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Topic: Diplomatic doctrine

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	Foreign policy doctrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richard Nixon’s justification for the phased withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam, for example, came to be called the Nixon Doctrine.
		This pattern of naming is not universal, however; Chinese doctrines, for example, are often referred to by number.
		The purpose of a foreign policy doctrine is to provide general rules for the conduct of foreign policy.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Diplomatic_doctrine (180 words)

	Bush doctrine
		A doctrine permitting pre-emptive strikes against developing threats can be seen as a change from focusing on the doctrine of deterrence[?] (e.g the cold war policy of mutually assured destruction) as the primary means of self-defense.
		The doctrine also states that the United States "will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States." This is designed to create a deterrence to countries that seek to use military might to oppose the United States' policy.
		The Bush Doctrine takes the view that the potential results of the use of a weapon of mass destruction are so severe that pre-emption is warranted, particularly when those weapons may be acquired by terrorist enemies "whose so-called soldiers seek martyrdom in death and whose most potent protection is statelessness".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bu/Bush_doctrine.html (520 words)

	Hallstein Doctrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the doctrine, the Federal Republic of Germany had the exclusive right to represent the entire German nation, and with the exception of the Soviet Union, West Germany would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognized East Germany.
		The doctrine was never popular, even with West Germany's western allies, as it effectively tried to impose retroactive conditions on the unconditional surrender of 1945.
		It weakened with the re-establishing of diplomatic relations to Romania (1967) and Yugoslavia (1969) and was finally abandoned with the adoption of Ostpolitik by Chancellor Willy Brandt, which resulted in mutual recognition between East and West Germany as two states (though not as two nations).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine (266 words)

	The Granda Kidnapping Explodes: The US / Colombia Plot Against Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A major diplomatic and political conflict has exploded between Colombia and Venezuela after the revelation of a Colombian government covert operation in Venezuela, involving the recruitment of Venezuelan military and security officers in the kidnapping of a Colombian leftist leader.
		Uribe's doctrine is a threat to sovereignty of any country in the hemisphere: its intervention in Venezuela and the justification provides a precedent for future aggression.
		The political and military implications of the Uribe Doctrine are an extreme departure from the recognized norms of international law and closely approximate the belligerent practices of imperial satraps.
	www.axisoflogic.com /artman/publish/printer_15279.shtml (2284 words)

	Daily Excelsior... Editorial
		Such a doctrine must, therefore, flow from the constitution and reflect the perceptions and ideology of the nation, rather than those of specific governments.
		The level at which a doctrine is established is further subject to the level at which the analysis is conducted.
		The doctrine is stated to be a ‘dynamic concept related to the strategic environment, technological imperatives and needs of national security to be kept under constant review.’ It could hence have been upgraded in stages.
	www.dailyexcelsior.com /00mar07/edit.htm (5624 words)

	Semaphore (Sea Power Centre - Australia)
		Doctrine development is a dynamic, iterative process that is informed by both history and the current activities of the Australian Defence Force (ADF).
		The capability of the RAN to fulfil its diplomatic and constabulary roles is largely a by-product of the resources and core skills developed for warfighting, and the diagram retains the military role as its foundation.
		The benign and coercive categories within the diplomatic role are also important because they illustrate the different types of diplomatic operations that the RAN has the capability to undertake, according to the amount of force applied.
	www.navy.gov.au /spc/semaphore/issue13_2004.html (1650 words)

	Canada and the United Nations :: Statements :: General Assembly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the last session of the ILC particular attention was paid to the question whether the clean hands doctrine should be included in the Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection approved by the Commission in 2004.
		Diplomatic protection is an important instrument in the protection of human rights and making it dependent on the conduct of a particular state or individual would be detrimental.
		Canada rejects the notion that a state of nationality may not exercise diplomatic protection in respect of a person against a state of which that person is also a national.
	dfait-maeci.gc.ca /canada_un/ottawa/statements/unga-en.asp?id=4645&... (364 words)

	MOVE TO ACCORD DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION TO STATELESS PERSONS, REFUGEES IS COMMENDED BY SPEAKERS IN ASSEMBLY’S LEGAL ...
		Several representatives said the “clean hands” doctrine should be excluded from the draft articles on diplomatic protection. One said that the few cases falling within the scope of diplomatic protection did not constitute sufficient practice to warrant codification, nor could its inclusion be justified as an exercise in the progressive development of international law.
		On the subject of diplomatic protection, he agreed it was not necessary to include the “clean hands” doctrine in the draft articles. On another topic, he said that the “fragmentation of international law” was not only of theoretical significance but also of major practical importance.
		On the “clean hands” doctrine, she said her country supported the view of the Special Rapporteur; the few cases falling within the scope of diplomatic protection did not constitute sufficient practice to warrant codification, nor could its inclusion be justified as an exercise in the progressive development of international law.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2005/gal3287.doc.htm (1103 words)

	Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1933 diplomatic relations between the USA and the USSR were established.
		Once denied diplomatic recognition by the capitalist world, the Soviet Union had official relations with the majority of the nations of the world by the late 1980s.
		Soviet troops invaded Hungary in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and cited the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviet counterpart to the U.S. Johnson Doctrine and later Nixon Doctrine, and helped oust the Czechoslovak government in 1968, sometimes referred to as the Prague Spring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_Union (6788 words)

	New Vision Online : Why diplomats are above domestic law
		A diplomat can not and should not be arrested or tried under the jurisdiction of the receiving state for any crime which he or she has allegedly committed, and he or she can not be subjected to a civil suit.
		In general, diplomats are under obligation to respect the laws of the receiving state, for instance to pay their debts, follow traffic rules, etc. Thus they should not act in a manner which is incompatible with their diplomatic status.
		But if a diplomat breaks any of the laws, he or she can not be arrested or detained by agents of the receiving state and can not be tried, sued or made to make a statement with police or testify before the state.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/8/459/492220 (625 words)

	The United States v. Noriega
		Grounded in customary international law, the doctrine of head of state immunity provides that a head of state is not subject to the jurisdiction of foreign courts, at least as to official acts taken during the ruler's term of office.
		The rationale behind the doctrine is to promote international comity and respect among sovereign nations by ensuring that leaders are free to perform their governmental duties without being subject to detention, arrest, or embarrassment in a foreign country's legal system.
		In order for the act of state doctrine to apply, the defendant must establish that his activities are "acts of state," i.e., that they were taken on behalf of the state and not, as private acts, on behalf of the actor himself.
	www.gwu.edu /~jaysmith/Noriega.html (5582 words)

	Rebelion. Colombia, the US and the threat to Venezuelan sovereignty
		A major diplomatic and political conflict has emerged between Colombia and Venezuela subsequent to the revelation of a Colombian government covert operation in Venezuela, involving the recruitment of Venezuelan military and security officers in the kidnapping of a Colombian leftist leader.
		The Uribe Doctrine is not original — it is an imitation of the pronouncements of the Bush Administration and the Israeli government.
		No amount of diplomatic maneuvering on the part of Venezuela’s foreign ministry nor aggressive propaganda campaign by the Colombian security state can obviate the fact that the Colombian state following its own interests and those of the US imperial state is bent on a course of direct military confrontation with Venezuela.
	www.rebelion.org /noticia.php?id=11117 (2800 words)

	The Granda kidnapping explodes; the USA/Colombia plot against Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thirdly the Uribe doctrine is aimed at maintaining Venezuela as an exclusive oil exporter to the US - at a time when the Chavez government has signed trade agreements to diversify its oil markets to China and elsewhere.
		Explicit in the Uribe Doctrine's claim to militarily intervene across national borders is a state of permanent belligerency.
		Equally serious, the Uribe Doctrine rejects recognized frontiers, meaning that it arrogates to itself the right to cross national boundaries at will without consulting the countries whose borders it violates.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=24591 (2222 words)

	Generation 'X' - University of Notre Dame : News & Information
		Kennan is "America's most famous diplomat" reflects the exaggeration that makes it difficult to assess his career with any accuracy.
		He exercised a consequential influence on policy formation only from 1946 to 1950, after which his diplomatic record includes a failed ambassadorship to Moscow in 1952 and a brief, largely unproductive, stint as ambassador to Yugoslavia during the Kennedy administration.
		It is not as a diplomat but as a policy maker from which Mr.
	newsinfo.nd.edu /content.cfm?topicid=3975 (835 words)

	De Spectaculis: What Shall It Matter?
		The Powell Doctrine (overwhelming force combined with the full support of the homefront) has been talked up in recent days as the woulda, coulda, shoulda panacea for this rapidly congealing quagmire.
		The Gulf War was won before a shot was fired or a soldier committed to battle because Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was declared to be and understood to be illegitimate by the international community.
		Clinton used the doctrine as well to great effect in Kosovo and Bosnia, also forging diplomatic consensus for military action and delegitimizing the aggression of unsavory regimes.
	www.modernprometheus.com /despectaculis/archives/000180.html (270 words)

	S/R 37: The Plot Against Venezuela (by James Petras)
		In justifying the kidnapping of Rodrigo Granda, the Colombian leftist leader, the Uribe regime has promulgated a new foreign policy doctrine which echoes that of the Bush Administration—the right of unilateral intervention in any country that the Colombian government claims is harboring political adversaries who might threaten the security of the state.
		Third, the Uribe Doctrine is aimed at maintaining Venezuela as an exclusive oil exporter to the US, at a time when the Chavez government has signed trade agreements to diversify its oil markets to China and elsewhere.
		Neither diplomatic maneuvering on the part of Venezuela’s foreign ministry nor an aggressive propaganda campaign by the Colombian security state can obviate the fact that the Colombian government is bent on a course of direct military confrontation with Venezuela.
	www.greens.org /s-r/37/37-06.html (2206 words)

	English Deism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Out of his reflections on the data of experience he developed a mechanical-teleological metaphysics and an empirical-utilitarian ethics, the latter agreeing, with the old idea of lex naturae in that ethical experience merely confirms the connection established by a teleological government of the universe between certain acts and their consequences.
		From the Gospels and the Acts, as distinguished from the Epistles, he elicits as the fundamental Christian truths the doctrine of the messiahship of Jesus and that of the kingdom of God.
		The doctrines of the fall and of original sin can not stand, since it is irrational to believe in the exclusion from the truth of the vast majority of humanity.
	www.iep.utm.edu /d/deismeng.htm (3113 words)

	TCS Daily - The Incoherent Dean Doctrine
		Dean is formulating nothing less than the Dean Doctrine of preemption; and announcing it to the world in the same frank and candid manner that Mr.
		Obviously diplomatic certainty is not absolute certainty, since, after all, even the most fiercely worded ultimatum may always prove to be a bluff.
		And yet, simply because a called bluff destroyed a nation's diplomatic credibility, diplomatic certainty was normally as close to a real certainty as it is possible to get under the circumstances.
	www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=121203B (1169 words)

	Reagan Doctrine
		The “Reagan Doctrine” was used to characterize the Reagan administration’s (1981-1988) policy of supporting anti-Communist insurgents wherever they might be.
		Breaking with the doctrine of “Containment," established during the Truman administration—President Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy was based on John Foster Dulles’ “Roll-Back” strategy from the 1950s in which the United States would actively push back the influence of the Soviet Union.
		Among the more prominent examples of the Reagan Doctrine’s application, in Nicaragua, the United States sponsored the contra movement in an effort to force the leftist Sandinista government from power.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/time/dr/17741.htm (460 words)

	'Diplomatic' Terrorism- by Justin Raimondo
		diplomatic sanctions imposed on Belarus as punishment for
		This is the question that confronts us as we begin to evaluate — or, rather, back away from in horror — the consequences of the so-called Bush Doctrine to date.
		As a pure expression of the brazen kookery, the odd mixture of naïveté and pure evil, that lies at the dark heart of neoconservative foreign policy doctrine, that statement has few equals.
	www.antiwar.com /justin/?articleid=8881 (1071 words)

	Calvo, Carlos. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In this book he expressed the principle known as the Calvo Doctrine, which would prohibit the use of diplomatic intervention as a method of enforcing private claims before local remedies have been exhausted.
		It is wider in scope than the Drago Doctrine (see under Drago, Luis María), which grew out of it.
		The Calvo Clause, found in constitutions, treaties, statutes, and contracts, is the concrete application of the doctrine.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/Calvo-Ca.html (218 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Gujral doctrine puts Vajpayee in a spot with Pakistan
		Even as India and Pakistan continue their diplomatic shadow-boxing over the bilateral dialogue, the Gujral doctrine of good neighbourliness seems to have put the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in a tight spot.
		However, diplomatic observers feel Pakistan might now use India's reluctance to set up a joint working group on Kashmir to take the issue back to world fora like the United Nations.
		Many believe since the crux of the diplomatic stalemate between India and Pakistan is the Gujral doctrine on Kashmir, Vajpayee and Sharief would be forced to take up the issue when they meet in Colombo for the SAARC meeting in Colombo next month.
	www.rediff.com /news/1998/jun/16bomb4.htm (725 words)

	LATIN AMERICA: The US/Colombia plot against Venezuela
		A major diplomatic and political conflict has exploded between Colombia and Venezuela, after the revelation of a Colombian government covert operation in Venezuela that involved the recruitment of Venezuelan military and security officers in the December 13 kidnapping of a Colombian leftist leader, Rodrigo Granda.
		Thirdly, the Uribe doctrine is aimed at maintaining Venezuela as an exclusive oil exporter to the US at a time when the Chavez government has signed trade agreements to diversify its oil markets to China and elsewhere.
		But no amount of diplomatic manoeuvring on the part of Venezuela's foreign ministry nor aggressive propaganda campaign by the Colombian security state can obviate the fact that the Colombian state is bent on a course of direct military confrontation with Venezuela.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2005/613/613p14.htm (1461 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		This question—which is interesting but far from central—provides the environment for a closer look at the Monroe Doctrine and the circumstances leading to it.
		When they have completed their initial review of the Monroe Doctrine, ask students to scan the text looking for names of countries and continents.
		The handout "Documentary Timeline: American Diplomacy before the Monroe Doctrine," on pages 1-7 of the PDF file (see Preparing to Teach This Curriculum Unit for download instructions), provides a capsule review of early American diplomacy and related events.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=575 (1608 words)

	The North Pacific -> The Moldavi Doctrine
		As for the "Moldavi Doctrine" - I won't even comment on that because I'd have to go into exile as a result of the things I would have to say.
		In the mean time, I'm lauging so hard over the "moldavi Doctrine" that I think I'll have to call 911 for a bottle of oxygen.
		These Doctrines will help to ensure the continued forward momentum of the Directorate towards our ultimate goal of Peace and Prosperity for all law-abiding citizens of our region.
	s2.invisionfree.com /The_North_Pacific/index.php?showtopic=4286&... (1957 words)

	:: Wschodnioeuropejskie Centrum Demokratyczne ::
		Hence, the current situation is that none of the Belarusian authorities is legitimate in the light of the old diplomatic doctrine that the EU states first adopted.
		The problem remaining for the European countries is how not to sever diplomatic relations with Belarus, because that would precipitate the loss of its empowerment as a state and would throw it wholly into Russia’s hands.
		The whole doctrine that had operated until the 2001 elections proved not credible enough and since those elections no new formula of cooperation with Belarus has been worked out.
	eedc.org.pl /eng/www/polityka/tezy_kazanecki.htm (3111 words)

	Omaid Weekly -- Afghan Newspaper -- Issue #463, 5 March 2001
		These are the commentarial messages that Afghans, particularly the members of the educated class, are conveying plaintively to you and through you to the President in relation to the President’s national/international political doctrine and to your goodself’s diplomatic philosophy.
		Given its unchallengeable military and economic strengths, the world is dire need of an American diplomatic strength based on “civility, courage, compassion, character, and responsibility,” restoring the U.S. Government’s international credibility and reliability and thereby somehow legitimizing its de facto extraterritorial leadership.
		According to the considered opinion of many people in many places, the doctrine of the President G. Bush as well as your own philosophy came up in good time for coping with the exigencies of the circumstances both within and without the United States of America.
	www.omaid.com /english_section/back_issues_archive/463.htm (2237 words)

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