
	Where results make sense

Topic: Diphone

Related Topics

Tinnitus

Bradford pear

Starflam

	DIPHONE SYNTHESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diphone synthesis is one of the most popular methods used for creating a synthetic voice from recordings or samples of a particular person; it can capture a good deal of the acoustic quality of an individual, within some limits.
		The rationale for using a diphone, which is two adjacent half-phones, is that the ``center'' of a phonetic realization is the most stable region, whereas the transition from one ``segment'' to another contains the most interesting phenomena, and thus the hardest to model.
		The diphone, then, cuts the units at the points of relative stability, rather than at the volatile phone-phone transition, where so-called coarticulatory effects appear.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /People/awb/papers/ICSLP2000_diphone/node2.html (190 words)

	Speech synthesis - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diphone synthesis uses a minimal speech database containing all the Diphones (sound-to-sound transitions) occurring in a given language.
		The number of diphones depends on the phonotactics of the language: Spanish has about 800 diphones, German about 2500.
		Diphone synthesis suffers from the sonic glitches of concatenative synthesis and the robotic-sounding nature of formant synthesis, and has few of the advantages of either approach other than small size.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Speech_synthesis (2465 words)

	[No title]
		Diphone names may be from one to six characters in length, must start with an alphabetic character, and may contain combinations of alpha, numeric, and special symbols except the symbols,) (.
		A reverse diphone is one for the reverse phonetic sequence.
		If found, the control samples of the reverse diphone are accessed in reverse in time and are used as a substitute for the requested diphone (the same modifications are applied).
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_ibmdr.txt (1113 words)

	Diphone databases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Humans can often generate those so-called non-existent diphones if they try, and one must always think about phone pairs that cross over word boundaries as well, but even then, certain combinations cannot exist; for example, /hh/ /ng/ in English is probably impossible (we would probably insert a schwa).
		Diphone synthesis, and more generally any concatenative synthesis method, makes an absolutely fixed choice about which units exist, and in circumstances where something else is required, a mapping is necessary.
		Ideally, all such possible variations should be included in a diphone list, but the more variations you include, the larger the diphone set will be -- remember the general rule that the number of diphones is nearly the square of the number of phones.
	www.festvox.org /bsv/bsv-diphone-ch.html (870 words)

	Diphone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In phonetics, a diphone is an adjacent pair of phones.
		It is usually used to refer a recording of the transition between two phones.
		Diphones are useful in speech synthesis because combining pre-recorded diphones to create synthesized speech sounds much more natural than combining just simple phones, because the pronunciations of each phones varies based on the surrounding phones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diphone (167 words)

	Automatic Diphone Extraction
		These diphones are compared to each other in the exact same manner as above (on a phoneme-example level), only each phoneme example is only compared with other examples of that phoneme that were among the diphone examples in the second pass set.
		The diphone extraction location in x2 will be handled in the same way (diphone x1x2 will include all matching locations of x2 with other examples of 2, but no more).
		A table of all the possible diphone matching locations is printed into a file for use by the speech synthesizer.
	www.asel.udel.edu /speech/Sp_syn/auto_ex.html (1317 words)

	Festival Speech Synthesis System - 20 UniSyn synthesizer
		Full entries consist of a diphone name, where the phones are separated by "-"; a file name which is used to index into the pitchmark, LPC and waveform file; and the start, middle (change over point between phones) and end of the phone in the file in seconds of the diphone.
		The diphone to be used when the requested one doesn't exist.
		Diphone names are constructed for each phone-phone pair in the Segment relation in an utterance.
	www.cstr.ed.ac.uk /projects/festival/manual/festival_20.html (1474 words)

	Diphone-Based Speech Recognition Using Neural Networks - Storming Media
		Diphones are acoustically easier to recognize because coarticulation effects between the diphones's phonemes become recognition features, rather than confounding variables as in phoneme recognition.
		In the same tests, the correct diphone was one of the top three outputs 89.0% of the time.
		Of those detections, the correct diphone was ranked first 41.6% of the time and among the top six 74% of the time.
	www.stormingmedia.us /27/2783/A278313.html (258 words)

	Diphone index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although midway between phone boundaries may be the most appropriate join point for vowels, it almost certainly is not for stops, where the closure part of the phone is by far a better place to join.
		Diphone boundaries (marked as ``DB'') are also often the part requiring correction.
		Two basic methods are offered first: so-called ``separate-mode,'' where the diphones are selected from each LPC and residual file on demand, and ``group-mode,'' where we can collect just the diphone parts and put them into a single large file.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~awb/papers/ICSLP2000_diphone/node12.html (136 words)

	VoiceXML Review - Feature Articles
		A diphone unit encompasses the portion of speech from one quasi-stationary speech sound to the next: for example, from approximately the middle of the /ih/ to approximately the middle of the /n/ in the word "in".
		Diphone units are usually obtained from recordings of a specific speaker reading either "diphone-rich" sentences or "nonsense" words.
		For the last word, dress, we have bracketed the phone /s/ and the diphone /eh-s/ that encompasses the latter half of the /eh/ and the first half of the /s/ of the word "dress".
	www.voicexmlreview.org /Mar2001/features/tts2.html (2494 words)

	Paper: A Diphone-Based Digit Recognition System Using Neural Networks :: John-Paul Hosom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this new method, the diphone is the basis for segmentation, but an optional middle part is used for long phones.
		The word models used in recognition are also constructed to recognize diphone representations of the words, as well as accept an optional middle part for most phones.
		Diphones are then constructed by taking the segment of speech from the right-most division of the preceding phone to the left-most division of the current phone, and by taking the segment from the right-most division of the current phone to the left-most division of the following phone.
	computing.breinestorm.net /ogi+method+regions+train+spectral (2198 words)

	Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (ss_ibm.htm)
		A synthesis approach based on assembling words from stored diphone segments was chosen because of the potential reduction in required computer storage over storing whole words, and the expectation that segment assembly would require less real-time processing than a synthesis by rule method.
		Analysis of the tests suggested which diphones needed to be improved, and which diphones were being confused.
		Diphones were synthesized initially in a meaningful word, but stylized for subsequent use in other allophonic roles by later modification of duration and intonation.
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_ibm.htm (2335 words)

	Indonesian Text to Speech
		Sebagai contoh, diphone yang akan ditandai adalah "a-ng", sample katanya adalah "langka", maka titik pertama adalah awal fonem "a", titik kedua adalah batas antara "a" dengan "ng", titik ketiga adalah akhir fonem "ng".
		Berikut ini adalah contoh gambaran waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses segmentasi (saja) dalam pengembangan sebuah diphone database.
		Penentuan batas diphone memerlukan konsentrasi yang tinggi dan merupakan pekerjaan yang sangat membosankan, sehinga jika satu hari hanya dapat bekerja secara efektif selama 5 jam, jumlah hari kerja yang diperlukan untuk segmentasi seluruh diphone hampir 22 hari.
	indotts.melsa.net.id /diphone_dev.html (411 words)

	Automatic Diphone Extraction
		Improve automatic diphone extraction techniques and provide software which could be used by device manufacturers and speech clinicians to quickly develop user-selected voices for the ASEL speech synthesizer.
		These diphones are compared to each other in the exact same manner as above (on a phoneme segment level), only each segment is only compared with other segments of that type of phoneme that were among the diphone examples in the third pass set.
		The diphone extraction location in x2 will be handled in the same way (diphone x1x2 will include all matching locations of x2 with other phonemes of type 2, but no more).
	www.asel.udel.edu /speech/Sp_syn/textauto_diph_extr.html (1001 words)

	Joining the MBROLA Project
		Diphones are speech units that begin in the middle of the stable state of a phone and end in the middle of the following one.
		Once the corpus has been recorded, all diphones must be spotted, either manually with the help of signal visualization tools, or automatically thanks to segmentation algorithms, the decisions of which are checked and corrected interactively.
		A diphone database is finally created, which centralizes the results, in the form of : the name of diphones, the related waveforms, their duration, and internal sub-splittings.
	tcts.fpms.ac.be /synthesis/mbrola/mbrjoin.html (1197 words)

	Patent 6122616: Method and apparatus for diphone aliasing
		Therefore, if a transition (diphone) between the phone [s] and another phone is missing, the most promising source for deriving that substituted (aliased) diphone sound is, firstly, another diphone of [s] to that other phone and, secondly, a diphone of either the phone [f] or the phone [SH] to that other phone.
		Then (again, for each demi-diphone of the missing diphone) 709 for each demi-diphone alias candidate which meets the threshold requirement, the demi-diphone alias candidate having the phone with the most phone features 711 in common 713 with the phone of the missing demi-diphone will be used 715 as the alias demi-diphone.
		To map viseme images to a diphone would thus require the same `transitioning` in that the imaging associated with a diphone would not be a static image, but rather, a series of images which dynamically depict, with lip, teeth and tongue positioning, the sound transition occurring in the relevant diphone.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6122616.html (6890 words)

	SSW-3 Abstract: Bunnell et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diphone concatenation [1] has the advantages of simplicity and a relatively small database of speech when compared to other concatenative synthesis methods (e.g., [2]).
		It is the problem of selecting, from a specific speech corpus, an optimal instance of each diphone to achieve the least amount of temporal and spectral distortion in the broadest set of concatenation contexts (e.g., [3]).
		We present a variant of diphone synthesis which addresses both problems by (a) allowing multiple tokens of diphones where needed to accommodate the effects of coarticulation, and (b) postponing diphone selection until synthesis when optimization can be constrained by known contextual factors.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/ssw3/ssw3_171.html (374 words)

	Diphone extraction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Using the diphone boundary markings, diphones are extracted from the speech signal, often into separate files, or as a file containing time stamps which define the position of the diphone within a larger file.
		The length of a diphone in normal speech together with its immediate context is less than 500 msec.
		The set of diphones, together with the set of diphonemes and time stamp triples associated with the beginnings, segment boundaries and ends of each diphone, consitutes the raw diphone inventory.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /Classes/Winter98/ExPhon/LectureNotes/exphon/node24.html (120 words)

	Lojban Wiki : Lojban diphone speech synthesizer
		If there are two consecutive diphones, the part between the two middle marks should sound as one phone.
		For plosives (diphones like "a-p" and "k-u" where there is a burst of air coming from the mouth), the diphone split should be done before the opening phase of the plosive.
		E.g., for two diphones, "a-p", and "p-a", half of the "a" and the silent part should end up in "a-p".
	lojban.org /tiki/tiki-index.php?page=Lojban+diphone+speech+synthesizer (663 words)

	Formant Diphone Parameter Extraction
		Speech synthesis by the concatenation of formant parameter diphones is not often attempted for a number of reasons, most relating to the difficulty of formant parameter extraction and to the reliability of the extracted parameters.
		Whilst it is true that overlap-add concatenation of waveform-based diphones can easily model a voice with quite high fidelity, new voices and voice qualities require the recording of new speakers (or the same speaker utilising a different voice quality) and the extraction of a new diphone database.
		This phase of formant parameter analysis is necessary as the parallel formant synthesiser to be utilised for resynthesis of the speech from concatenated formant-parameter diphones requires not only formant frequency values, but also formant gain and bandwidth parameters.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /speech/research/icslp98 (2996 words)

	Mandarin Diphone Synthesis - The Minimum Diphone Set
		This is an advantage in defining the minimum set of diphones for Mandarin, because the total number of ways in which consonants and vowels combine within a syllable is somewhat constrained.
		The second major part of defining the smallest set of diphones required to produce intelligible Mandarin is finding ways in which to reduce the phone inventory or diphone requirements.
		Thus, I conclude that the minimum diphone set for synthesis of intelligible Mandarin is 396 diphones.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /masters/students/raltwarg/di_def.htm (1746 words)

	USING HNM FOR TTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the off-line process a diphone segmented speech database is analyzed using the HNM analysis module described in the previous section.
		A voiced frame is represented by its fundamental frequency, harmonic amplitudes and phases, the number of harmonics included in the harmonic part, reflection coefficients and the LP gain (the last two sets of parameters are for the noise part of voiced frames).
		Using the unwrapped phase of the left and right diphone a simple technique can be applied; the phase difference is calculated and a weighted version of that difference is propagated towards only the following diphone, until the next boundary (last frame of the following diphone).
	www.research.att.com /resources/trs/TRs/97/97.29/node3.html (684 words)

	Diphone_Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A diphone consists of the second half of one allophone followed by the first half of another one.
		The goal of our diphone creation project is to write software that can take a phoneme set and create, automatically, the corresponding diphone set.
		Such a routine could be employed to provide a measure for each version of the diphone creation software, determining (for example) the sum of squares of the discontinuities (however you determine to measure them), taken over the whole diphone set.
	mysql2.dur.ac.uk /computer.science/postgraduate/taughtmasters/projects2004_2005/Diphone_Project.html (669 words)

	Festival Speech Synthesis System - 21 Diphone synthesizer
		List of pairs of phones stating replacements for the second part of diphone when the basic diphone is not found in the diphone database.
		The appropriate diphone is selected based on the name of the phone identified in the segment stream.
		However for better diphone synthesis it is useful to augment the diphone database with other diphones in addition to the ones directly from the phoneme set.
	www.speech.cs.cmu.edu /festival/manual-1.4.1/festival_21.html (1936 words)

	Festival Speech Synthesis System - 22 Other synthesis methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The synthesis quality is not as good as the residual excited LPC diphone synthesizer but has the advantage of being much smaller.
		MBROLA is both a diphone synthesis technique and an actual system that constructs waveforms from segment, duration and F0 target information.
		But as the newer diphone synthesizer produces similar quality output and is a newer (and hence a cleaner) implementation further development of the older module is unlikely.
	www.cstr.ed.ac.uk /projects/festival/manual/festival_22.html (436 words)

	Flite: a small, fast speech synthesis engine - 8 Converting FestVox Voices
		Conversion is basically taking the description of units (clunit catalogue or diphone index) and constructing some C files that can be compiled to form a usable database.
		Using the C compiler to generate the object files has the advantage that we do not need to worry about byte order, alignment and object formats as the C compiler for the particular target platform should be able to generate the right code.
		The first stage is to build the LPC files, this may have already been done as part of the diphone building process (though probably not in the ldom/clunit case).
	www.speech.cs.cmu.edu /flite/doc/flite_8.html (1129 words)

	Italian Text-to-Speech (by Piero Cosi) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In diphone synthesis, speech is created by the recombination of previously stored samples of speech, called diphones.
		The challenges of diphone synthesis include producing a natural sounding set of diphones, ensuring they can be joined smoothly, and manipulating the pitch and duration of the sounds.
		A phone standard duration has been determined for each diphone from a fluent-speech database kindly provided by ITC-IRST, and these durations are modified on the basis of the phone position inside the phrase and the word.
	www.csrf.pd.cnr.it /TTS/It-FESTIVAL.htm (1030 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)