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	Paul Dirac Summary
		Dirac was born in Bristol, England on August 8, 1902 to Charles Adrien Ladislas Dirac, a Swiss immigrant, and Florence Hannah (Holten) Dirac, a native of Britain.
		Dirac married Margit Wigner of Budapest in 1937.
		Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge from 1932 to 1969.
	www.bookrags.com /Paul_Dirac (5890 words)

	Organic Chemistry at Penn State: Scientists behind the Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In 1933 he obtain the Nobel Prize in physics (with Schrödinger) for his work (he was so shy, that he even considered for a while not to accept it).
		Dirac also combined the theories of quantum mechanics and special relativity, explained the mysterious magnetic and "spin" properties of the electron, and predicted the existence of a positron.
		He won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954 for his research on the nature of the chemical bond (electronegativity, hybridization and resonance were some of his ideas) and its use in understanding the structure of complex substances such as protein and antibodies.
	courses.chem.psu.edu /chem38/scientists/scientists.html (1198 words)

	Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
		Dirac's version of quantum mechanics was distinguished, however, by its generality and logical simplicity.
		In a later paper, however, Dirac suggested that a deficiency of an electron in one of these states would be equivalent to a short-lived positively charged particle.
		In 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics and in 1939 the medal of the Royal Society.
	physics.nobel.brainparad.com /paul_adrien_maurice_dirac.html (844 words)

	SPACE.com -- Wild Posters Celebrate 100th Birthday of Dour Father of Antimatter
		Dirac's lack of popularity might have something to do with the fact that, despite winning the Nobel Prize in 1933, he was a recluse.
		Dirac is most famous for predicting the anti-electron, also known as the positron.
		The positron was detected shortly after Dirac predicted its existence, from the study of cosmic ray particles arriving from space.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/dirac_posters_020808.html (561 words)

	Dirac Equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Dirac equation is an equation for particles with spin-1/2.
		Dirac then noticed that if he used a whole collection of wave functions, ordered in a matrix, he could construct an equation which was relativistic, but did not have negative probabilities.
		The Dirac equation is thus regarded as an equation for the evolution of the electron field, just as the Klein-Gordon equation is the evolution equation for a spinless field (such as the Higgs field).
	www.physto.se /~lbe/enm/diraceq.htm (573 words)

	Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1928, Dirac published a version of quantum mechanics that took into account the theory of relativity (see quantum theory).
		Dirac’s equation for the motion of a particle is a relativistic modification of the Schrödinger wave equation, the basic equation of quantum mechanics.
		Dirac also received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1952 for this and other contributions to the quantum theory, including his formulation (with Enrico Fermi) of the Fermi-Dirac statistics and his work on the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation.
	www.bartleby.com /65/di/Dirac-Pa.html (219 words)

	Dirac biography
		Dirac had been hoping to have his research supervised by Ebenezer Cunningham, for by this time Dirac had become fascinated in the general theory of relativity and wanted to undertake research on this topic.
		Dirac was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge in 1932, a post he held for 37 years.
		Dirac unified the theories of quantum mechanics and relativity theory, but he also is remembered for his outstanding work on the magnetic monopole, fundamental length, antimatter, the d-function, bra-kets, etc.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Dirac.html (2515 words)

	Interview with Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac - F. David Peat
		Like Newton before him Dirac has made contributions that are respected by his colleagues not only for their depth of insight and clarity but for the power and economy with which mathematics is brought to bear upon the problems of nature.
		Dirac was able to show that the two theories were equivalent, and in the process provided quantum theory with a sound mathematical footing.
		Dirac is concerned with the occurrence of large numerical constants in physical theories.
	www.fdavidpeat.com /interviews/dirac.htm (2796 words)

	[No title]
		With the object of formulating atomic laws in the most elegant mathematical language, Dirac applied to quantum mechanics the ideas of Einstein's special theory of relativity.
		In his book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (4th ed., 1958), Dirac developed the so-called transformation theory of quantum mechanics that furnished a machinery for calculating the statistical distribution of certain variables when others are specified.
		Dirac taught at Cambridge after receiving his doctorate there, and in 1932 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, the chair once held by Isaac Newton.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/dirac.html (741 words)

	ICTP prizes and awards
		The Medal is given in honour of P.A.M. Dirac, one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century and a staunch friend of the Centre.
		The Prize will be awarded annually to a researcher from a developing country less than 45 years old (on December 31 of the year for which the award is given), who has conducted outstanding research in a developing country.
		The Prize carries a $10,000 cash award and travel and subsistence allowance to visit ICTP for a meeting where the Prize winner will be required to deliver a lecture.
	www.ictp.it /pages/mission/prizes.html (574 words)

	Quantum theory and the Nobel prize (August 2002) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		The Nobel prizes may well be international in scope but from the start the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences based its decisions on the recommendations of the five members of the Nobel committees for physics and chemistry.
		Although he conceded that awarding a physics prize for theoretical work that resulted in a chemical discovery was not unthinkable, he again refused to endorse either of the two physicists for a prize.
		Dirac, Schrödinger and Heisenberg certainly merited prizes, but the manner of distributing prizes to the pioneers of quantum mechanics was perhaps less than fair.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/15/8/7 (4948 words)

	Paul A.M. Dirac - Biography
		Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on 8th August, 1902, at Bristol, England, his father being Swiss and his mother English.
		Dirac's work has been concerned with the mathematical and theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics.
		Dirac has travelled extensively and studied at various foreign universities, including Copenhagen, Göttingen, Leyden,Wisconsin, Michigan, and Princeton (in 1934, as Visiting Professor).
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-bio.html (445 words)

	Einstein's Nobel heritage
		Dirac's prize was the first of many given for work on the connection between special relativity and quantum theory.
		Segrè and Chamberlain received their prize for the discovery of anti-protons, the antiparticles of protons, one of the two species of particle atomic nuclei are made of.
		Giacconi won the prize for his pioneering work in X-ray astronomy, in part for the first detection of objects that, to the best of our knowledge, are fl holes.
	www.einstein-online.info /en/spotlights/nobel/index.html (1234 words)

	Dirac Centennial Celebration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dirac spent most of his career in the Mathematics Faculty in the University of Cambridge and at St.
		He was awarded the Nobel Prize together with Schrödinger in 1933.
		Dirac's lecture "The Relation between Mathematics and Physics" which he delivered on presentation of the JAMES SCOTT prize, February 6, 1939.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /dirac (187 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Newsmakers \| Paul Dirac: The unsung genius
		The resulting Dirac equation, still widely used today, was able to explain the mysterious magnetic and "spin" properties of the electron.
		For his achievement, Paul Dirac was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933 at the age of 31.
		Charles Dirac was famously strict and would only allow his son to speak in perfect French at the dining table.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/2094374.stm (747 words)

	Paul Dirac
		Paul Dirac received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 at the age of 31.
		Dirac was so unusual in the logic and precision of his interaction with the world, both in and out of physics, that legions of "Dirac stories" have become attached to him and have acquired a life of their own.
		Dirac married "Wigner's sister", so known among the physicists because she was the sister of the noted Hungarian theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner.
	www.dirac.ch /PaulDirac.html (1169 words)

	Zoller wins Dirac Medal 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Dirac Medal, established by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in 1985, is one of the world's most prestigious prizes in physics.
		The announcement of the Dirac Medal is made each year on 8 August, the birth date of the great 20th century physicist Paul A.M. Dirac, who won the Nobel Prize in 1933.
		Dirac was a close associate and friend of ICTP from the Centre's first days in the early 1960s until his death in 1984.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-08/asic-zwd080806.php (219 words)

	Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984), a Swiss physicist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933 for his many vital contributions to quantum mechanics, the theory that describes the world on a very small scale.
		Dirac's theory included wave mechanics (the version of quantum mechanics developed by Schrödinger), and matrix mechanics (the theory put forward by Heisenberg).
		In 1931, Dirac used his equation to predict the existence of a particle with the same mass as the electron but with a positive rather than a negative charge.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Dirac,_Paul_Adrien_Maurice (242 words)

	The Paul A. M. Dirac Collection
		The Paul A. Dirac Collection consists of the personal and family papers, photographs, manuscripts, galley proofs, and published papers, scientific calculations, lecture notes, and office files of Dr. Paul A. Dirac, winner of the Nobel Prize (Physics, 1933).
		The materials in the Paul A. Dirac Collection were donated by Professor Paul A. Dirac and his wife to Florida State University over a period of years from 1984 to 1997.
		Except for occasional notes on incoming letters to guide his assistants in replying, the content of his outgoing letters must be inferred from his actions and from subsequent incoming letters or by examining the correspondence of the recipients in other repositories.
	diglib.lib.fsu.edu /findaids/dirachtml.html (2408 words)

	Dirac Medal goes to condensed matter physicists (August 2005) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Edwards wins the prize for "his fundamental contributions to polymer physics, spin glass theory and the physics of granular matter", while Lee is recognized for "his pioneering contributions to our understanding of disordered and strongly interacting many-body systems".
		Edwards' work in condensed matter physics began in 1958 when he showed that disordered systems like glasses and gels could be described by quantum field theory, and he revolutionised polymer physics in the 1960s with the introduction of the Edwards Hamiltonian and, later, the concept of polymer entanglement.
		The Dirac Medal is awarded to scientists who have made significant contributions to theoretical physics and mathematics.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/news/9/8/5/1 (300 words)

	Dirac Prize - InformationBlast
		The Dirac Medal of the ICTP is given each year by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics(ICTP) in honour of physicist P.A.M. Dirac.
		The Dirac Medal is not awarded to Nobel Laureates, Fields Medallists, or Wolf Foundation Prize winners.
		The Paul Dirac Medal and Prize is awarded annually by the Institute of Physics for "outstanding contributions to theoretical (including mathematical and computational) physics".
	www.informationblast.com /Dirac_Prize.html (189 words)

	Not Even Wrong » Blog Archive » Dirac’s Hidden Geometry
		Most people think of Dirac as a brilliant algebraist, but he himself claimed that his motivations and way of thinking were much more geometrical than algebraic.
		Dirac gave a talk about this at Boston University in 1972, but, after giving a presentation about projective geometry, stopped before explaining the relation to quantum mechanics.
		Dirac’s book on GR is one of his miraculous works.
	www.math.columbia.edu /~woit/wordpress/?p=262 (975 words)

	THE EDGE OF COMPUTATION SCIENCE PRIZE
		One reason to nominate Deutsch for this prize is that he has always aimed to expand our understanding of the notion of computation in the context of the deepest questions in the foundations of mathematics and physics.
		Prize, established by Edge Foundation, Inc., is a $100,000 prize initiated and funded by science philanthropist Jeffrey Epstein.
		Jeffrey Epstein, the donor of the Prize, was not a judge.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/prize05/prize05_index.html (2398 words)

	CERN Courier - Fifty years of antiprotons - IOP Publishing - article
		Dirac's equation was unique for its time because it took into consideration both Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity and the effects of quantum physics proposed by Edwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg.
		Attitudes towards Dirac's equation changed dramatically in 1932, when Carl David Anderson reported the observation of a negatively charged electron in a project at the California Institute of Technology that originated with his mentor, Robert Millikan.
		Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel prize with Schrödinger, and Anderson shared the 1936 Nobel prize with Victor Hess.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/45/9/23 (1633 words)

	Cosmologist Andrei Linde awarded 2002 Dirac Medal for theoretical physics: 09/02
		In announcing the award, ICTP officials credited the three scientists with developing the concept of "inflationary cosmology" -- the idea that the universe began not with a fiery big bang but with an extraordinarily rapid expansion (inflation) of space in a vacuum-like state.
		The ICTP awards the Dirac Medal annually to individuals who have made significant contributions to theoretical physics and mathematics.
		The award is given in honor of English physicist Paul Dirac, recipient of the 1933 Nobel Prize.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/september11/dirac-911.html (507 words)

	MSC Role (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		His equation of a particle's motion is a relativistic modification of Erwin Schroedinger's basic equation of quantum mechanics.
		Dirac and Schrodinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in physics.
		Dirac also helped to formulate the Fermi-Dirac statistics and contributed to the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation.
	www.uky.edu /~holler/msc/roles/dirac.html (80 words)

	Westminster Abbey - The Library and Archives - People Buried or Commemorated - Paul Dirac (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Probably the greatest English physicist since Sir Isaac Newton, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on 8 August 1902 in Bristol.
		He developed his own version of quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics and the Order of Merit.
		The inscription on the stone also includes the “Dirac equation”, describing the behaviour of the electron: “1902 P.A.M. A photograph of the stone can be purchased from Westminster Abbey Library.
	www.westminster-abbey.org /library/burial/dirac.htm (175 words)

	A timeline of mathematics and theoretical physics
		Planck wins the Nobel Prize in 1918, and Einstein in 1921, for developing quantum theory, one of the two most important developments in 20th century physics.
		Dirac introduces a relativistic quantum equation for the electron, an equation now known as the Dirac equation.
		Dirac shows that the existence of magnetic monopoles would lead to electric charge quantization.
	superstringtheory.com /history/history3.html (2102 words)

	Source of P. A. M. Dirac quote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I was also impressed by how well researched this lovely book-set is. The two authors, Mehra and Rechenberg, did long interviews over the span of time when they worked on their book set.
		He used to visit his son Gabriel Dirac (graph theory) who was my colleague in Aarhus.
		Dirac [in the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive at the University of St Andrews]
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jorgen/diracquotesource.html (390 words)

	ICTP Dirac Medal 2005
		Sir Samuel Frederick Edwards, one of the founding fathers of condensed matter physics, is being honoured for his fundamental contributions to polymer physics, spin glass theory and the physics of granular matter.
		Established in 1985 by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, the Dirac Medal, which is now recognized as one of the world's most prestigious prizes in physics, is given to scientists who have made significant contributions to theoretical physics and mathematics.
		Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Fields Medal and Wolf Foundation Prize are not eligible for the Dirac Medal.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-08/asic-idm080805.php (256 words)

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