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Topic: Dinocephalia

	Palaeos Vertebrates 400.300 Therapsida: Dinocephalia
		The Permian Dinocephalia -- the name means "terrible head" and is a reference to their fierce appearance, were in many ways the most archaic of the higher therapsids, and among the earliest as well.
		Although these synapsids showed therapsid adaptations such as the expansion of the ilium and the general posture of the limbs, they retained various primitive characters of the pelycosaurs.
		Dinocephalia: Medium to large (1-3 m) big-bodied, short-legged "dog-faced" forms.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/300.html (1618 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dinocephalia thoracica (Kerremans, 1900), from Paracephala thoracica, comb.
		Dinocephalia carteri (Obenberger, 1943), from Pseudosynechocera carteri, comb.
		Dinocephalia cyaneipennis (Blackburn, 1893), from Paracephala cyaneipennis, comb.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ppd/Entomology/Coleoptera/Buprestidae/Names/1988.htm (310 words)

	Dinocephalia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dinocephalia are a clade of large early therapsids that flourished during the Middle Permian, but became extinct leaving no descendants.
		Apart from the Biarmosuchia and the Eotitanosuchidae, the Dinocephalia are the least advanced among the therapsids, although still uniquely specialised in their own way.
		During the early Capitanian, advanced dinocephalia radiated into a large number of herbivorous forms; representing a diverse megafauna.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dinocephalia (345 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Invertebrate Systematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The classification and phylogeny of the Australian Coroebini, Bedel, with a revision of the genera Paracephala, Meliboeithon and Dinocephalia (Coleoptera : Buprestidae : Agrilinae)
		Paracephala, Meliboeithon and Dinocephalia are revised, with Pseudosynechocera proposed as a new junior synonym of Dinocephalia.
		Dinocephalia, is re-defined for seven species and their synonyms, with four transferred from Paracephala: the typespecies, D.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/120/paper/IT9880413.htm (230 words)

	South African Museum - Fossil Reptiles of the South African Karoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Dinocephalia, mentioned earlier, were among the most primitive of the mammal-like reptiles, but some of their features, particularly in the skull, serve to illustrate the fundamental characteristics of mammal-like reptiles.
		A large opening in the temporal region, immediately behind the eye-socket, permitted bulging of the jaw muscles during chewing and biting, and is characteristic of all mammal-like reptiles.
		The Dinocephalia, although primitive members of the mammal-like reptile stock, were therefore altogether distinct from other reptile groups, but it is most unlikely that such mammalian characteristics as hair, mammary glands and 'warm-bloodedness' were present among them.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/early.htm (1119 words)

	[No title]
		Unlike Pareisauria, this group of animals was quite diverse, and therefore will be broken down and spoken about individually: Dinocephalia The Dinocephalians are the largest therapsids of the upper Permian and the first large tetrapods to walk on land.
		The temporal fenestra is larger than with the Dinocephalia, and the Dicynodonts had very short jaws.
		The total extinction of the Dinocephalia, at the end of the Tapinocephalus zone, is one example.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mesozoic/triassic/karoo.txt (2612 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 400.650 Therapsida: Tapinocephalia: Tapinocephalidae
		Moschops skull, showing areas of pachyostosis and distribution of forces in hypothetical head-butting combat.
		The Tapinocephalidae were an advanced family of giant herbivorous Dinocephalia, with an adult weight from about 500 to 1000 kg -- possibly up to 1.5 or 2 tonnes in the largest forms, such as Tapinocephalus atherstonsi.
		They are known from both Russia and South Africa.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/650.html (2156 words)

	Pareiasaur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bradysaurus seeleyi Haughton and Boonstra 1929 Bradysaurus is a large (2.5 to 3 meters long), early, and common Pareiasaur, the fossils of which are known from the richly fossiliferous Tapinocephalus assemblage zone (Capitanian age) of the South African Karoo.
		Along with the similariy large dinocephalia, the bradysaurs constituted the herbivorous megafauna of the late Middle Permian.
		In life they were probably slow and clumsy, inoffensive animals, that had evolved a covering of armoured scutes to protect them against their predator enemies, the gorgonosuchians.
	andrej.vavken.sl.reference.pl /en/pareiasaur (7369 words)

	Palaeontology Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Cladogram depicting the Lycosuchia (Lycosuchidae) as the sister group of the Scylacosauria (Scylacosauridae + Eutherodephalia)
		The Dinocephalia are a diverse group of primitive therapsids from the late Permian of South Africa, Russia, and more recently China.
		In South Africa the group consists of the families Anteosauridae, Titanosuchidae and Tapinocephalidae.
	www.sun.ac.za /academic/natural/zoology/paleo/projects.htm (486 words)

	InfoHub Forums - Reply to Topic
		A description of the teeth of Dinocephalia is also given in Palaeos Vertebrates: Incisors interdigitate; canines sometimes long; cheek teeth small; tail very long; hindlimb posture somewhat upright, but forelimbs sprawl.
		Medium to large size; skull with heavy pachyostosis, often with numerous knob-like or horn-like protuberances; teeth on vomers; tail short;herbivorous.
		Incisors interdigitate; canines sometimes long; cheek teeth small; tail very long; hindlimb posture somewhat upright, but forelimbs sprawl.
	www.infohub.com /forums/newreply.php?do=newreply&p=11885 (450 words)

	InfoHub Forums - Estemmenosuchidae
		Estemmenosuchids were part of an order called Dinocephalia.
		A synopsis of their basic physical aspects is given in Palaeos Vertebrates.
		A description of the teeth of Dinocephalia is also given in Palaeos Vertebrates:
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?p=11885&mode=threaded (199 words)

	University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Bernard Price Institute
		A number of MSc and PhD projects have been tailored to investigate the relationships, anatomy and physiology of Southern African dinosaurs.
		The Dinocephalia are a diverse group of early therapsids, which are best known from middle- to late Permian deposits of southern Africa and Russia.
		Very little taxonomic work has been undertaken on this group in recent years, especially on the family Tapinocephalidae.
	www.wits.ac.za /geosciences/bpi/research.htm (923 words)

	South African Museum - Earth Sciences Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Approximately 6200 vertebrates, mainly synapsid reptiles, have been collected from the main Karoo Basin over the past 150 years.
		There are 400 vertebrate specimens and good study collections of Dinocephalia, Dicynodontia, Gorgonopsia, Prosauropoda and Captorhinida.
		Recent acquisitions include a 'nest' of Youngina, and complete articulated skeletons of Pristeragnathus, Diictodon, Pareiasaurus and Rhachiocephalus.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/collect/earth/escoll.htm (351 words)

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