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Topic: Dioecious

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	Garden Gazebo - Dioecious Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The chief disadvantage of dioecious plants is that it is very difficult to tell which is male or female unless they bear flowers or fruits.
		Propagation of dioecious trees is achieved vegetatively by planting offshoots of palms and by cuttings from hollies.
		Some dioecious plants are grown only from seed, as in the case with asparagus and spinach.
	www.gardengazebo.com /dioecious_plants (519 words)

	dioecious
		Hollies are dioecious plants; the male and female flowers are on separate plants and thus only female plants bear fruit.
		Since winterberry is dioecious (some shrubs have male flowers while others have female flowers), there must be at least one male shrub planted within 50 feet...
		Dioecious treesâ”those having male and female organs borne by different individualsâ”should be grown as; one would raise a herd of animals.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/dioecious.html (392 words)

	Robert A. Nelson: Hemp Husbandry ~ Botany & Breeding (Ch 4)
		Hemp is dioecious, the staminate or pollen-bearing flowers and the pistillate or seed-producing flowers being borne on separate plants.
		In the normal dioecious hemp the polymeric habit factors are also influenced by the XY mechanism, so that the male flowers are always combined with the male growth habit, and female flowers with the female growth habit.
		Tetraploid plants of dioecious hemp are characterized with sharply pronounced dioecism: plants with sexual deviations appear in the population of tetraploid hemp.
	www.rexresearch.com /hhusb/hh4bot.htm (10409 words)

	How Female Trees
		Dioecious (or separate-sexed) plants are individually either male or female.
		Dioecious female trees and shrubs, on the other hand, produce flowers, seeds, and fruit, but they shed no pollen.
		In dioecious species (think: ash, poplar, willow, cedar, juniper, cottonwood, mulberry, osage orange, xylosma, yew, box elder, podocarpus, fringe tree, holly, pepper tree, smoke tree, coffee tree, sassafras, maple, and thousands more), the females of each species act as specialized pollen traps.
	www.awarenessmag.com /marapr0/MA0_HOW_FEMALE_TREES.HTML (1417 words)

	Plant sexuality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dioecious - having unisexual reproductive units (flowers, conifer cones, or functionally equivalent structures) occurring on different individuals; from Greek for "two households".
		Because many dioecious conifers show a tendency towards monoecy (that is, a female plant may sometimes produce small numbers of male cones or vice versa), these species are termed subdioecious (McCormick and Andresen, 1963).
		It is thought that flowering plants evolved from a common hermaphrodite ancestor, and that dioecy evolved from hermaphroditism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dioecious (1109 words)

	WEIBLEN, GEORGE DANIEL. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Dioecious figs (Ficus subgenus Ficus) are most diverse in Australasia in terms of species richness and endemism.
		The majority of fig species on the island of New Guinea, for example, are dioecious (104 of 141 species) and five of the eight sections of subg.
		The evolutionary relationships of dioecious figs were examined through phylogenetic analyses of nearly ten percent of the 340 species of subg.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/bsa-abst/section13/abstracts/138.shtml (281 words)

	Conscious Choice: Safe Sex Landscaping
		Dioecious male trees shed huge amounts of allergenic airborne pollen, which causes allergies.
		In nature there is a balance between dioecious males and females, with roughly equal percentages of each sex.
		In dioecious species (some examples are ash, poplar, willow, cedar, juniper, cottonwood, mulberry, osage orange, xylosma, yew, box elder, podocarpus, fringe tree, holly, pepper tree, smoke tree, coffee tree, sassafras, and maple; there are thousands more) the females act as specialized pollen traps.
	www.consciouschoice.com /2000/cc1306/safesexlandscaping1306.html (1506 words)

	Objective basis for evaluation of differences in fibre quality
		At the same time, all the quality parameters of monoecious hemp are lower than those of any fraction of the dioecious variety Kompolti, at best approaching the level of the female plants, as could be expected from their growth habit.
		The dioecious nature of hemp played an important role in peasant self-sufficiency, since it was observed during weaving that the fibre quality of the male plants was considerably finer than that of female plants.
		The debate on the production of monoecious or dioecious hemp has, however, given new urgency to this problem, since dioecious hemp varieties not only have greater stem yield potential (BÛcsa, 1969), but also posses better fibre quality, thanks exclusively, or to a great extent, to their male hemp content.
	www.hempfood.com /IHA/iha03210.html (1275 words)

	Dioecious Figs: Pollination And Evolution
		Dioecious fig syconia have essentially 2 ovary positions, deep-seated ovaries with long styles in female syconia (on female trees) and shallow ovaries with short styles in male syconia (on male trees).
		The dioecious syconia contain fewer competing species of non-pollinator wasps, resulting in a higher percentage of adult pollinator wasps emerging from the short-style flowers of male syconia and more mature seeds in the long-style flowers of female syconia.
		Ramirez, B.W. "Evolution of the Monoecious and Dioecious Habit in Ficus (Moraceae).
	waynesword.palomar.edu /dawkins.htm (1404 words)

	Won, Hyosig* and Susanne S. Renner. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		To trace the evolution of dioecy in Siparunaceae, we reconstructed a phylogeny using cpDNA trnL-trnF IGS and nrDNA ITS sequences, and diverse outgroups.
		Dioecious Glossocalyx is placed as sister to all other Siparunaceae, while the dioecious Siparuna species form a clade nested higher up in the tree.
		Relatively small sequence divergences among the dioecious species and their geographical distribution suggest rapid speciation of dioecious populations with changes in ecological conditions.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/botany2000/section13/abstracts/146.shtml (203 words)

	Interview
		The improvement of the first unisex hybrids (pure female F1 originating from a monoecious x dioecious crossing) and the development of Bredemann's idea and method are linked with his name.
		Monoeciousness is artificial in hemp, it can only exist with the help of man, and without selection, the dioecious state will return in two or three generations.
		In a dioecious crop, the male plants will be strongly deteriorated when the crop is harvested at seed ripeness, so in this case one needs monoecious cultivars.
	www.hempfood.com /IHA/iha01215.html (1995 words)

	Hydrilla, Egeria, and Elodea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Dioecious plants often branch freely near the water surface, forming large submerged mats.
		Dioecious subterranean turions are usually larger than monoecious turions.
		Monoecious plants often produce 50% or more tubers in a shorter period than dioecious plants, but dioecious tubers are often larger, more likely to remain dormant, and survive for longer periods.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/hydrilla.htm (1639 words)

	Performance Standards Supporting Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The common mode is dioecy, in which male and female reproductive organs are in separate individuals and each individual is of one sex.
		In the case of GMOs which are thought to be dioecious, the potential for abiotic factors to trigger non-dioecious reproduction should also be considered, with consultation from experts.
		In one study, environmental factors in captive rearing conditions of an outdoor shrimp farm was suspected to have triggered a low incidence of hermaphroditism in the farmed population (Perez-Farfante and Roberston 1992).
	www.isb.vt.edu /psfs/appendix.htm (1207 words)

	Hydrilla verticillata - Hydrilla - A Probem Aquatic Plant in the Western USA
		Only the dioecious biotype is found in Florida, although monoecious hydrilla has been reported as far south as Macon, Georgia.
		A female dioecious plant was introduced into Florida in the mid-to-late 1950s and dioecious hydrilla has since spread throughout the southeastern states including Georgia, Alabama, Virginia, and South Carolina.
		The dioecious plants tend to form long stems until they near the water surface at which point the stems branch and form dense mats.
	www.wapms.org /plants/hydrilla.html (2616 words)

	Monoicous - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An exception are lower animals, e.g., the phylum of annelids (that covers worms and leeches): they may be dioecious (the same animal bears both ova and sperm) or monoecious.
		Because many dioecious conifers show a tendency towards monoecy (that is, a female plant may sometimes produce small numbers of male cones or vice versa), these species are termed subdioecious.
		Occasionally the terms "monoecious (dioecious)" and "monoicous (dioicous)" may be used interchangeably, but there is a tencency to restrict monoecious and dioecious only to seed plants, which refer to whether or not an individual sporophyte plant bears one or both kinds of gametophyte.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monoicous (389 words)

	IngentaConnect Genetic population structure of the wind-pollinated, dioecious sh...
		IngentaConnect Genetic population structure of the wind-pollinated, dioecious sh...
		Genetic population structure of the wind-pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis in fragmented Dutch heathlands
		The wind-pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis L. is declining in Dutch heathlands, mainly because recruitment is scarce.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/psb/2004/00000019/00000003/art00005 (375 words)

	Phylogenetic relationships of functionally dioecious FICUS (Moraceae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology ...
		dioecious figs is pollinated by Ceratosolen, corresponding subg.
		Galil, J. 1973 Pollination in dioecious figs: pollination of Ficus fistulosa by Ceratosolen hewitti.
		Weiblen, G. 1999 Phylogeny and ecology of dioecious fig pollination.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/9/1342 (6140 words)

	Clematis - encyclopaedia of vines - Actinidia arguta 'Issai' , dioecious
		Clematis - encyclopaedia of vines - Actinidia arguta 'Issai', dioecious
		A rampant growing (up to 4m tall), dioecious, self-pollinating cultivar with a bit less decorative foliage than that of the other varieties.
		Pruning is best done in late autumn or winter (before the vegetation period), or in summer after the stems have partially grown thick and woody; otherwise the vine will bleed sap.
	www.clematis.com.pl /wms/wmsg.php/1188.html (117 words)

	Sexes In Ornamental Plants, HYG-1059-88
		In perfect flowered and monoecious plants, pollen is carried to the stigma of the same flower or of the female flower of the same tree by insects, birds or wind.
		In dioecious plants, male flowers appear on one plant and female flowers on another.
		To have fruits on dioecious plants, male and female plants must be grown within a reasonable distance of one another.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1059.html (558 words)

	Flower Bud Abortion Influences Clonal Growth and Sexual Dimorphism in the Understorey Dioecious Shrub Aucuba japonica ...
		Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae) is an evergreen dioecious shrub
		Interactions in the patterns of vegetative growth and reproduction in woody dioecious plants.
		Dioecy and herbivory: the effect of growth rate on plant defense in Acer negundo.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/675 (3137 words)

	Theory for why dioecious plants have equal length sex chromosomes -- Gorelick 92 (6): 979 -- American Journal of Botany
		dioecy in those lineages that have heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
		Bull J. 1978 Sex chromosomes in haploid dioecy: a unique contrast to Muller's theory for diploid dioecy.
		Charlesworth B. Charlesworth 1978 Model for evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/6/979 (4285 words)

	IngentaConnect A field survey of dioecious plants in Israel:sex ratio in seven r...
		IngentaConnect A field survey of dioecious plants in Israel:sex ratio in seven r...
		This was in order to complete a previously published sex ratio survey of the other 41 dioecious species in Israel, and to examine further the hypothesis that sex ratio in natural populations is usually 1:1.
		These results strengthen the suggestion that in natural populations of dioecious plants sex ratio is usually 1:1.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ap/bt/2000/00000134/00000003/art00347 (213 words)

	Exam 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Fruit: a very small to medium-sized nut, winged or unwinged, subtended by a papery, leafy, or semiwoody bracts.
		Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; species polygamous or dioecious.
		Flowers: bisexual and unisexual (species usually dioecious or polygamous).
	www.missouri.edu /~snrsgp/ex2f151.htm (409 words)

	Allocation to Floral Structures in Thalictrum pubescens (Ranunculaceae), a Cryptically Dioecious Species -- DAVIS 90 ...
		is known as cryptic dioecy (Mayer and Charlesworth, 1991).
		dioecious plants appear to be identical to the functional organs
		Stamens are not maintained as attractants to pollinators in females of cryptically dioecious Thalictrum pubescens Pursch (Ranunculaceae).
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/90/1/119 (3597 words)

	Dioecious Plants. A Key to the Early Events of Sex Chromosome Evolution -- Negrutiu et al. 127 (4): 1418 -- PLANT ...
		Dioecy is a widespread condition in flowering plants, despite their recent evolutionary origin: 6% of the 240,000 angiosperm
		Metaphases from permanent hairy root cultures of dioecious white campion female (c) and male (d), and related gynodioecious Silene vulgaris (e) and hermaphrodite Silene chalcedonica (f).
		More generally, dioecious plants with XY sex determination systems are typical flowering plants with a modular and sequential
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/4/1418 (4090 words)

	Comparison of Hemp Varieties Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers -- Forapani et al. 41 (6): 1682 -- Crop ...
		Dioecious cultivars (e.g., Italian fiber varieties) are obligate
		Analysis of the structure of sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant, Cannabis sativa L. Plant Physiol.
		A male associated DNA sequence in a dioecious plant, Cannabis sativa L. Plant Cell Physiol.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/41/6/1682 (4471 words)

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