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Topic: Dioxane

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	Dioxane
		Dioxane is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a mild, pleasant, ether-like odor.
		Dioxane is carcinogenic in rats and guinea pigs by oral administration, producing malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and liver in rats of both sexes, and tumors of the liver and gall bladder in male guinea pigs [Hathaway et al.
		Prolonged exposure to dioxane is toxic to the liver and kidney.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/dioxane/recognition.html (4143 words)

	Dioxane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Of the three dioxanes, 1,4-dioxane is the one most commonly used as a solvent.
		The name dioxane should not be confused with dioxin, which is a different compound but is also a diether (two ether functional groups).
		Dioxane is classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen : possibly carcinogenic to humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dioxane (293 words)

	HHMI Lab Safety: LCSS: DIOXANE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The odor of dioxane is not unpleasant, and its irritating effects may be transitory; consequently, it is not regarded as a substance with adequate warning properties.
		Dioxane has not been shown to be a reproductive or developmental toxin in humans.
		Dioxane should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F).
	www.hhmi.org /about/labsafe/lcss/lcss35.html (642 words)

	[No title]
		Essentially all of the dioxane was metabolized to hydroxyethoxyacetic acid, suggesting that the metabolic pathway was not saturated at that dose (Rowe and Wolf 1982).
		Dioxane vapor has poor warning properties and can be inhaled in amounts that may cause serious systemic injury, particularly to the liver and kidneys.
		Dioxane vapor has poor warning properties and can be inhaled in amounts that may cause serious systemic injury, particularly to the liver and kidneys (Rowe and Wolf 1982).
	www.epa.gov /opptintr/chemfact/dioxa-sd.txt (3479 words)

	PLS Contamination FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The contamination of this aquifer is known to extend east and north from the PLS Wagner Road facility, beneath the city of Ann Arbor.
		Dioxane is quite soluble in water, and thus moves with the groundwater, which, in the Unit E aquifer, is moving toward the Huron River.
		During a routine test in 2001, a trace level of 1,4 Dioxane (1-2 ppb/parts per billion) was detected in water from Ann Arbor’s Montgomery well, which was used by the city as a water source during the winter months.
	www.ci.ann-arbor.mi.us /CityAdministration/EnvironmentalCoordination/PLS-qa.html (1111 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-80 - 1,4-Dioxane
		In biological and chemical laboratories, dioxane is employed as a solvent for tissue processing, liquid scintillation counting, and photochemical reactions.
		The mean body weights of the rats and mice were not consistently affected by the administration of dioxane.
		Survival rates of the dosed groups of rats and female mice were lower than those of corresponding control groups, but sufficient numbers of animals were at risk for development of late-appearing tumors.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=0703C9B2-9F3B-C96D-D7039F6B47F18098 (522 words)

	Dioxane
		However, increasing numbers of instances of dioxane impacting drinking water wells and its USEPA classification as a probable human carcinogen are initiating further evaluation.
		Volatilization of dioxane from moist soils or from solution in ground water is slow due to its relatively low Henry’s Law Constant, but, because of its vapor pressure, it will readily volatilize in dry soils or from dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) exposed to air.
		Furthermore, dioxane remediation is fundamentally difficult because of the presence of TCA in solvent plumes.
	www.geoinsightinc.com /newsletter_fall_2004_dioxane.htm (713 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: 1,4-Dioxane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is used primarily as a solvent in the manufacture of chemicals and as a laboratory reagent; 1,4 dioxane also has various other uses that take advantage of its solvent properties.
		In water, 1,4 dioxane is stable and does not degrade; also fish and plants will not accumulate it in their tissues.
		Families that drink water that could be contaminated with 1,4 dioxane can reduce the risk for exposure to 1,4 dioxane by drinking uncontaminated bottled water.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts187.html (1160 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 25,938 pounds (about 3110 gallons) of 1,4-dioxane in 806,414,647 gallons of groundwater gives an average dioxane level of 3874 ppb for the limited area being analyzed.
		But the current average concentration being purged is only around 3000 ppb and dropping, which means that a lot of dioxane will be left after five years unless the higher areas of 1,4-dioxane can be found and purged.
		Either many more purge wells or impossibly high purge rates are going to have be used or a lot of dioxane will be left in the groundwater after five years.
	www.srsw.org /20001214.html (294 words)

	Cincinnnati Analytical Instruments - Applications
		In the past few years, 1,4 – Dioxane has gained considerable attention by researchers in the United States.
		1, 4 – Dioxane is a solvent commonly found in cosmetics, toiletries, paints and varnishes.
		Unlike TCA, 1,4 – Dioxane readily leaches to ground water and is not expected to adsorb significantly to soil particles.
	vacuumdistillation.biz /applications.html (141 words)

	1, 4 – Dioxane - EnviroTools.org
		It is produced in large amounts (between 10 million and 18 million pounds in 1990) by three companies in the United States.
		Exposure to dioxane can occur in the workplace or in the environment following releases to air, water, land, or groundwater.
		Of the total 1.13 million pounds of 1,4-dioxane released into the U.S. environment in 1992, as reported to the Toxics Release Inventory by certain types of U.S. industries, 680 thousand pounds were released into the atmosphere, 450 thousand pounds were released into surface waters, and 33 hundred pounds were released onto the land (TRI92 1994).
	www.envirotools.org /factsheets/dioxane.shtml (959 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Phenolic Composition of Dioxane Lignins As Determined by Nitrobenzene Oxidative Reaction
		Lignins extracted with acidic dioxane are relatively free of contaminating components and can be used for calibration standards.
		The objective of this work was to verify if the lignins extracted with acidic dioxane solution to be used as reference standard would present the same variation in the phenolic composition as it occurs in the cell wall lignin.
		Concerning to phenolic composition lignins extracted by acidic dioxane may potentially be used as reference standards in the spectro photo metric analysis.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=152495&pf=1 (435 words)

	Pesticides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dioxane has been detected at concentrations of 1 - 220,000 ppb in groundwater, 1 - 290 ppb in surface water and 0.1 - 2,100 ppb in drinking water (ATSDR 1996, HSDB 1997).
		Dioxane is mostly excreted as 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA) in expired air through the lungs, and HEAA and p-dioxane-2-one in the urine.
		The state drinking water guideline for dioxane is 2 ppb in Michigan, 7 ppb in North Carolina, 20 ppb in Connecticut, 30 ppb in Minnesota, 50 ppb in Massachusetts and 70 ppb in Maine (HSDB 1997).
	www.oehha.org /water/pals/14dioxane.html (1640 words)

	S A F E K E M For 1-4 DIOXANE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		1-4 Dioxane is water soluble ether that dissolves many resins and most vegetables and mineral oils.
		Oil soluble dyes are soluble in 1-4 Dioxane but water and spirit soluble types are not.
		Under ordinary conditions 1-4 Dioxane is not affected by acids, alkalies, mild oxidising agents or metalic sodium.
	business.vsnl.com /safekem (287 words)

	Innovative Engineering Solutions, Inc. - Environmental consulting firm specializing in bioremediation and anaerobic ...
		The IESI/BCI team is currently evaluating the extent to which microorganisms like SL-D are present at other project sites, and the extent to which the 1,4 Dioxane is utilized for growth by the organism.
		Typically, 1,4 Dioxane does not respond well to traditional technologies such as carbon adsorption or air stripping.
		Even the most common treatment method for 1,4 Dioxane contaminated groundwater -- ex-situ treatment using UV-hydrogen peroxide oxidation -- is very costly.
	www.iesionline.com /news.htm (341 words)

	[No title]
		Because of the numerous conservative assumptions used in calculating the exposure estimate, the actual lifetime-averaged individual exposure to 1,4- dioxane is likely to be substantially less than the estimated exposure, and therefore, the probable lifetime human risk would be less than the upper-bound limit of lifetime human risk.
		Thus, the agency concludes that there is reasonable certainty that no harm from exposure to 1,4- dioxane would result from the petitioned use of the additive.
		Ethylene Oxide FDA has estimated the exposure to ethylene oxide from the petitioned use of the additive in coatings on cellophane to be 22 parts per quadrillion in the daily diet (3 kg) or 66 picograms (pg)/p/d (Ref. 1).
	www.fda.gov /OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/102899b.txt (1815 words)

	Chemical Vignettes
		While the bottles were being prepared by a contractor for shipment as hazardous waste, it was discovered the dioxane had peroxidized (formed peroxide crystals through contact with air).
		The Fire Department's bomb squad was called and decided the materials were photo-sensitive, so they would not allow pictures of the crystalline dioxane to be taken.
		The explosive power of the dioxane was probably equivalent to several hand grenades based on reported explosive power of other peroxidizable materials like ethyl ether and isopropyl ether.
	www.govlink.org /hazwaste/publications/ChemicalVignettes.html (2916 words)

	Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In fact, dioxane is a derivative of ethylene oxide and is often present in ethoxylates.
		Dioxane is considered to give possible risks of irreversible toxicological damage.
		"Cosmetics containing ethoxylated surfactants may be contaminated by 1,4 dioxane, which has been shown to be carcinogenic in rats and mice and to be absorbed through the intact skin of animals.
	www.gardenofedenfacecare.com /report.htm (1100 words)

	1,4-dioxane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Upper dioxane layer is separated and dried first by dry potassium carbonate and then by potassium hydroxide.
		Instead of sodium one can add couple of KOH pieces simply to be sure that no peroxide accumulates during the distilation (well, just to be on the safer side).
		Dioxane is a colorless liquid, mixes with water, ethanole and diethyl ether.
	www.frogfot.com /synthesis/dioxane.html (368 words)

	CULTURING AND BIOAUGMENTATION WITH A PROPANOTROPH THAT RAPIDLY DEGRADES 1,4-DIOXANE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Increased regulatory attention to 1,4 Dioxane and the development of clean-up goals are driving the need for a new, more cost effective in-situ technology for 1,4 Dioxane remediation.
		The chemical, a common stabilizer for 1,1,1 TCA does not respond well to traditional technologies such as carbon adsorption or air stripping and the most common treatment method for 1,4 Dioxane contaminated groundwater, ex-situ treatment using UV-hydrogen peroxide oxidation, is very expensive.
		The SL-D propanotroph tends to only degrade the 1,4 Dioxane after the propane has been partially/mostly consumed after which point the Dioxane is rapidly convereted to carbon dioxide.
	www.bcilabs.com /propanotroph_degrades_dioxane.html (289 words)

	Macsimum.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dioxane (also known as Diethylene dioxide, Diethylene ether, Diethylene oxide) - Carcinogen.
		Dioxane is listed as a hazardous air pollutant in the 1990 Clean Air Act.
		EDTA (also known as ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic, Diammonium EDTA) - Can be a skin irritant and irritating to the mucous membranes leading to allergies, asthma and skin rashes.
	www.macsimum.com /glossary.html (2123 words)

	PHYTOREMEDIATION OF 1,4-DIOXANE BY HYBRID POPLARS
		In this research we assessed the capacity of hybrid poplar trees (Populus deltoides nigra, DN34, Imperial Carolina) for uptake and translocation of 1,4-dioxane using l4C-labeled dioxane in hydroponic experiments.
		Plants can enhance the removal of xenobiotics by at least two mechanisms: (1) direct uptake and, in some cases, in-plant transformations to less toxic metabolites; and (2) stimulation of microbial activity and biochemical transformations in the root zone through the release of exudates and enzymes.
		Concentration of 1,4-dioxane remained relatively constant in all reactors, indicating that the compound may be freely diffusing into the plant via water osmosis.
	www.engg.ksu.edu /HSRC/97abstracts/doc44.html (537 words)

	1,4-dioxane
		The following substances may be contaminated with 1,4 dioxane:
		The average human male sperm count dropped 50% between 1938 and 1990
		We make no conclusions about other companies or products that use these ingredients.
	jasoncat.hypermart.net /dioxane.htm (576 words)

	Safety (MSDS) data for 1,4-dioxane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Synonyms: dioxane, diethylene dioxide, 1,4-diethylene dioxide, diethylene ether, glycol ethylene ether, dioxane-1,4, tetrahydro-p-dioxin
		Vapour pressure: 27 mm Hg at 20 C
		We have not verified this information, and cannot guarantee that it is up-to-date.
	physchem.ox.ac.uk /MSDS/DI/1,4-dioxane.html (164 words)

	waterlooians.ca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Apparently, the approaching plume of dioxane was not spotted by sentry wells, a management approach designed to warn of contamination before it reaches drinking water wells.
		We were just wondering -- I mean what with Stratford having water problems, Walkerton having had problems in the past and our regional wells (14 of them) being closed due to dioxane levels and dry summers making water rationing mandatory, why developers still want to build on the Waterloo moraine.
		Kevin Eby, regional director of community planning, says it's not a particularly sensitive area -- that even if there was a spill, it would take 20 years to contaminate the wells.
	www.waterlooians.ca /blog (8909 words)

	Merriam-Webster Online
		For More Information on "dioxane" go to Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "dioxane"
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	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=dioxane (44 words)

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