,85) note that although this species shows "marked body size dimorphism, the metric and morphological dimorphism of the canine teeth is not as pronounced as in other extant, ground-dwelling primates.
		The reduction and effective loss of canine dimorphism in early hominids therefore serves as primary evidence in favor of the proposed behavioral model (86)." (Lovejoy, C.O. (1981) The o rigin of man. Science 211: pp.
	www.neoteny.org /a/sexualdimorphism.html (1373 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism and Speciation in Australopithecus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		To support their view, the scientists use calculations showing the sexual dimorphism (the presence of characteristics that differ between male and female members) among Australopithecines.
		Again, by studying sexual dimorphic traits, the scientists claim that “Lucy” is possibly male, not female as her discoverers believe.
		When linking certain sex-based behaviors to sexual dimorphism in body size, the author fails to explain the scientific correlation between the two.
	www.priweb.org /ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOL04papers/74.htm (1056 words)

	Ecology: Shoot morphology and reproduction in jojoba: advantages of sexual dimorphism
		The mechanisms for the evolution and maintenance of this vegetative dimorphism have been little explored, but may be attributable to sexual differences in selection regimes resulting from sex-specific modes of reproduction.
		In a dioecious species with secondary sex characters, the relationship between morphology and reproduction may be explored by determining whether those individuals at the morphological extremes of the dimorphism differ in their reproductive success, and whether morphological variation contributes, specifically and differentially, to success as a male or as a female.
		But while sexes are dimorphic in terms of mean values of these morphological parameters, there is substantial overlap between sexes and considerable with-in-population variation within each sex.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_n8_v75/ai_16541438 (1278 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism of the Leopard Lizards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Sexual dimorphism is a phenomenon that occurs among a variety of animal taxa, and its occurrence can reflect and\or influence crucial aspects of the natural history of organisms.
		Gambelia sila, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, shows the ancestral iguanian condition of sexual dimorphism in that the territorial male is usually larger and has a more robust head than the female (Montanucci, 1965; Stebbins, 1985).
		Gambelia wislizenii, the long-nosed leopard lizard, has reversed sexual dimorphism in that the female is significantly larger than the male (Montanucci, 1967).
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /97Journal/Swinney.html (2970 words)

	Body weight sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis is above that seen in modern humans and chimps, but well below that ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Body weight sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis is above that seen in modern humans and chimps, but well below that characteristic of gorillas and orangs.
		This may be related to the fact that forelimbs were freed from any role in terrestrial locomotion and thereby took over the role of threat and aggression previously played by the canines.
		The dramatic reduction in body weight sexual dimorphism at 1.7 Myr with the appearance of H. erectus is due to increase in both male and female body size.
	www.anthro.ucdavis.edu /faculty/mchenry/dimorph.htm (340 words)

	Auk, The: Mating patterns and reversed size dimorphism in Southern Skuas (Stercorarius skua lonnbergi) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A recent study concluded that reversed size dimorphism in skuas and jaegers was probably not attributable to breeding-role specialization, but that there was evidence for sexual selection, and in particular intrasexual competition by females for males.
		Skuas and jaegers (Stercorariinae) also display reversed size dimorphism to a similar degree to raptor species that feed on carrion, insects, reptiles, or mammals, but are less dimorphic than those that feed exclusively on birds (Furness 1987).
		In theory, the same mechanism might also explain the evolution of reversed size dimorphism in raptors and owls, although it should be borne in mind that only some, and not all, species in those groups exhibit positive assortative mating by body size (Marti 1990, Bortolotti and Iko 1992, Olsen et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200207/ai_n9136875 (1334 words)

	Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants
		Written by the leading experts in the field, this book examines the evolutionary advantages of gender dimorphism - the occurrence of two sexual forms - and sexual dimorphism - dimorphism in secondary sex characters - in flowering plants.
		Gender dimorphism is found in approximately 10% of flowering plant species and has been an active topic of research.
		The book consists of three sections: The first introduces readers to the tremendous variety of breeding systems and their evolution in plants and sets the stage for a consideration of the evolution of dimorphism in reproductive and non-reproductive characters.
	www.cplbookshop.com /contents/C336.htm (210 words)

	Dimorphism
		dimorphism in any stage of human lineage seems to be fairly consistent.
		Genetic variance is the cradle to sexual dimorphism.
		The last suggestive measure of sexual dimorphism is the humerofemoral index.
	members.aol.com /chre97333 (2546 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Abstract \| Allelic dimorphism of the erythocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175) gene of Plasmodium ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Allelic dimorphism of the erythocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175) gene of Plasmodium falciparum and severe malaria: Significant association of the C-segment with fatal outcome in Ghanaian children
		Dimorphic allele segments have been found in its encoding gene with a 342 bp segment present in FCR-3 strains (F-segment) and a 423 bp segment in CAMP strains (C-segment).
		Possible associations of the dimorphism with severe malaria have been analysed in a case-control study in northern Ghana.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/3/1/11/abstract (314 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism in a Hummingbird
		dimorphism in size and morphology is widespread in the animal kingdom.
		Although empirical studies demonstrate that the first two mechanisms operate in natural populations, unambiguous examples of ecological causation of sexual dimorphism have been hard to find, because in many animal species, sexual differences in the size of feeding structures scale positively with body size.
		Further evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism (and plant-pollinator coevolution) was provided by a geographic replacement of H.
	www.amherst.edu /~ejtemele/hummingbirds.html (726 words)

	PHYLOGENETIC AND ALLOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN ADULT HYDROPSYCHIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) - NABS2000 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Body size and sexual dimorphism, particularly sexual size dimorphism (SSD), are important in shaping the life histories of a wide variety of organisms.
		Sexual dimorphism is particularly widespread in insects, however, few studies have addressed the role of sexual dimorphism in shaping aquatic insect life histories.
		Our objectives were to 1) quantify SSD and sexual dimorphism in adult caddisflies of the family Hydropsychidae, and 2) examine whether patterns of SSD could be the result of phylogenetic and allometric constraints.
	www.benthos.org /meeting/NABS2000/nabstracts2000.cfm/id/444 (252 words)

	Equality for the sexes in human evolution? Early hominid sexual dimorphism and implications for mating systems and ...
		by high levels of sexual dimorphism (4, 5, 12–15).
		dimorphism, and may not be the best one (22).
		Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/16/9103 (1225 words)

	Androgen-receptor defect abolishes sex differences in nitric oxide and reactivity to vasopressin in rat aorta -- ...
		dimorphism in vasoconstriction of the rat aorta is not a uniform
		There was a marked sexual dimorphism in the contractile response of the endothelium-intact rat aorta to VP (Fig.
		Sexual dimorphism of vascular smooth muscle responsiveness is dependent on anions and estrogen.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/6/2602 (6151 words)

	Evolutionary maintenance of stigma-height dimorphism in Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae) -- Arroyo et al. 89 (8): ...
		Stigma and anther heights of flowers sampled from 100 individuals from a representative (a) dimorphic (Bolonia, Cádiz Province) and (b) monomorphic (Valdecañas, Córdoba Province) population.
		2. The geographical distribution of dimorphic and monomorphic populations of Narcissus papyraceus in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco.
		Style-morph frequencies are indicated for the 37 dimorphic populations sampled, dark segments of each circle indicate the frequency of the S-morph.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/8/1242 (4351 words)

	Sexual Dimorphism of Song Learning in Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Study of sexual dimorphism in song birds was pioneered through the study of this species and has lead to fascinating new discoveries that help to understand other song bird species as well.
		Zebra finches are sexually dimorphic in their plumage and song behavior.
		Although the sexual dimorphism in plumage and in song behavior is striking, the roles of the two sexes in raising young are relatively equal.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/bionb424/students/av54 (397 words)

	Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus -- Simons et al. 96 ...
		Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus -- Simons et al.
		Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus
		of canine dimorphism and polygyny in anthropoids was not associated
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/96/5/2559 (208 words)

	A Diet that Fits the BillSexual dimorphism,
		Sexual dimorphism, which refers to features differing between males and females, is common among animals.
		Numerous instances of the first two mechanisms have been found in nature; however, the only instance where ecology appears to be the cause for sexual dimorphism occurs in mosquitoes.
		This feeding preference is probably the original cause for the bill dimorphism in the past.
	www.hras.org /sw/Sw9-03.htm (859 words)

	The transition to gender dimorphism on an evolutionary background of self-incompatibility: an example from Lycium ...
		the cosexual ancestor of the dimorphic lineage disrupted self-incompatibility,
		Miller J. 2000 The evolution of gender dimorphism in Lycium (Solanaceae).
		Miller J. Venable 2000 Polyploidy and the evolution of gender dimorphism in plants.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/12/1907 (5394 words)

	The role and relevance of phospholipase D1 during growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans -- Hube et al. 147 (4): 879 ...
		The role and relevance of phospholipase D1 during growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans -- Hube et al.
		Gadd, G. and Foster, S. Metabolism of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in Candida albicans: significance as a precursor of inositol polyphosphates and in signal transduction during the dimorphic transition from yeast cells to germ tubes.
		McLain, N. and Dolan, J. Phospholipase D activity is required for dimorphic transition in Candida albicans.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/147/4/879 (6353 words)

	Gene Expression: Slow Dimorphism
		Even when favored by natural selection, sexual dimorphism evolves far more slowly than monomorphic traits: alleles tend to have the same effect in in both sexes.
		There is reason to think that is a general result, that for most traits, dimorphism evolves tens of times more slowly than monomorphic traits, given equal force of selection.
		That's wrong: 150,000 years is a reasonable consensus value for most recent human common ancestry, and that's enough time for a lot of change in the population mean of just about any trait, given plausible values of the force of selection.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/003689.html (361 words)

	Sexual dimorphism and synchrony of breeding: variation in polygyny potential among populations in the common brushtail ...
		Sexual dimorphism and synchrony of breeding: variation in polygyny potential among populations in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula -- Isaac and Johnson 14 (6): 818 -- Behavioral Ecology
		Sexual dimorphism and synchrony of breeding: variation in polygyny potential among populations in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula
		Male-biased sexual dimorphism in both size and body mass is
	beheco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/6/818 (297 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Sexual Dimorphism of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and the Amygdala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The present review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on the sexual dimorphism of the CNS with special regard to the sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the amygdala (Am) in rat.
		The authors' results provide morphological and immunocytochemical data that may be used for further studies on sexually dimorphic circuitry and its functional significance.
		Summarizes the current knowledge on the sexual dimorphism of the central nervous system with special regard to the sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminals and the amygdala in rat.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/354067683X (367 words)

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