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Topic: Diplomonad

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Metamonad

Parabasalid

Giardia lamblia

Cercozoa

Dinoflagellate

Mitochondrion

Evolutionary tree

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Foodborne illness

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	Diplomonada - MicrobeWiki
		Diplomonads used to be considered one of the most primitive eukaryotes and some thought that they might have been the link between eukaryotes and prokaryotes because though diplomonads are very characteristic eukaryotes, one main difference is that they lack mitochondria.
		Diplomonads do not possess mitochondria, and thus they cannot perform respiration and instead must obtain their energy from fermentative processes.
		Diplomonads are able to ferment sugars such as glucose to produce energy, and they are also capable of fermenting the amino acid arginine as a means of obtaining energy.
	microbewiki.kenyon.edu /index.php/Diplomonada (403 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Stable transformation of an episomal protein-tagging shuttle vector in the piscine ...
		Diplomonads are common microaerophilic protists in anoxic environments, and most known diplomonads have been isolated as either commensals or parasites of the metazoan intestinal tract [1].
		Binucleate diplomonads are believed to be related to mono-nucleate anaerobic protists such as retortamonads and enteromonads [1,3,4].
		Giardia intestinalis) are perhaps the most well known of the diplomonads and are unique among diplomonads due to the presence of the ventral disc, which is a novel microtubule organelle that facilitates attachment to the intestinal microvilli in vertebrate hosts [7,8].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/8/71 (6509 words)

	Lab 1 :: Protists
		Diplomonads are single celled organisms with two haploid nuclei and no mitochondria.
		An example of a diplomonad is Giardia lamblia, a human intestinal parasite that you have viewed in lab.
		Parabasalids are similar to diplomonads in that they lack mitochondria, but do not have separate nuclei.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/lstark/bio197lab/lab1.htm (1345 words)

	7thSpace - Stable transformation of an episomal protein-tagging shuttle vector in the piscine diplomonad Spironucleus ...
		Diplomonads are common free-living inhabitants of anoxic aquatic environments and are also found as intestinal commensals or parasites of a wide variety of animals.
		Spironucleus vortens is a putatively commensal diplomonad of angelfish that grows to high cell densities in axenic culture.
		Because S. vortens grows to high densities in laboratory culture, it is a feasible diplomonad from which to purify native protein complexes.
	7thspace.com /headlines/279970/stable_transformation_of_an_episomal_protein_tagging_shuttle_vector_in_the_piscine_diplomonad_spironucleus_vortens.html (485 words)

	Protists
		Giardia and other members of the phylum of diplomonads have a two haploid nuclei (hence the name diplomonad = "two units") and are thought to represent a modern ancestor of the first eukaryotes.
		Since prokaryotes are haploid and have no nuclear membrane and eukaryotes are diploid and have a true nuclear membrane, the double haploid nuclei of the diplomonads and members of other phyla grouped as the archezoa, may represent a missing link between the prokaryotes and the rest of the eukaryotes.
		Diplomonads or their ancestors may have once had mitochondria and then lost them as they assumed a parasitic relationship with other cells.
	www.bio.miami.edu /tom/bil160/bil160goods/11_protists.html (1864 words)

	Eukaryotic Protists (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Diplomonads and parabasalids do not have electron transport chains, enzymes which are required for the citric acid cycle, and DNA is absent in theur mitochondria.
		The structure of diplomonads is unique in that they have multiple flagella and two nuclei of equal size.
		Diplomonads 2 - Discuss how diplomonads obtain their energy.
	www.kn.sbc.com /wired/fil/pages/listprotistsjv.html (866 words)

	Retortamonad Flagellates are Closely Related to Diplomonads--Implications for the History of Mitochondrial Function in ...
		diplomonad tree used to simulate the data were then calculated
		Hexamita and Giardia are diplomonads possessing two nuclei and eight flagella arranged as two identical clusters of four flagella.
		relics from the diplomonad Giardia (Keeling and Doolittle 1997a;
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/5/777 (5162 words)

	Protists I - Kingdoms Archaezoa, Euglenozoa, Alveolata, and Slime Molds
		A diplomonad: the intestinal parasite, Giardia lamblia A diplomonad: the intestinal parasite, Giardia lamblia
		The kingdom Archaezoa consists of diplomonads, trichomonads, and microsporidians.
		One archaezoan, the diplomonad Giardia (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/ImageLibrary/Giardiasis_il.htm), is an intestinal parasite responsible for the disease giardiasis (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/giardiasis/factsht_giardia.htm) or "beaver fever," which is generally transmitted via contaminated drinking water.
	courses.bio.psu.edu /fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial27.htm (3754 words)

	Take a BrainSip (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They are placed among the eukaryota (they are one of the rare groups of eukaryota that do not contain organelles), metamonads, and appear particularly close relatives of the retortamonads.
		With a few exceptions, diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each With four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis.
		Like their relatives, they lack mitochondria, but are now known to possess mitochondrial relics called mitosomes.
	diplomonad.mestskadoprava.sk (130 words)

	Research - Cell and Molecular Biosciences - University of Newcastle
		Here, we perform a systematic analysis to investigate the impact of LGT on the evolution of diplomonads, a group of anaerobic protists.RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses of 15 genes present in the genome of the Atlantic Salmon parasite Spironucleus barkhanus and/or the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia show that most of these genes originated via LGT.
		Half of the genes are putatively involved in processes related to an anaerobic lifestyle, and this finding suggests that a common ancestor, which most probably was aerobic, of Spironucleus and Giardia adapted to an anaerobic environment in part by acquiring genes via LGT from prokaryotes.
		The sources of the transferred diplomonad genes are found among all three domains of life, including other eukaryotes.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /camb/research/publication/29311 (326 words)

	Chapter 28 — HCC Southwest College Learning Web
		Most diplomonads and parabasalids are found in anaerobic environments.
		Diplomonads have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella.
		Giardia intestinalis is an infamous diplomonad parasite that lives in the intestines of mammals.
	learning.swc.hccs.edu /members/gladys.gurrala/notes/Chapter-28 (3267 words)

	Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic diplomonad Spironucleus muris (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic diplomonad Spironucleus muris
		Accumulations of trophozoites were observed in enlarged intestinal glands and parasites were seen penetrating the epithelium to reach the lamina propria.
		The evolution and taxonomy of the diplomonad genera are discussed and it is considered that Hexamita and Spironucleus should be regarded as separate genera, the former containing predominantly free-living and the latter exclusively parasitic forms.
	trophort.com /000/661/000661374.html (164 words)

	Spironucleus - Hole In The Head, Head and Lateral Line Disease
		However, due to the limitations of light microscopy, the size and nature of the flagellates involved and the lack of high quality identification keys that used easily identifiable morphological differences - much of the earlier identifications appear to be erroneous.
		Evidence is mounting that suggests that all of the 15-20 species of diplomonads that have been found on fish, and described and stored in reference collections - need to be reconsidered.
		Note especially the presence or absence of flagellar pockets (cytostomal canals) (evident as sheaths around the recurrent flagella of Spironucleus and Hexamita, and absent from Octomitus), shape of the nuclei, and locations of kinetosomes and tract of the recurrent flagella passing posteriorly.
	www.cichlid-forum.com /articles/spironucleus.php (6237 words)

	Untitled Document
		This finding suggested that Diplomonads were not primarily amitochondriate organisms as had been thought before, but that they lost their mitochondria secondarily.
		We would like to acquire isolates of different diplomonad genera from nature, especially isolates of species from the group Enteromonadina, and on the basis of sequences of their genes construct the phylogenetical tree of this group.
		The phylogenetic analysis was performed with these sequences indicated that these protists branch of after the diplomonad clade as an independent lineage of early branching organisms.
	www.natur.cuni.cz /flegr/etoeko/molbiol/retoxdip.htm (726 words)

	The Diplomonads, Parabasala, Euglenozoa, & Alveolata Hunt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Characterized by sacs called alveoli beneath the plasma membrane, alveolates include three groups: a group of flagellates, a group of parasites, and a group of protists with the help of cilia.
		The diplomonads and the parabasalids lack plastids, and their mitochondria lack DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes normally required for the citric acid cycle.
		characteristics of the Diplomonads, Parabasala, Euglenozoa, and Alveolata,
	www.kn.sbc.com /wired/fil/pages/hunteuglenozba.html (785 words)

	Diplomonad Information
		They are placed among the metamonads, and appear particularly close relatives of the retortamonads.
		Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each with four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis.
		Like the retortamonads, they lack both mitochondria and dictyosomes.
	www.bookrags.com /Diplomonad (98 words)

	The Molecular History of Eukaryotic Life
		These two types of ATS are easy to distinguish because of a fairly large insertion in the eukaryotes that is missing in the archaea.
		When this gene was sequenced from Giardia (a diplomonad and thought to be a very ancient eukaryote), the insert was not there.
		The authors argue that the diplomonads diverged very early before this key evolutionary event happened.
	drnelson.utmem.edu /MHEL.synaps.html (2014 words)

	The Scientist : Giardia's sex life revealed (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Giardia and other diplomonads are thought to be a roughly 2 billion year-old lineage, making them among the earliest diverging eukaryotes.
		Despite more than a century of study, they were not known to have sex, suggesting they might represent a premeiotic stage in eukaryotic evolution.
		Giardia and many other diplomonad cells have two nuclei, raising the possibility they could essentially have sex with themselves.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/22578 (730 words)

	Evolutionary Analyses of the Small Subunit of Glutamate Synthase: Gene Order Conservation, Gene Fusions, and ...
		The LGT of the sud genes from a prokaryote to the diplomonad
		glutamate synthase gene and one that yielded the diplomonad
		Widespread and ancient distribution of a noncanonical genetic code in diplomonads.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/1/2/304 (3843 words)

	Inter Research » DAO » v75 » n1 » p37-50
		Intestinal diplomonad infection in juvenile farmed trout can be associated with morbidity and mortality, and in Germany, diplomonads in trout are commonly reported, and yet are poorly characterised.
		We therefore undertook a comprehensive study of diplomonads from German rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rRNA gene.
		The diplomonad was identified as Spironucleus salmonis, formerly reported from Germany as Hexamita salmonis.
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/dao/v75/n1/p37-50 (419 words)

	Cell Division of Giardia intestinalis: Flagellar Developmental Cycle Involves Transformation and Exchange of Flagella ...
		Cell Division of Giardia intestinalis: Flagellar Developmental Cycle Involves Transformation and Exchange of Flagella between Mastigonts of a Diplomonad Cell -- Nohynková et al.
		Structural recombination between the diplomonad mastigonts of Giardia.
		As observed earlier (33), a division of Giardia is in accordance
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/5/4/753 (4816 words)

	The phylogenetic position of enteromonads: a challenge for the present models of diplomonad evolution -- Kolisko et al. ...
		The phylogenetic position of enteromonads: a challenge for the present models of diplomonad evolution -- Kolisko et al.
		The diplomonad sequences formed two main groups, with the genus
		diplomonads arose several times independently, or that the monokaryotic
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/55/4/1729 (216 words)

	diplomonad - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We found 2 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word diplomonad:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "diplomonad" is defined.
		diplomonad : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	onelook.com /?w=diplomonad (76 words)

	Talk:Eukaryote - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was added that some eukaryotes - for instance diplomonads and microsporidia - do not have organelles.
		These groups are unusual in lacking mitochondria, but all eukaryotes have nuclei and an internal membrane system, and diplomonads have other organelles such as flagella.
		I also changed back the passage explicitly calling the protists a kingdom; not everyone classifies the eukaryotes that way, I don't think it makes things any more clear.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Eukaryote (882 words)

	Oxygen uptake and antioxidant responses of the free-living diplomonad Hexamita sp.
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		Oxygen uptake and antioxidant responses of the free-living diplomonad Hexamita sp.
		No part of these records may be reproduced of distributed, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of INIST-CNRS.
	cat.inist.fr /?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2853076 (485 words)

	IGB: Inland Fisheries: Personnel
		Master thesis: Ecology, host-parasite interaction, and ultrastructure of diplomonad flagellates in commercially important fish species.
		Research assistant at Dept. Inland Fisheries, IGB for ultrastructural and ecological characterisation of diplomonad flagellates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, in vitro culture of diplomonads, and co-authoring the paper “Poynton SL, Fard MRS, Ferguson HW and Jenkins J (2004).
		Poynton SL, Jenkins J, Fard MRS and Sterud E “Pathogenic diplomonad flagellates from fish: recent advances in species recognition, epizootiology, and pathology”.
	www.igb-berlin.de /abt5/mitarbeiter/fardreza (586 words)

	Iron-Dependent Hydrogenases of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia: Activity of the Recombinant Entamoebic Enzyme ...
		genes of entamoeba and diplomonads share a common ancestor,
		entamoebas and diplomonads have long been thought not to produce
		A mitochondrial-like chaperonin 60 gene in Giardia lamblia: evidence that diplomonads once harbored an endosymbiont related to the progenitor of mitochondria.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/204/1/1 (3724 words)

	UniProtKB/TrEMBL entry Q86QY9 [Q86QY9_SPIBA] Alanyl tRNA synthetase (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They link to the user manual or other documents.
		Andersson J.O. Sjogren A.M. Davis L.A. Embley T.M. Roger A.J. "Phylogenetic analyses of diplomonad genes reveal frequent lateral gene transfers affecting eukaryotes.";
		Molecular function: alanine-tRNA ligase activity (inferred from electronic annotation from InterPro).
	www.expasy.org /uniprot/Q86QY9_SPIBA (193 words)

	ATCC: Protistology Collection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmuller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species.
		Post-translational glutamylation and tyrosination in tubulin of tritrichomonads and the diplomonad Giardia intestinalis.
		ATCC products are intended for laboratory research purposes only.
	www.atcc.org /common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=50116 (476 words)

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