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Topic: Diplomatic sanctions

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	International sanctions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Economic sanctions are distinguished from trade sanctions, which are applied for purely economic reasons, and typically take the form of tariffs or similar measures, rather than bans on trade.
		Economic sanctions can vary from imposing import duties on goods from, or blocking the export of on certain goods to, the target country, to a full naval blockade of its ports in effort to verify, and curb or block specified imported goods.
		A less aggressive form of military sanctions could be the 15 year embargo on sales of F-16 fighter/bomber aircraft by the United States to Pakistan which ran from 1990 to 2005 in response to Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons [2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economic_sanctions (354 words)

	Toolbox: 11. Sanctions/Embargoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diplomatic sanctions can inflict costs on the target regime by denying it access to information and informal bargaining opportunities or by removing opportunities for cooperation in other ways such as scientific research, development aid, loans, favorable terms of trade, regional integration schemes, other economic benefits, and opportunities for leadership, influence, and prestige.
		Sanctions can be used to maintain or restore international or internal peace and security, to prevent or reduce the use of force, to contain a conflict, or to reduce a threat posed by the target country.
		Some specialists insist sanctions should be imposed quickly to discourage evasion and mobilization of public opinion in the target country on the grounds that sanctions imposed slowly or incrementally may simply strengthen the target regime, feed nationalism or push target nations closer to countries that are enemies of the sender.
	www.caii.net /CAIIStaff/Dashboard_GIROAdminCAIIStaff/Dashboard_CAIIAdminDatabase/resources/ghai/toolbox11.htm (4392 words)

	The Efficacy of Sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sanctions against Afghanistan were never likely to achieve their objectives given their extremely limited scope, the limited and sporadic extent of the international community’s political commitment to their underlying goals, and the difficulty of ensuring their effective implementation by Afghanistan’s fractious neighbours, with their tradition of involvement and interference in Afghanistan.
		As it became clear that sanctions were not being implemented as strictly as was necessary to achieve the near-total isolation of the FRY that advocates desired, the UN both broadened the scope of the sanctions and insisted on their stricter enforcement.
		Sanctions were also moderately efficacious in as much as they did contribute to the pressure on both Milosevic and the population of the FRY in the ways generally intended by the instigators, although other measures - which had little to do with sanctions themselves - also contributed to success.
	www.isisuk.demon.co.uk /0811/isis/uk/regpapers/no82_paper.html (6871 words)

	Diplomatic
		Diplomatic mission A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one nation state present in another nation state to re...
		Diplomatic recognition Diplomatic recognition is the act in which a state's government is formally recognized by another...
		Diplomatic sanctions Diplomatic sanctions are actions taken by countries against others, either unilaterally or multilat...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/diplomatic.html (150 words)

	WCC Memorandum and Recommendations on the Application of Sanctions
		Sanctions, as a term to describe measures taken by a state or group of states against another which has violated accepted norms and standards, is a comparatively new concept in the history of international law.
		Sanctions should have a clearly defined purpose and explicit criteria should be given for determining the conditions under which that purpose will be seen to be achieved and the sanctions lifted.
		Sanctions may not have a punitive purpose beyond compliance, nor may they be used for self-aggrandizement or applied to further the economic, ideological, political, military or other narrow national self-interest of a state or group of states.
	www.ncccusa.org /98ga/s7.html (3559 words)

	Diplomatic sanctions article - Diplomatic sanctions countries Economic sanctions blockade invasion occupation - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Diplomatic sanctions are actions taken by countries against others, either unilaterally or multilaterally, and are generally considered to be of two forms:
		Economic sanctions can vary from imposing import duties on goods from, or blocking the export of on certain goods to, the target country, to a full naval blockade of its ports.
		Diplomatic sanctions article - Diplomatic sanctions definition - what means Diplomatic sanctions
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Diplomatic_sanctions (107 words)

	PART THREE:
		Sanctions were imposed in response to the failure of Sudan to surrender three men accused of trying to assassinate the Egyptian president, Husni Mubarak.
		The challenge constituted by sanctions could not be met by mobilising national outrage at, and international sympathy over, the suffering caused by sanctions, because it was clear to all that the suffering did not stem from diplomatic sanctions.
		The sanctions were a symbol of international disapproval with the regime, and the only effective way for the regime to counter this was to attempt to show that its practices cohered with procedures and values maintained elsewhere.
	www.dur.ac.uk /justin.willis/niblock.htm (4368 words)

	Sanctions: Diplomatic Tool, or Warfare by Other Means?
		Sanctions and threats of sanctions have been credited with curbing human-rights violations, ousting belligerent leaders, and limiting the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
		Moreover, sanctions are likely to have greater effect on their target if the target government is faced with domestic opposition; otherwise, sanctions may simply encourage greater political cohesion around the targeted leadership.
		In doing so, they suggest that sanctions "fall into a gray area between humanitarian law and the rules of warfare." Thus, they recommend applying the rules of just war as well as specific criteria to the use of sanctions, if they are to serve a legitimate purpose in international affairs.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/sanctions.jsp (3776 words)

	Sanctions' Effects on Human Rights Violations
		Diplomatic: Diplomatic sanctions focus specifically on "rulers of a sanctioned State: diplomats and political leaders may have their visas revoked and may be forbidden to participate in international bodies and organizations."
		Sanctions enacted for other purposes: In addition to the improvement of human rights circumstances, the sanctions were simultaneously motivated by the aforementioned economic and military concerns, as well as by the desires to halt the invasion of Kuwait and to destabilize Saddam Hussein's government.
		Effectiveness of Sanctions: The majority of sanctions against Iraq continue to be maintained, though international enthusiasm for and participation in the sanctions has waned dramatically, primarily due to the decrease in quality of life since the imposition of the sanctions.
	www.wm.edu /so/monitor/fall2001/gallagher.htm (6063 words)

	Background Research : International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
		Political sanctions include embargoes on arms, denial of military assistance and training, restraint on the means and extent of a state's level of armament, the nonrecognition of illegal acts perpetrated by a state, and the refusal of entry of political leaders into the territories of other states.
		Sanctions tend, more often than not, to harm the economic and social well-being of the general population, rather than that of the political leadership against whom the coercivemeasures are imposed.
		Sanctions are a "blunt instrument" that inflict suffering on vulnerable groups, complicate the work of humanitarian agencies, cause long-term damage to the productive capacity of target nations, and generate severe effects on neighbouring countries.
	www.iciss.ca /01_Section_A-en.asp (18750 words)

	Powell Intends to Curb US Use of Diplomatic Sanctions - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		Sanctions can be imposed for mislabeling tuna under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which tries to ensure that commercial tuna-fishing practices don't kill dolphins and other species.
		Sanctions are under fire in large part because of their frequent failure, especially when applied by a lone country, as is the case with most U.S. embargoes.
		Sanctions advocates point out that the international embargo deprived Hussein of an estimated $ 150 billion in oil revenues that he otherwise could have spent developing weapons of mass destruction.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/sanction/gensanc/2001/0122us.htm (1463 words)

	Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) - Overview
		I n the framework of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, sanctions or restrictive measures have over recent years become a regularly used policy instrument, either in the form of autonomous EU sanctions or as sanctions implementing certain Resolutions of the Security Council of the United Nations.
		As a coercive, yet non-military instrument, sanctions are generally employed to react to violations of international law, violations of human rights, and policies that do not respect the rule of law and democratic principles.
		As a general rule, the sanctions imposed by the EU target as closely as possible those individuals and entities that are responsible for the policies and actions that prompted the EU to take restrictive measures, and reduce to the greatest extent possible negative effects of the restrictive measures on other persons, groups and entities.
	europa.eu.int /comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions (3321 words)

	Powell Intends to Curb U.S. Use of Diplomatic Sanctions
		Several have been sanctioned for multiple offenses, ranging from mislabeling cans of tuna, at one end of the scale, to engaging in egregious human rights violations and narcotics trafficking at the other.
		&#160; Sanctions are under fire in large part because of their frequent failure, especially when applied by a lone country, as is the case with most U.S. embargoes.
		&#160; "Sanctions demand a degree of control that is harder and harder to come by in a globalized world because there are more and more independent players--not just governments but companies, nongovernment organizations, cartels, even terrorist groups--to provide goods," he said.
	www.nci.org /s/sanctions-powell-lat12201.htm (1510 words)

	EU Suspends Sanctions Against Cuba \| Europe \| Deutsche Welle \|
		The European Union agreed Monday to suspend diplomatic sanctions against Cuba for at least six months, easing a standoff triggered by the jailing of dissidents in 2003.
		In addition, Cuba announced in January it was restoring diplomatic ties with all EU states represented in Havana, including the four most opposed to lifting the sanctions: the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Poland and Slovakia.
		Diplomatic tensions between the EU and Cuba were exacerbated over the weekend by remarks made by Fidel Castro in his speech commemorating the 50th anniversary of the revolution which brought him to power.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,1564,1474428,00.html (588 words)

	Mossad - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This was similar to an event in 1981 where fake British passports were discovered in a grocery bag in London in 1981, leading to a diplomatic row with Israel over Mossad involvement with the attempt to infiltrate China.
		In 1997, two Mossad agents were caught in Jordan (which has signed a peace treaty with Israel), on mission to assassinate Sheikh Khaled Mashal, a leader of the Palestinian militant group, Hamas, by injecting him with poison.
		In July 2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on Israel over an incident in which two Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Mossad (681 words)

	Israel Forum - Sanctions Against Israel
		Diplomatic officials said that the resolutions are of a declarative nature only, and that it is not in the economic or strategic interest of these countries to ban entry to Israelis, or to stop doing business with Israeli companies.
		While downplaying the practical ramifications of the resolution, diplomatic officials did say it is a worrisome precursor of what appears to be trend of sanctions various international bodies will try to impose as a result of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling against Israel for building the security fence.
		Diplomatic sanctions, but more importantly, an embargo on miiltary aid might be appropriate.
	www.israelforum.com /board/printthread.php?t=6813 (1412 words)

	Sanctions
		Intermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions is a term used in regulations enacted by the non-profit organizations who...
		Trade sanctions Trade sanctions are trade penalties imposed by one or more countries on one or more other countries.
		X-Treme sanctions executive The X-Treme sanctions executive is a fictional paramiltary police force charged with keeping...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/sanctions.html (85 words)

	UN Chronicle: Extradite suspects in attempt on Egyptian president's life or face diplomatic sanctions - Sudan
		The Council further demanded that Sudan desist "from assisting, supporting and facilitating terrorist activities and from giving shelter and sanctuary to terrorist elements", and begin henceforth acting in its relations with its neighbours and others in full conformity with the Charters of the UN and of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
		Sanctions would remain in effect until the Council determined that Sudan had complied with its demands.
		The sanctions, it contended, would undermine regional initiatives to resolve the matter and prove an obstacle to peace in the war-torn country.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795977 (876 words)

	Security Council Lifts Sanctions
		The U.N. Security Council today terminated diplomatic sanctions it had imposed against Sudan in 1996 after a 1995 attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa.
		The sanctions, which banned the holding of international conferences in Sudan and directed all U.N. member states to restrict the movement of Sudanese officials and military, were imposed to force Sudan to extradite three Egyptians suspected of being responsible for the assassination attempt.
		U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan said the decision to lift sanctions was important because it showed that the council "can impose sanctions, but it can also suspend and lift sanctions if the conditions they set to correct have been amended" (Edith Lederer, Associated Press, Sept. 28).
	www.unwire.org /unwire/20010928/18821_story.asp (415 words)

	Current events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Twenty-five European Union foreign ministers call on the United Nations to pass a resolution threatening sanctions if the Sudanese government does not rein in Arab militias blamed for atrocities in Darfur.
		An Iranian court clears Mohammad Reza Aghdam-Ahmadi, the intelligence agent accused of killing the Iranian- Canadian journalist Zahra Kazemi, of charges of "semi-intentional murder", stating that the blood money should be paid from the state's treasury.
		New Zealand imposes diplomatic sanctions on Israel after an incident involving two alleged Mossad agents committing passport fraud.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/current_events_1 (4474 words)

	India, Pakistan Trade Sanctions, Both Say Ready For War
		India and Pakistan traded tough diplomatic sanctions Thursday, as military tensions rose on their border and both sides said they were ready for war.
		Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh said the sanctions were the result of Pakistan's attempts to "dupe" the world with "cosmetic measures and non-measures" against militant groups operating in its territory.
		The new sanctions followed last week's recall of the Indian envoy to Pakistan and the snapping of bus and rail links between the nuclear rivals, which have fought three full-scale war since their 1947 independence from Britain.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/nuclear-india-pakistan-01b.html (1028 words)

	EU suspends sanctions against Cuba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		BRUSSELS, Jan 31 (AFP) - The European Union suspended diplomatic sanctions against Cuba Monday, easing a standoff triggered by a clampdown on dissidents by Havana in 2003 -- but it vowed to maintain pressure on Fidel Castro.
		The suspension, to be reviewed before July, was decided after Castro's regime released a number of dissidents and signalled a re-opening of diplomatic contacts with EU embassies in Havana.
		The EU move to thaw ties with the communist Caribbean island nation was criticized last week by anti-communist icon and former Czech president Vaclav Havel.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?ID=36734 (835 words)

	Japan Policy & Politics: Japan decides to lift sanctions on Libya
		The sanctions will be officially lifted in mid-May upon completion of necessary procedures at the Finance Ministry and the International Trade and Industry Ministry, a Foreign Ministry official said.
		But the U.N. suspension of the embargoes prompted Japan to lift the diplomatic sanctions and permit remittances, exports and trade if applications are made.
		The official said Japan has explained its decision to lift the sanctions completely to the United States, which is supportive of recent developments in Libya.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2000_May_1/ai_61968934 (509 words)

	[news] American ambassador threatened diplomatic sanctions if Mr Kostuni
		Western diplomats were fighting last night to prevent a return to nationalist rule in Serbia, three years after the fall of Slobodan Milosevic ushered in a liberal regime.
		They said the envoy threatened diplomatic sanctions if Mr Kostunica joined the ultra-nationalists.
		Javier Solana, the European Union's foreign policy chief, said: "I appeal to all democratic forces to work together to ensure that a new government based on a clear and strong European reform agenda can be formed rapidly".
	www.mail-archive.com /news@antic.org/msg05431.html (520 words)

	New Zealand imposes diplomatic sanctions on Israel over Mossad operation
		Elisha Cara, 50, and Uriel Kelman, 31, were jailed for six months—far less than the maximum possible sentence of five years—after an Auckland court found them guilty of seeking to obtain a New Zealand passport through illegal means and participating in an organised crime group for that purpose.
		Two others, who fled New Zealand before they could be arrested, are believed to be part of the ring: Ze’ev Barkan, a former Israeli diplomat based in Vienna and Brussels, and Tony Resnick, a New Zealand citizen and former member of the Auckland Jewish Council, who has previously lived in Israel.
		The critics assert she should have approached the matter as is customary in such diplomatic incidents: quietly get the agents out of the country then protest privately to the Israeli authorities.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2004/aug2004/moss-a10.shtml (1769 words)

	American, British, Libyan talks in London: lifting travel sanctions; limited diplomatic exchange
		It added that to "support this series of activities and continue the American aid to Libya in eliminating its weapons of mass destruction, the two sides also discussed the possibility of appointing a small number of employees in the two countries capitals due to the fact of not having workable embassies.
		Despite the fact that the UN security council in September 2003 lifted the sanctions it has imposed on Libya, however, the American sanctions are still imposed on Tripoli.
		Parallel to the American, British and Libyan dialogue in London, the British prime minister, Tony Blair, and his foreign office secretary, Jack Straw, are due to meet with the Libyan (foreign minister) Muhammad Abdul Rahman Shalqam next Tuesday in the first visit to Britain to be carried out by a Libyan foreign minister since 1969.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/040207/2004020705.html (481 words)

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